Use a dedicated type instead of a reference for the diagnostic context

This paves the way for tracking more state (e.g. error tainting) in the diagnostic context handle

77 files changed, 363 insertions, 328 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
index f18ceb62e0b..da8682d3d09 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexSet;
 use rustc_data_structures::sorted_map::SortedMap;
 use rustc_data_structures::stable_hasher::{HashStable, StableHasher};
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagArgFromDisplay, DiagCtxt, StashKey};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagArgFromDisplay, DiagCtxtHandle, StashKey};
 use rustc_hir::def::{DefKind, LifetimeRes, Namespace, PartialRes, PerNS, Res};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{LocalDefId, LocalDefIdMap, CRATE_DEF_ID, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_hir::{self as hir};
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> &'hir DiagCtxt {
+    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'hir> {
         self.tcx.dcx()
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
index 93abe36a2db..b274a9b9114 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use rustc_ast::visit::{walk_list, AssocCtxt, BoundKind, FnCtxt, FnKind, Visitor}
 use rustc_ast::*;
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust::{self, State};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexMap;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_feature::Features;
 use rustc_parse::validate_attr;
 use rustc_session::lint::builtin::{
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn dcx(&self) -> &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt {
+    fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
         self.session.dcx()
     }
 
@@ -809,11 +810,7 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
 
 /// Checks that generic parameters are in the correct order,
 /// which is lifetimes, then types and then consts. (`<'a, T, const N: usize>`)
-fn validate_generic_param_order(
-    dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
-    generics: &[GenericParam],
-    span: Span,
-) {
+fn validate_generic_param_order(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, generics: &[GenericParam], span: Span) {
     let mut max_param: Option<ParamKindOrd> = None;
     let mut out_of_order = FxIndexMap::default();
     let mut param_idents = Vec::with_capacity(generics.len());
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/show_span.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/show_span.rs
index 10590074282..e7ba2e7fc30 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/show_span.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/show_span.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::str::FromStr;
 use rustc_ast as ast;
 use rustc_ast::visit;
 use rustc_ast::visit::Visitor;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 
 use crate::errors;
 
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ impl FromStr for Mode {
 }
 
 struct ShowSpanVisitor<'a> {
-    dcx: &'a rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>,
     mode: Mode,
 }
 
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for ShowSpanVisitor<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn run(dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt, mode: &str, krate: &ast::Crate) {
+pub fn run(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, mode: &str, krate: &ast::Crate) {
     let Ok(mode) = mode.parse() else {
         return;
     };
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_attr/src/session_diagnostics.rs b/compiler/rustc_attr/src/session_diagnostics.rs
index 303909de343..0cffeed0a75 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_attr/src/session_diagnostics.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_attr/src/session_diagnostics.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use std::num::IntErrorKind;
 
 use rustc_ast as ast;
-use rustc_errors::{codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, Applicability, Diag, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ pub(crate) struct UnknownMetaItem<'a> {
 
 // Manual implementation to be able to format `expected` items correctly.
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for UnknownMetaItem<'_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         let expected = self.expected.iter().map(|name| format!("`{name}`")).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::attr_unknown_meta_item)
             .with_span(self.span)
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ pub(crate) struct UnsupportedLiteral {
 }
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for UnsupportedLiteral {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(
             dcx,
             level,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/borrowck_errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/borrowck_errors.rs
index 622feb4e4c7..c1f75328272 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/borrowck_errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/borrowck_errors.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #![allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
 #![allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
 
-use rustc_errors::{codes::*, struct_span_code_err, Diag, DiagCtxt};
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, struct_span_code_err, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle};
 use rustc_middle::span_bug;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_span::Span;
 
 impl<'cx, 'tcx> crate::MirBorrowckCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
-    pub fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    pub fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/diagnostics/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
index abb0b5afbd8..2c12d25d24a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/diagnostics/mod.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use crate::session_diagnostics::{
     CaptureArgLabel, CaptureReasonLabel, CaptureReasonNote, CaptureReasonSuggest, CaptureVarCause,
     CaptureVarKind, CaptureVarPathUseCause, OnClosureNote,
 };
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diag};
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_errors::MultiSpan;
+use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle};
 use rustc_hir::def::{CtorKind, Namespace};
 use rustc_hir::CoroutineKind;
 use rustc_hir::{self as hir, LangItem};
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ impl UseSpans<'_> {
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub(super) fn args_subdiag(
         self,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         err: &mut Diag<'_>,
         f: impl FnOnce(Span) -> CaptureArgLabel,
     ) {
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ impl UseSpans<'_> {
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub(super) fn var_path_only_subdiag(
         self,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         err: &mut Diag<'_>,
         action: crate::InitializationRequiringAction,
     ) {
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ impl UseSpans<'_> {
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub(super) fn var_subdiag(
         self,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         err: &mut Diag<'_>,
         kind: Option<rustc_middle::mir::BorrowKind>,
         f: impl FnOnce(hir::ClosureKind, Span) -> CaptureVarCause,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/errors.rs
index b14eb2b5ee6..ed2f98f2a39 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level, MultiSpan,
+    codes::*, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level, MultiSpan,
     SingleLabelManySpans, SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ pub(crate) struct EnvNotDefinedWithUserMessage {
 // Hand-written implementation to support custom user messages.
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for EnvNotDefinedWithUserMessage {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         #[expect(
             rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic,
             reason = "cannot translate user-provided messages"
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ pub(crate) struct AsmClobberNoReg {
 }
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for AsmClobberNoReg {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         // eager translation as `span_labels` takes `AsRef<str>`
         let lbl1 = dcx.eagerly_translate_to_string(
             crate::fluent_generated::builtin_macros_asm_clobber_abi,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/proc_macro_harness.rs b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/proc_macro_harness.rs
index 477e5c8bec5..99d0191958d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/proc_macro_harness.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/proc_macro_harness.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
 use rustc_ast::visit::{self, Visitor};
 use rustc_ast::{self as ast, attr, NodeId};
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_expand::base::{parse_macro_name_and_helper_attrs, ExtCtxt, ResolverExpand};
 use rustc_expand::expand::{AstFragment, ExpansionConfig};
 use rustc_feature::Features;
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ enum ProcMacro {
 struct CollectProcMacros<'a> {
     macros: Vec<ProcMacro>,
     in_root: bool,
-    dcx: &'a rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>,
     source_map: &'a SourceMap,
     is_proc_macro_crate: bool,
     is_test_crate: bool,
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ pub fn inject(
     is_proc_macro_crate: bool,
     has_proc_macro_decls: bool,
     is_test_crate: bool,
-    dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
 ) {
     let ecfg = ExpansionConfig::default("proc_macro".to_string(), features);
     let mut cx = ExtCtxt::new(sess, ecfg, resolver, None);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/test_harness.rs b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/test_harness.rs
index ba4e5cfd130..9d032eb190a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/test_harness.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_builtin_macros/src/test_harness.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use rustc_ast::mut_visit::*;
 use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
 use rustc_ast::visit::{walk_item, Visitor};
 use rustc_ast::{attr, ModKind};
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_expand::base::{ExtCtxt, ResolverExpand};
 use rustc_expand::expand::{AstFragment, ExpansionConfig};
 use rustc_feature::Features;
@@ -391,7 +392,7 @@ fn get_test_name(i: &ast::Item) -> Option<Symbol> {
     attr::first_attr_value_str_by_name(&i.attrs, sym::rustc_test_marker)
 }
 
-fn get_test_runner(dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt, krate: &ast::Crate) -> Option<ast::Path> {
+fn get_test_runner(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, krate: &ast::Crate) -> Option<ast::Path> {
     let test_attr = attr::find_by_name(&krate.attrs, sym::test_runner)?;
     let meta_list = test_attr.meta_item_list()?;
     let span = test_attr.span;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/concurrency_limiter.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/concurrency_limiter.rs
index a73860cf18b..2093b49ff31 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/concurrency_limiter.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/concurrency_limiter.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::sync::{Arc, Condvar, Mutex};
 
 use jobserver::HelperThread;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_session::Session;
 
 // FIXME don't panic when a worker thread panics
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ impl ConcurrencyLimiter {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn acquire(&self, dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt) -> ConcurrencyLimiterToken {
+    pub(super) fn acquire(&self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>) -> ConcurrencyLimiterToken {
         let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
         loop {
             state.assert_invariants();
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/lto.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/lto.rs
index 61e0f203ee0..ec70fbdddb0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/lto.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/lto.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::back::write::{CodegenContext, FatLtoInput};
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::traits::*;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::{looks_like_rust_object_file, ModuleCodegen, ModuleKind};
 use rustc_data_structures::memmap::Mmap;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, FatalError};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, FatalError};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::WorkProduct;
 use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{SymbolExportInfo, SymbolExportLevel};
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ struct LtoData {
 
 fn prepare_lto(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<GccCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
 ) -> Result<LtoData, FatalError> {
     let export_threshold = match cgcx.lto {
         // We're just doing LTO for our one crate
@@ -179,12 +179,13 @@ pub(crate) fn run_fat(
     cached_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, WorkProduct)>,
 ) -> Result<LtoModuleCodegen<GccCodegenBackend>, FatalError> {
     let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
-    let lto_data = prepare_lto(cgcx, &dcx)?;
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
+    let lto_data = prepare_lto(cgcx, dcx)?;
     /*let symbols_below_threshold =
     lto_data.symbols_below_threshold.iter().map(|c| c.as_ptr()).collect::<Vec<_>>();*/
     fat_lto(
         cgcx,
-        &dcx,
+        dcx,
         modules,
         cached_modules,
         lto_data.upstream_modules,
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run_fat(
 
 fn fat_lto(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<GccCodegenBackend>,
-    _dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    _dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     modules: Vec<FatLtoInput<GccCodegenBackend>>,
     cached_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, WorkProduct)>,
     mut serialized_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, CString)>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/write.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/write.rs
index 3ea5be1ee56..b9c7f72d0b7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/write.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/back/write.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use gccjit::OutputKind;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::back::link::ensure_removed;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::back::write::{BitcodeSection, CodegenContext, EmitObj, ModuleConfig};
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::{CompiledModule, ModuleCodegen};
-use rustc_errors::DiagCtxt;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_fs_util::link_or_copy;
 use rustc_session::config::OutputType;
 use rustc_span::fatal_error::FatalError;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{GccCodegenBackend, GccContext};
 
 pub(crate) unsafe fn codegen(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<GccCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     module: ModuleCodegen<GccContext>,
     config: &ModuleConfig,
 ) -> Result<CompiledModule, FatalError> {
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn codegen(
 
 pub(crate) fn link(
     _cgcx: &CodegenContext<GccCodegenBackend>,
-    _dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    _dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     mut _modules: Vec<ModuleCodegen<GccContext>>,
 ) -> Result<ModuleCodegen<GccContext>, FatalError> {
     unimplemented!();
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/errors.rs
index aee2b077dba..5b311342392 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
+use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::Span;
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ pub(crate) struct TargetFeatureDisableOrEnable<'a> {
 pub(crate) struct MissingFeatures;
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for TargetFeatureDisableOrEnable<'_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::codegen_gcc_target_feature_disable_or_enable);
         if let Some(span) = self.span {
             diag.span(span);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/lib.rs
index b1785e150ad..24856506c46 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,13 +16,7 @@
 #![allow(internal_features)]
 #![doc(rust_logo)]
 #![feature(rustdoc_internals)]
-#![feature(
-    rustc_private,
-    decl_macro,
-    never_type,
-    trusted_len,
-    hash_raw_entry
-)]
+#![feature(rustc_private, decl_macro, never_type, trusted_len, hash_raw_entry)]
 #![allow(broken_intra_doc_links)]
 #![recursion_limit = "256"]
 #![warn(rust_2018_idioms)]
@@ -104,7 +98,7 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::traits::{
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::{CodegenResults, CompiledModule, ModuleCodegen};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexMap;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::IntoDynSyncSend;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed};
 use rustc_metadata::EncodedMetadata;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::{WorkProduct, WorkProductId};
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
@@ -386,7 +380,7 @@ impl WriteBackendMethods for GccCodegenBackend {
 
     unsafe fn optimize(
         _cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        _dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        _dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         module: &ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
         config: &ModuleConfig,
     ) -> Result<(), FatalError> {
@@ -411,14 +405,17 @@ impl WriteBackendMethods for GccCodegenBackend {
 
     unsafe fn codegen(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         module: ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
         config: &ModuleConfig,
     ) -> Result<CompiledModule, FatalError> {
         back::write::codegen(cgcx, dcx, module, config)
     }
 
-    fn prepare_thin(_module: ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>, _emit_summary: bool) -> (String, Self::ThinBuffer) {
+    fn prepare_thin(
+        _module: ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
+        _emit_summary: bool,
+    ) -> (String, Self::ThinBuffer) {
         unimplemented!();
     }
 
@@ -428,7 +425,7 @@ impl WriteBackendMethods for GccCodegenBackend {
 
     fn run_link(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         modules: Vec<ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>>,
     ) -> Result<ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>, FatalError> {
         back::write::link(cgcx, dcx, modules)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs
index bb7c8fe2ea7..aff3e3d7076 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::traits::*;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::{looks_like_rust_object_file, ModuleCodegen, ModuleKind};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_data_structures::memmap::Mmap;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, FatalError};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, FatalError};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
 use rustc_middle::bug;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::WorkProduct;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub fn crate_type_allows_lto(crate_type: CrateType) -> bool {
 
 fn prepare_lto(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
 ) -> Result<(Vec<CString>, Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, CString)>), FatalError> {
     let export_threshold = match cgcx.lto {
         // We're just doing LTO for our one crate
@@ -203,10 +203,11 @@ pub(crate) fn run_fat(
     cached_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, WorkProduct)>,
 ) -> Result<LtoModuleCodegen<LlvmCodegenBackend>, FatalError> {
     let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
-    let (symbols_below_threshold, upstream_modules) = prepare_lto(cgcx, &dcx)?;
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
+    let (symbols_below_threshold, upstream_modules) = prepare_lto(cgcx, dcx)?;
     let symbols_below_threshold =
         symbols_below_threshold.iter().map(|c| c.as_ptr()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    fat_lto(cgcx, &dcx, modules, cached_modules, upstream_modules, &symbols_below_threshold)
+    fat_lto(cgcx, dcx, modules, cached_modules, upstream_modules, &symbols_below_threshold)
 }
 
 /// Performs thin LTO by performing necessary global analysis and returning two
@@ -218,7 +219,8 @@ pub(crate) fn run_thin(
     cached_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, WorkProduct)>,
 ) -> Result<(Vec<LtoModuleCodegen<LlvmCodegenBackend>>, Vec<WorkProduct>), FatalError> {
     let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
-    let (symbols_below_threshold, upstream_modules) = prepare_lto(cgcx, &dcx)?;
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
+    let (symbols_below_threshold, upstream_modules) = prepare_lto(cgcx, dcx)?;
     let symbols_below_threshold =
         symbols_below_threshold.iter().map(|c| c.as_ptr()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
     if cgcx.opts.cg.linker_plugin_lto.enabled() {
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run_thin(
                       is deferred to the linker"
         );
     }
-    thin_lto(cgcx, &dcx, modules, upstream_modules, cached_modules, &symbols_below_threshold)
+    thin_lto(cgcx, dcx, modules, upstream_modules, cached_modules, &symbols_below_threshold)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn prepare_thin(
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare_thin(
 
 fn fat_lto(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     modules: Vec<FatLtoInput<LlvmCodegenBackend>>,
     cached_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, WorkProduct)>,
     mut serialized_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, CString)>,
@@ -436,7 +438,7 @@ impl Drop for Linker<'_> {
 /// they all go out of scope.
 fn thin_lto(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     modules: Vec<(String, ThinBuffer)>,
     serialized_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, CString)>,
     cached_modules: Vec<(SerializedModule<ModuleBuffer>, WorkProduct)>,
@@ -593,7 +595,7 @@ fn thin_lto(
 
 pub(crate) fn run_pass_manager(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     module: &mut ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>,
     thin: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), FatalError> {
@@ -714,10 +716,11 @@ pub unsafe fn optimize_thin_module(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
 ) -> Result<ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>, FatalError> {
     let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
 
     let module_name = &thin_module.shared.module_names[thin_module.idx];
     let tm_factory_config = TargetMachineFactoryConfig::new(cgcx, module_name.to_str().unwrap());
-    let tm = (cgcx.tm_factory)(tm_factory_config).map_err(|e| write::llvm_err(&dcx, e))?;
+    let tm = (cgcx.tm_factory)(tm_factory_config).map_err(|e| write::llvm_err(dcx, e))?;
 
     // Right now the implementation we've got only works over serialized
     // modules, so we create a fresh new LLVM context and parse the module
@@ -725,7 +728,7 @@ pub unsafe fn optimize_thin_module(
     // crates but for locally codegened modules we may be able to reuse
     // that LLVM Context and Module.
     let llcx = llvm::LLVMRustContextCreate(cgcx.fewer_names);
-    let llmod_raw = parse_module(llcx, module_name, thin_module.data(), &dcx)? as *const _;
+    let llmod_raw = parse_module(llcx, module_name, thin_module.data(), dcx)? as *const _;
     let mut module = ModuleCodegen {
         module_llvm: ModuleLlvm { llmod_raw, llcx, tm: ManuallyDrop::new(tm) },
         name: thin_module.name().to_string(),
@@ -748,7 +751,7 @@ pub unsafe fn optimize_thin_module(
             let _timer =
                 cgcx.prof.generic_activity_with_arg("LLVM_thin_lto_rename", thin_module.name());
             if !llvm::LLVMRustPrepareThinLTORename(thin_module.shared.data.0, llmod, target) {
-                return Err(write::llvm_err(&dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
+                return Err(write::llvm_err(dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
             }
             save_temp_bitcode(cgcx, &module, "thin-lto-after-rename");
         }
@@ -758,7 +761,7 @@ pub unsafe fn optimize_thin_module(
                 .prof
                 .generic_activity_with_arg("LLVM_thin_lto_resolve_weak", thin_module.name());
             if !llvm::LLVMRustPrepareThinLTOResolveWeak(thin_module.shared.data.0, llmod) {
-                return Err(write::llvm_err(&dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
+                return Err(write::llvm_err(dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
             }
             save_temp_bitcode(cgcx, &module, "thin-lto-after-resolve");
         }
@@ -768,7 +771,7 @@ pub unsafe fn optimize_thin_module(
                 .prof
                 .generic_activity_with_arg("LLVM_thin_lto_internalize", thin_module.name());
             if !llvm::LLVMRustPrepareThinLTOInternalize(thin_module.shared.data.0, llmod) {
-                return Err(write::llvm_err(&dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
+                return Err(write::llvm_err(dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
             }
             save_temp_bitcode(cgcx, &module, "thin-lto-after-internalize");
         }
@@ -777,7 +780,7 @@ pub unsafe fn optimize_thin_module(
             let _timer =
                 cgcx.prof.generic_activity_with_arg("LLVM_thin_lto_import", thin_module.name());
             if !llvm::LLVMRustPrepareThinLTOImport(thin_module.shared.data.0, llmod, target) {
-                return Err(write::llvm_err(&dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
+                return Err(write::llvm_err(dcx, LlvmError::PrepareThinLtoModule));
             }
             save_temp_bitcode(cgcx, &module, "thin-lto-after-import");
         }
@@ -789,7 +792,7 @@ pub unsafe fn optimize_thin_module(
         // little differently.
         {
             info!("running thin lto passes over {}", module.name);
-            run_pass_manager(cgcx, &dcx, &mut module, true)?;
+            run_pass_manager(cgcx, dcx, &mut module, true)?;
             save_temp_bitcode(cgcx, &module, "thin-lto-after-pm");
         }
     }
@@ -859,7 +862,7 @@ pub fn parse_module<'a>(
     cx: &'a llvm::Context,
     name: &CStr,
     data: &[u8],
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
 ) -> Result<&'a llvm::Module, FatalError> {
     unsafe {
         llvm::LLVMRustParseBitcodeForLTO(cx, data.as_ptr(), data.len(), name.as_ptr())
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/write.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/write.rs
index 02e3bb06dda..bbfc697407b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/write.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/write.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::traits::*;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::{CompiledModule, ModuleCodegen};
 use rustc_data_structures::profiling::SelfProfilerRef;
 use rustc_data_structures::small_c_str::SmallCStr;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, FatalError, Level};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, FatalError, Level};
 use rustc_fs_util::{link_or_copy, path_to_c_string};
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
 use rustc_session::config::{self, Lto, OutputType, Passes};
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ use std::slice;
 use std::str;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-pub fn llvm_err<'a>(dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt, err: LlvmError<'a>) -> FatalError {
+pub fn llvm_err<'a>(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, err: LlvmError<'a>) -> FatalError {
     match llvm::last_error() {
         Some(llvm_err) => dcx.emit_almost_fatal(WithLlvmError(err, llvm_err)),
         None => dcx.emit_almost_fatal(err),
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn llvm_err<'a>(dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt, err: LlvmError<'a>) -> FatalEr
 }
 
 pub fn write_output_file<'ll>(
-    dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     target: &'ll llvm::TargetMachine,
     pm: &llvm::PassManager<'ll>,
     m: &'ll llvm::Module,
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ pub enum CodegenDiagnosticsStage {
 }
 
 pub struct DiagnosticHandlers<'a> {
-    data: *mut (&'a CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>, &'a DiagCtxt),
+    data: *mut (&'a CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>, DiagCtxtHandle<'a>),
     llcx: &'a llvm::Context,
     old_handler: Option<&'a llvm::DiagnosticHandler>,
 }
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ pub struct DiagnosticHandlers<'a> {
 impl<'a> DiagnosticHandlers<'a> {
     pub fn new(
         cgcx: &'a CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-        dcx: &'a DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>,
         llcx: &'a llvm::Context,
         module: &ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>,
         stage: CodegenDiagnosticsStage,
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ unsafe extern "C" fn diagnostic_handler(info: &DiagnosticInfo, user: *mut c_void
     if user.is_null() {
         return;
     }
-    let (cgcx, dcx) = *(user as *const (&CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>, &DiagCtxt));
+    let (cgcx, dcx) = *(user as *const (&CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>, DiagCtxtHandle<'_>));
 
     match llvm::diagnostic::Diagnostic::unpack(info) {
         llvm::diagnostic::InlineAsm(inline) => {
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ fn get_instr_profile_output_path(config: &ModuleConfig) -> Option<CString> {
 
 pub(crate) unsafe fn llvm_optimize(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     module: &ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>,
     config: &ModuleConfig,
     opt_level: config::OptLevel,
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn llvm_optimize(
 // Unsafe due to LLVM calls.
 pub(crate) unsafe fn optimize(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     module: &ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>,
     config: &ModuleConfig,
 ) -> Result<(), FatalError> {
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn optimize(
 
 pub(crate) fn link(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     mut modules: Vec<ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>>,
 ) -> Result<ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>, FatalError> {
     use super::lto::{Linker, ModuleBuffer};
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ pub(crate) fn link(
 
 pub(crate) unsafe fn codegen(
     cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     module: ModuleCodegen<ModuleLlvm>,
     config: &ModuleConfig,
 ) -> Result<CompiledModule, FatalError> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/errors.rs
index 9d83dc81163..0b9e46260fb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/errors.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
 use rustc_data_structures::small_c_str::SmallCStr;
-use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
+use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::Span;
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ pub(crate) struct DynamicLinkingWithLTO;
 pub(crate) struct ParseTargetMachineConfig<'a>(pub LlvmError<'a>);
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for ParseTargetMachineConfig<'_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let diag: Diag<'_, G> = self.0.into_diag(dcx, level);
         let (message, _) = diag.messages.first().expect("`LlvmError` with no message");
         let message = dcx.eagerly_translate_to_string(message.clone(), diag.args.iter());
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub(crate) struct TargetFeatureDisableOrEnable<'a> {
 pub(crate) struct MissingFeatures;
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for TargetFeatureDisableOrEnable<'_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::codegen_llvm_target_feature_disable_or_enable);
         if let Some(span) = self.span {
             diag.span(span);
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ pub enum LlvmError<'a> {
 pub(crate) struct WithLlvmError<'a>(pub LlvmError<'a>, pub String);
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for WithLlvmError<'_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         use LlvmError::*;
         let msg_with_llvm_err = match &self.0 {
             WriteOutput { .. } => fluent::codegen_llvm_write_output_with_llvm_err,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/lib.rs
index bb76d388393..4b7a2643007 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use rustc_codegen_ssa::traits::*;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::ModuleCodegen;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::{CodegenResults, CompiledModule};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexMap;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
 use rustc_metadata::EncodedMetadata;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::{WorkProduct, WorkProductId};
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ impl WriteBackendMethods for LlvmCodegenBackend {
     }
     fn run_link(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         modules: Vec<ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>>,
     ) -> Result<ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>, FatalError> {
         back::write::link(cgcx, dcx, modules)
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ impl WriteBackendMethods for LlvmCodegenBackend {
     }
     unsafe fn optimize(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         module: &ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
         config: &ModuleConfig,
     ) -> Result<(), FatalError> {
@@ -223,7 +223,8 @@ impl WriteBackendMethods for LlvmCodegenBackend {
         module: &mut ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
     ) -> Result<(), FatalError> {
         let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
-        back::lto::run_pass_manager(cgcx, &dcx, module, false)
+        let dcx = dcx.handle();
+        back::lto::run_pass_manager(cgcx, dcx, module, false)
     }
     unsafe fn optimize_thin(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ impl WriteBackendMethods for LlvmCodegenBackend {
     }
     unsafe fn codegen(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         module: ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
         config: &ModuleConfig,
     ) -> Result<CompiledModule, FatalError> {
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ impl ModuleLlvm {
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<LlvmCodegenBackend>,
         name: &CStr,
         buffer: &[u8],
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     ) -> Result<Self, FatalError> {
         unsafe {
             let llcx = llvm::LLVMRustContextCreate(cgcx.fewer_names);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
index bdb808b1d4f..c352100b01b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use rustc_ast::CRATE_NODE_ID;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxIndexMap, FxIndexSet};
 use rustc_data_structures::memmap::Mmap;
 use rustc_data_structures::temp_dir::MaybeTempDir;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
 use rustc_fs_util::{fix_windows_verbatim_for_gcc, try_canonicalize};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_metadata::find_native_static_library;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ use std::process::{ExitStatus, Output, Stdio};
 use std::{env, fmt, fs, io, mem, str};
 use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
 
-pub fn ensure_removed(dcx: &DiagCtxt, path: &Path) {
+pub fn ensure_removed(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, path: &Path) {
     if let Err(e) = fs::remove_file(path) {
         if e.kind() != io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
             dcx.err(format!("failed to remove {}: {}", path.display(), e));
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
index dec87db0fc5..064be4988bd 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
@@ -891,9 +891,10 @@ fn execute_optimize_work_item<B: ExtraBackendMethods>(
     module_config: &ModuleConfig,
 ) -> Result<WorkItemResult<B>, FatalError> {
     let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
 
     unsafe {
-        B::optimize(cgcx, &dcx, &module, module_config)?;
+        B::optimize(cgcx, dcx, &module, module_config)?;
     }
 
     // After we've done the initial round of optimizations we need to
@@ -954,7 +955,11 @@ fn execute_copy_from_cache_work_item<B: ExtraBackendMethods>(
         match link_or_copy(&source_file, &output_path) {
             Ok(_) => Some(output_path),
             Err(error) => {
-                cgcx.create_dcx().emit_err(errors::CopyPathBuf { source_file, output_path, error });
+                cgcx.create_dcx().handle().emit_err(errors::CopyPathBuf {
+                    source_file,
+                    output_path,
+                    error,
+                });
                 None
             }
         }
@@ -987,7 +992,7 @@ fn execute_copy_from_cache_work_item<B: ExtraBackendMethods>(
     let bytecode = load_from_incr_cache(module_config.emit_bc, OutputType::Bitcode);
     let object = load_from_incr_cache(should_emit_obj, OutputType::Object);
     if should_emit_obj && object.is_none() {
-        cgcx.create_dcx().emit_fatal(errors::NoSavedObjectFile { cgu_name: &module.name })
+        cgcx.create_dcx().handle().emit_fatal(errors::NoSavedObjectFile { cgu_name: &module.name })
     }
 
     WorkItemResult::Finished(CompiledModule {
@@ -1016,12 +1021,13 @@ fn finish_intra_module_work<B: ExtraBackendMethods>(
     module_config: &ModuleConfig,
 ) -> Result<WorkItemResult<B>, FatalError> {
     let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
 
     if !cgcx.opts.unstable_opts.combine_cgu
         || module.kind == ModuleKind::Metadata
         || module.kind == ModuleKind::Allocator
     {
-        let module = unsafe { B::codegen(cgcx, &dcx, module, module_config)? };
+        let module = unsafe { B::codegen(cgcx, dcx, module, module_config)? };
         Ok(WorkItemResult::Finished(module))
     } else {
         Ok(WorkItemResult::NeedsLink(module))
@@ -1692,9 +1698,10 @@ fn start_executing_work<B: ExtraBackendMethods>(
         if !needs_link.is_empty() {
             assert!(compiled_modules.is_empty());
             let dcx = cgcx.create_dcx();
-            let module = B::run_link(&cgcx, &dcx, needs_link).map_err(|_| ())?;
+            let dcx = dcx.handle();
+            let module = B::run_link(&cgcx, dcx, needs_link).map_err(|_| ())?;
             let module = unsafe {
-                B::codegen(&cgcx, &dcx, module, cgcx.config(ModuleKind::Regular)).map_err(|_| ())?
+                B::codegen(&cgcx, dcx, module, cgcx.config(ModuleKind::Regular)).map_err(|_| ())?
             };
             compiled_modules.push(module);
         }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs
index 3641e7842cf..e6ba31c5165 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::assert_module_sources::CguReuse;
 use crate::back::command::Command;
 use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Diag, DiagArgValue, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, IntoDiagArg, Level,
+    codes::*, Diag, DiagArgValue, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, IntoDiagArg, Level,
 };
 use rustc_macros::Diagnostic;
 use rustc_middle::ty::layout::LayoutError;
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ pub enum LinkRlibError {
 pub struct ThorinErrorWrapper(pub thorin::Error);
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for ThorinErrorWrapper {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let build = |msg| Diag::new(dcx, level, msg);
         match self.0 {
             thorin::Error::ReadInput(_) => build(fluent::codegen_ssa_thorin_read_input_failure),
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ pub struct LinkingFailed<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for LinkingFailed<'_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::codegen_ssa_linking_failed);
         diag.arg("linker_path", format!("{}", self.linker_path.display()));
         diag.arg("exit_status", format!("{}", self.exit_status));
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/traits/write.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/traits/write.rs
index f83e34ab01b..f4b1421a532 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/traits/write.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/traits/write.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::back::lto::{LtoModuleCodegen, SerializedModule, ThinModule};
 use crate::back::write::{CodegenContext, FatLtoInput, ModuleConfig};
 use crate::{CompiledModule, ModuleCodegen};
 
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, FatalError};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, FatalError};
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::WorkProduct;
 
 pub trait WriteBackendMethods: 'static + Sized + Clone {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub trait WriteBackendMethods: 'static + Sized + Clone {
     /// Merge all modules into main_module and returning it
     fn run_link(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         modules: Vec<ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>>,
     ) -> Result<ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>, FatalError>;
     /// Performs fat LTO by merging all modules into a single one and returning it
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub trait WriteBackendMethods: 'static + Sized + Clone {
     fn print_statistics(&self);
     unsafe fn optimize(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         module: &ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
         config: &ModuleConfig,
     ) -> Result<(), FatalError>;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub trait WriteBackendMethods: 'static + Sized + Clone {
     ) -> Result<ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>, FatalError>;
     unsafe fn codegen(
         cgcx: &CodegenContext<Self>,
-        dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         module: ModuleCodegen<Self::Module>,
         config: &ModuleConfig,
     ) -> Result<CompiledModule, FatalError>;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/check_consts/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/check_consts/mod.rs
index 308b90cd470..ac8f0d842ee 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/check_consts/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/check_consts/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! it finds operations that are invalid in a certain context.
 
 use rustc_attr as attr;
-use rustc_errors::DiagCtxt;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
 use rustc_middle::bug;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx> ConstCx<'mir, 'tcx> {
         ConstCx { body, tcx, param_env, const_kind }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.tcx.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/errors.rs
index 91d17fdd895..5fa48a59794 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/errors.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 use either::Either;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Diag, DiagArgValue, DiagCtxt, DiagMessage, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
+    codes::*, Diag, DiagArgValue, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagMessage, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
 };
 use rustc_hir::ConstContext;
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, LintDiagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ pub trait ReportErrorExt {
     }
 }
 
-fn bad_pointer_message(msg: CheckInAllocMsg, dcx: &DiagCtxt) -> String {
+fn bad_pointer_message(msg: CheckInAllocMsg, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>) -> String {
     use crate::fluent_generated::*;
 
     let msg = match msg {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/eval_context.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/eval_context.rs
index 86325c5ae24..f602d989e08 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/eval_context.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/eval_context.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{fmt, mem};
 use either::{Either, Left, Right};
 use tracing::{debug, info, info_span, instrument, trace};
 
-use rustc_errors::DiagCtxt;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_hir::{self as hir, def_id::DefId, definitions::DefPathData};
 use rustc_index::IndexVec;
 use rustc_middle::mir;
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ pub(super) fn from_known_layout<'tcx>(
 ///
 /// This is NOT the preferred way to render an error; use `report` from `const_eval` instead.
 /// However, this is useful when error messages appear in ICEs.
-pub fn format_interp_error<'tcx>(dcx: &DiagCtxt, e: InterpErrorInfo<'tcx>) -> String {
+pub fn format_interp_error<'tcx>(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, e: InterpErrorInfo<'tcx>) -> String {
     let (e, backtrace) = e.into_parts();
     backtrace.print_backtrace();
     // FIXME(fee1-dead), HACK: we want to use the error as title therefore we can just extract the
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
index 9acff4a0a26..5ffa3a6099c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -1444,6 +1444,7 @@ fn report_ice(
         fallback_bundle,
     ));
     let dcx = rustc_errors::DiagCtxt::new(emitter);
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
 
     // a .span_bug or .bug call has already printed what
     // it wants to print.
@@ -1509,7 +1510,7 @@ fn report_ice(
 
     let num_frames = if backtrace { None } else { Some(2) };
 
-    interface::try_print_query_stack(&dcx, num_frames, file);
+    interface::try_print_query_stack(dcx, num_frames, file);
 
     // We don't trust this callback not to panic itself, so run it at the end after we're sure we've
     // printed all the relevant info.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
index 34b569c4206..c03dccdb325 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::snippet::Style;
 use crate::{
-    CodeSuggestion, DiagCtxt, DiagMessage, ErrCode, ErrorGuaranteed, ExplicitBug, Level, MultiSpan,
-    StashKey, SubdiagMessage, Substitution, SubstitutionPart, SuggestionStyle,
+    CodeSuggestion, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagMessage, ErrCode, ErrorGuaranteed, ExplicitBug, Level,
+    MultiSpan, StashKey, SubdiagMessage, Substitution, SubstitutionPart, SuggestionStyle,
 };
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexMap;
 use rustc_error_messages::fluent_value_from_str_list_sep_by_and;
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl EmissionGuarantee for rustc_span::fatal_error::FatalError {
 pub trait Diagnostic<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee = ErrorGuaranteed> {
     /// Write out as a diagnostic out of `DiagCtxt`.
     #[must_use]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G>;
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G>;
 }
 
 impl<'a, T, G> Diagnostic<'a, G> for Spanned<T>
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ where
     T: Diagnostic<'a, G>,
     G: EmissionGuarantee,
 {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         self.node.into_diag(dcx, level).with_span(self.span)
     }
 }
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ pub struct Subdiag {
 /// the methods of `Diag` here, consider extending `DiagCtxtFlags`.
 #[must_use]
 pub struct Diag<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee = ErrorGuaranteed> {
-    pub dcx: &'a DiagCtxt,
+    pub dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>,
 
     /// Why the `Option`? It is always `Some` until the `Diag` is consumed via
     /// `emit`, `cancel`, etc. At that point it is consumed and replaced with
@@ -578,13 +578,13 @@ macro_rules! with_fn {
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diag<'a, G> {
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn new(dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level, message: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level, message: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Self {
         Self::new_diagnostic(dcx, DiagInner::new(level, message))
     }
 
     /// Creates a new `Diag` with an already constructed diagnostic.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub(crate) fn new_diagnostic(dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, diag: DiagInner) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new_diagnostic(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, diag: DiagInner) -> Self {
         debug!("Created new diagnostic");
         Self { dcx, diag: Some(Box::new(diag)), _marker: PhantomData }
     }
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diag<'a, G> {
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     pub fn subdiagnostic(
         &mut self,
-        dcx: &crate::DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         subdiagnostic: impl Subdiagnostic,
     ) -> &mut Self {
         subdiagnostic.add_to_diag_with(self, &|diag, msg| {
@@ -1341,7 +1341,8 @@ impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diag<'a, G> {
 
     /// See `DiagCtxt::stash_diagnostic` for details.
     pub fn stash(mut self, span: Span, key: StashKey) -> Option<ErrorGuaranteed> {
-        self.dcx.stash_diagnostic(span, key, self.take_diag())
+        let diag = self.take_diag();
+        self.dcx.stash_diagnostic(span, key, diag)
     }
 
     /// Delay emission of this diagnostic as a bug.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs
index ee6df8e15db..0af80bc5c67 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::diagnostic::DiagLocation;
-use crate::{fluent_generated as fluent, Subdiagnostic};
+use crate::{fluent_generated as fluent, DiagCtxtHandle, Subdiagnostic};
 use crate::{
-    Diag, DiagArgValue, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, ErrCode, IntoDiagArg, Level,
+    Diag, DiagArgValue, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, ErrCode, IntoDiagArg, Level,
     SubdiagMessageOp,
 };
 use rustc_ast as ast;
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl IntoDiagArg for DiagSymbolList {
 }
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for TargetDataLayoutErrors<'_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         match self {
             TargetDataLayoutErrors::InvalidAddressSpace { addr_space, err, cause } => {
                 Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::errors_target_invalid_address_space)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
index 5d4d2555100..245deda50d5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ impl Emitter for SilentEmitter {
             if let Some(fatal_note) = &self.fatal_note {
                 diag.sub(Level::Note, fatal_note.clone(), MultiSpan::new());
             }
-            self.fatal_dcx.emit_diagnostic(diag);
+            self.fatal_dcx.handle().emit_diagnostic(diag);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs
index 80b4d2bf75c..e4b29fc9103 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@ fn test_positions(code: &str, span: (u32, u32), expected_output: SpanTestData) {
         );
 
         let span = Span::with_root_ctxt(BytePos(span.0), BytePos(span.1));
-        let dcx = DiagCtxt::new(Box::new(je));
-        dcx.span_err(span, "foo");
+        DiagCtxt::new(Box::new(je)).handle().span_err(span, "foo");
 
         let bytes = output.lock().unwrap();
         let actual_output = str::from_utf8(&bytes).unwrap();
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
index 4dc5d84b318..83d5bbff0b0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
@@ -414,6 +414,19 @@ pub struct DiagCtxt {
     inner: Lock<DiagCtxtInner>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
+    dcx: &'a DiagCtxt,
+}
+
+impl<'a> std::ops::Deref for DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
+    type Target = &'a DiagCtxt;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.dcx
+    }
+}
+
 /// This inner struct exists to keep it all behind a single lock;
 /// this is done to prevent possible deadlocks in a multi-threaded compiler,
 /// as well as inconsistent state observation.
@@ -608,7 +621,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     }
 
     pub fn make_silent(
-        &mut self,
+        &self,
         fallback_bundle: LazyFallbackBundle,
         fatal_note: Option<String>,
         emit_fatal_diagnostic: bool,
@@ -623,7 +636,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
         });
     }
 
-    fn wrap_emitter<F>(&mut self, f: F)
+    fn wrap_emitter<F>(&self, f: F)
     where
         F: FnOnce(DiagCtxtInner) -> Box<DynEmitter>,
     {
@@ -738,6 +751,12 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
         *fulfilled_expectations = Default::default();
     }
 
+    pub fn handle<'a>(&'a self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
+        DiagCtxtHandle { dcx: self }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
     /// Stashes a diagnostic for possible later improvement in a different,
     /// later stage of the compiler. Possible actions depend on the diagnostic
     /// level:
@@ -745,8 +764,8 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     /// - Level::Error: immediately counted as an error that has occurred, because it
     ///   is guaranteed to be emitted eventually. Can be later accessed with the
     ///   provided `span` and `key` through
-    ///   [`DiagCtxt::try_steal_modify_and_emit_err`] or
-    ///   [`DiagCtxt::try_steal_replace_and_emit_err`]. These do not allow
+    ///   [`DiagCtxtHandle::try_steal_modify_and_emit_err`] or
+    ///   [`DiagCtxtHandle::try_steal_replace_and_emit_err`]. These do not allow
     ///   cancellation or downgrading of the error. Returns
     ///   `Some(ErrorGuaranteed)`.
     /// - Level::DelayedBug: this does happen occasionally with errors that are
@@ -757,7 +776,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     ///   user-facing error. Returns `Some(ErrorGuaranteed)` as is normal for
     ///   delayed bugs.
     /// - Level::Warning and lower (i.e. !is_error()): can be accessed with the
-    ///   provided `span` and `key` through [`DiagCtxt::steal_non_err()`]. This
+    ///   provided `span` and `key` through [`DiagCtxtHandle::steal_non_err()`]. This
     ///   allows cancelling and downgrading of the diagnostic. Returns `None`.
     pub fn stash_diagnostic(
         &self,
@@ -793,7 +812,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     /// Steal a previously stashed non-error diagnostic with the given `Span`
     /// and [`StashKey`] as the key. Panics if the found diagnostic is an
     /// error.
-    pub fn steal_non_err(&self, span: Span, key: StashKey) -> Option<Diag<'_, ()>> {
+    pub fn steal_non_err(self, span: Span, key: StashKey) -> Option<Diag<'a, ()>> {
         let key = (span.with_parent(None), key);
         // FIXME(#120456) - is `swap_remove` correct?
         let (diag, guar) = self.inner.borrow_mut().stashed_diagnostics.swap_remove(&key)?;
@@ -807,7 +826,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     /// no matching diagnostic is found. Panics if the found diagnostic's level
     /// isn't `Level::Error`.
     pub fn try_steal_modify_and_emit_err<F>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: Span,
         key: StashKey,
         mut modify_err: F,
@@ -833,7 +852,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     /// [`StashKey`] as the key, cancels it if found, and emits `new_err`.
     /// Panics if the found diagnostic's level isn't `Level::Error`.
     pub fn try_steal_replace_and_emit_err(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: Span,
         key: StashKey,
         new_err: Diag<'_>,
@@ -1106,18 +1125,18 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
 //
 // Functions beginning with `struct_`/`create_` create a diagnostic. Other
 // functions create and emit a diagnostic all in one go.
-impl DiagCtxt {
+impl<'a> DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
     // No `#[rustc_lint_diagnostics]` and no `impl Into<DiagMessage>` because bug messages aren't
     // user-facing.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_bug(&self, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> Diag<'_, BugAbort> {
+    pub fn struct_bug(self, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> Diag<'a, BugAbort> {
         Diag::new(self, Bug, msg.into())
     }
 
     // No `#[rustc_lint_diagnostics]` and no `impl Into<DiagMessage>` because bug messages aren't
     // user-facing.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn bug(&self, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> ! {
+    pub fn bug(self, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> ! {
         self.struct_bug(msg).emit()
     }
 
@@ -1125,111 +1144,108 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     // user-facing.
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_bug(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
         msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
-    ) -> Diag<'_, BugAbort> {
+    ) -> Diag<'a, BugAbort> {
         self.struct_bug(msg).with_span(span)
     }
 
     // No `#[rustc_lint_diagnostics]` and no `impl Into<DiagMessage>` because bug messages aren't
     // user-facing.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn span_bug(&self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> ! {
+    pub fn span_bug(self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> ! {
         self.struct_span_bug(span, msg.into()).emit()
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn create_bug<'a>(&'a self, bug: impl Diagnostic<'a, BugAbort>) -> Diag<'a, BugAbort> {
+    pub fn create_bug(self, bug: impl Diagnostic<'a, BugAbort>) -> Diag<'a, BugAbort> {
         bug.into_diag(self, Bug)
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn emit_bug<'a>(&'a self, bug: impl Diagnostic<'a, BugAbort>) -> ! {
+    pub fn emit_bug(self, bug: impl Diagnostic<'a, BugAbort>) -> ! {
         self.create_bug(bug).emit()
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_fatal(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, FatalAbort> {
+    pub fn struct_fatal(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'a, FatalAbort> {
         Diag::new(self, Fatal, msg)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn fatal(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ! {
+    pub fn fatal(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ! {
         self.struct_fatal(msg).emit()
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_fatal(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
         msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>,
-    ) -> Diag<'_, FatalAbort> {
+    ) -> Diag<'a, FatalAbort> {
         self.struct_fatal(msg).with_span(span)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn span_fatal(&self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ! {
+    pub fn span_fatal(self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ! {
         self.struct_span_fatal(span, msg).emit()
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn create_fatal<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        fatal: impl Diagnostic<'a, FatalAbort>,
-    ) -> Diag<'a, FatalAbort> {
+    pub fn create_fatal(self, fatal: impl Diagnostic<'a, FatalAbort>) -> Diag<'a, FatalAbort> {
         fatal.into_diag(self, Fatal)
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn emit_fatal<'a>(&'a self, fatal: impl Diagnostic<'a, FatalAbort>) -> ! {
+    pub fn emit_fatal(self, fatal: impl Diagnostic<'a, FatalAbort>) -> ! {
         self.create_fatal(fatal).emit()
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn create_almost_fatal<'a>(
-        &'a self,
+    pub fn create_almost_fatal(
+        self,
         fatal: impl Diagnostic<'a, FatalError>,
     ) -> Diag<'a, FatalError> {
         fatal.into_diag(self, Fatal)
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn emit_almost_fatal<'a>(&'a self, fatal: impl Diagnostic<'a, FatalError>) -> FatalError {
+    pub fn emit_almost_fatal(self, fatal: impl Diagnostic<'a, FatalError>) -> FatalError {
         self.create_almost_fatal(fatal).emit()
     }
 
     // FIXME: This method should be removed (every error should have an associated error code).
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_err(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_> {
+    pub fn struct_err(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'a> {
         Diag::new(self, Error, msg)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn err(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
+    pub fn err(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
         self.struct_err(msg).emit()
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_err(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
         msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>,
-    ) -> Diag<'_> {
+    ) -> Diag<'a> {
         self.struct_err(msg).with_span(span)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_err(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
         msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>,
     ) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
@@ -1237,12 +1253,12 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn create_err<'a>(&'a self, err: impl Diagnostic<'a>) -> Diag<'a> {
+    pub fn create_err(self, err: impl Diagnostic<'a>) -> Diag<'a> {
         err.into_diag(self, Error)
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn emit_err<'a>(&'a self, err: impl Diagnostic<'a>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
+    pub fn emit_err(self, err: impl Diagnostic<'a>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
         self.create_err(err).emit()
     }
 
@@ -1251,7 +1267,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     // No `#[rustc_lint_diagnostics]` and no `impl Into<DiagMessage>` because bug messages aren't
     // user-facing.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn delayed_bug(&self, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
+    pub fn delayed_bug(self, msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
         Diag::<ErrorGuaranteed>::new(self, DelayedBug, msg.into()).emit()
     }
 
@@ -1264,7 +1280,7 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     // user-facing.
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_delayed_bug(
-        &self,
+        self,
         sp: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
         msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
     ) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
@@ -1273,45 +1289,45 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_warn(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    pub fn struct_warn(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         Diag::new(self, Warning, msg)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn warn(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
+    pub fn warn(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
         self.struct_warn(msg).emit()
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_warn(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
         msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>,
-    ) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    ) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         self.struct_warn(msg).with_span(span)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn span_warn(&self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
+    pub fn span_warn(self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
         self.struct_span_warn(span, msg).emit()
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn create_warn<'a>(&'a self, warning: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
+    pub fn create_warn(self, warning: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         warning.into_diag(self, Warning)
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn emit_warn<'a>(&'a self, warning: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) {
+    pub fn emit_warn(self, warning: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) {
         self.create_warn(warning).emit()
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_note(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    pub fn struct_note(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         Diag::new(self, Note, msg)
     }
 
@@ -1324,54 +1340,50 @@ impl DiagCtxt {
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_note(
-        &self,
+        self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
         msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>,
-    ) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    ) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         self.struct_note(msg).with_span(span)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn span_note(&self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
+    pub fn span_note(self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
         self.struct_span_note(span, msg).emit()
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn create_note<'a>(&'a self, note: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
+    pub fn create_note(self, note: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         note.into_diag(self, Note)
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn emit_note<'a>(&'a self, note: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) {
+    pub fn emit_note(self, note: impl Diagnostic<'a, ()>) {
         self.create_note(note).emit()
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_help(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    pub fn struct_help(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         Diag::new(self, Help, msg)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_failure_note(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    pub fn struct_failure_note(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         Diag::new(self, FailureNote, msg)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_allow(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    pub fn struct_allow(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         Diag::new(self, Allow, msg)
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn struct_expect(
-        &self,
-        msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>,
-        id: LintExpectationId,
-    ) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
+    pub fn struct_expect(self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>, id: LintExpectationId) -> Diag<'a, ()> {
         Diag::new(self, Expect(id), msg)
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/base.rs b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/base.rs
index b06b1f31c26..ddc6490ac0c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/base.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/base.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use rustc_ast::{self as ast, AttrVec, Attribute, HasAttrs, Item, NodeId, PatKind
 use rustc_attr::{self as attr, Deprecation, Stability};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexMap;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{self, Lrc};
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed, PResult};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, PResult};
 use rustc_feature::Features;
 use rustc_lint_defs::{BufferedEarlyLint, RegisteredTools};
 use rustc_parse::{parser::Parser, MACRO_ARGUMENTS};
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ impl<'a> ExtCtxt<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn dcx(&self) -> &'a DiagCtxt {
+    pub fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
         self.sess.dcx()
     }
 
@@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ pub fn resolve_path(sess: &Session, path: impl Into<PathBuf>, span: Span) -> PRe
 }
 
 pub fn parse_macro_name_and_helper_attrs(
-    dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     attr: &Attribute,
     macro_type: &str,
 ) -> Option<(Symbol, Vec<Symbol>)> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/diagnostics.rs b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/diagnostics.rs
index 442fd654b6a..85ecfa62188 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/diagnostics.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::mbe::{
 use rustc_ast::token::{self, Token, TokenKind};
 use rustc_ast::tokenstream::TokenStream;
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagMessage};
+use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagMessage};
 use rustc_macros::Subdiagnostic;
 use rustc_parse::parser::{Parser, Recovery};
 use rustc_span::source_map::SourceMap;
@@ -324,7 +324,12 @@ enum ExplainDocComment {
     },
 }
 
-pub(super) fn annotate_doc_comment(dcx: &DiagCtxt, err: &mut Diag<'_>, sm: &SourceMap, span: Span) {
+pub(super) fn annotate_doc_comment(
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
+    err: &mut Diag<'_>,
+    sm: &SourceMap,
+    span: Span,
+) {
     if let Ok(src) = sm.span_to_snippet(span) {
         if src.starts_with("///") || src.starts_with("/**") {
             err.subdiagnostic(dcx, ExplainDocComment::Outer { span });
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/transcribe.rs b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/transcribe.rs
index 6e6afe74df1..f935f1b77e0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/transcribe.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_expand/src/mbe/transcribe.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use rustc_ast::token::IdentIsRaw;
 use rustc_ast::token::{self, Delimiter, Token, TokenKind};
 use rustc_ast::tokenstream::{DelimSpacing, DelimSpan, Spacing, TokenStream, TokenTree};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
-use rustc_errors::{pluralize, Diag, DiagCtxt, PResult};
+use rustc_errors::{pluralize, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, PResult};
 use rustc_parse::parser::ParseNtResult;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
 use rustc_span::hygiene::{LocalExpnId, Transparency};
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ fn lockstep_iter_size(
 /// * `[ $( ${count(foo, 1)} ),* ]` will return an error because `${count(foo, 1)}` is
 ///   declared inside a single repetition and the index `1` implies two nested repetitions.
 fn count_repetitions<'a>(
-    dcx: &'a DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>,
     depth_user: usize,
     mut matched: &NamedMatch,
     repeats: &[(usize, usize)],
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ fn count_repetitions<'a>(
 
 /// Returns a `NamedMatch` item declared on the LHS given an arbitrary [Ident]
 fn matched_from_ident<'ctx, 'interp, 'rslt>(
-    dcx: &'ctx DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'ctx>,
     ident: Ident,
     interp: &'interp FxHashMap<MacroRulesNormalizedIdent, NamedMatch>,
 ) -> PResult<'ctx, &'rslt NamedMatch>
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ where
 
 /// Used by meta-variable expressions when an user input is out of the actual declared bounds. For
 /// example, index(999999) in an repetition of only three elements.
-fn out_of_bounds_err<'a>(dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, max: usize, span: Span, ty: &str) -> Diag<'a> {
+fn out_of_bounds_err<'a>(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, max: usize, span: Span, ty: &str) -> Diag<'a> {
     let msg = if max == 0 {
         format!(
             "meta-variable expression `{ty}` with depth parameter \
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ fn out_of_bounds_err<'a>(dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, max: usize, span: Span, ty: &str) ->
 }
 
 fn transcribe_metavar_expr<'a>(
-    dcx: &'a DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>,
     expr: &MetaVarExpr,
     interp: &FxHashMap<MacroRulesNormalizedIdent, NamedMatch>,
     marker: &mut Marker,
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ fn transcribe_metavar_expr<'a>(
 
 /// Extracts an identifier that can be originated from a `$var:ident` variable or from a token tree.
 fn extract_ident<'a>(
-    dcx: &'a DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>,
     ident: Ident,
     interp: &FxHashMap<MacroRulesNormalizedIdent, NamedMatch>,
 ) -> PResult<'a, String> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/errors.rs
index 41dceea2e32..cff8d5a5ea5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/errors.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level, MultiSpan,
+    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level, MultiSpan,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, LintDiagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_middle::ty::Ty;
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ pub struct MissingTypeParams {
 // Manual implementation of `Diagnostic` to be able to call `span_to_snippet`.
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for MissingTypeParams {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         let mut err = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::hir_analysis_missing_type_params);
         err.span(self.span);
         err.code(E0393);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/mod.rs
index ee4eec99b2b..1713d75092e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/mod.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,13 @@ mod checks;
 mod inspect_obligations;
 mod suggestions;
 
-use rustc_errors::ErrorGuaranteed;
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed};
 
 use crate::coercion::DynamicCoerceMany;
 use crate::fallback::DivergingFallbackBehavior;
 use crate::fn_ctxt::checks::DivergingBlockBehavior;
 use crate::{CoroutineTypes, Diverges, EnclosingBreakables, TypeckRootCtxt};
 use hir::def_id::CRATE_DEF_ID;
-use rustc_errors::DiagCtxt;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
 use rustc_hir_analysis::hir_ty_lowering::{HirTyLowerer, RegionInferReason};
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
index 4717e3d6047..5966bae4cde 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ use crate::traits::{
 use crate::infer::relate::{self, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxIndexMap, FxIndexSet};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, pluralize, struct_span_code_err, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagStyledString,
-    ErrorGuaranteed, IntoDiagArg, StringPart,
+    codes::*, pluralize, struct_span_code_err, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle,
+    DiagStyledString, ErrorGuaranteed, IntoDiagArg, StringPart,
 };
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub struct TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
-    pub fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    pub fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
index 8412912b9f3..c908faec756 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ pub use lexical_region_resolve::RegionResolutionError;
 pub use relate::combine::CombineFields;
 pub use relate::combine::PredicateEmittingRelation;
 pub use relate::StructurallyRelateAliases;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 pub use rustc_macros::{TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable};
 pub use rustc_middle::ty::IntVarValue;
 pub use BoundRegionConversionTime::*;
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet, FxIndexMap};
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_data_structures::undo_log::Rollback;
 use rustc_data_structures::unify as ut;
-use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_errors::{Diag, ErrorGuaranteed};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
 use rustc_macros::extension;
 use rustc_middle::infer::canonical::{Canonical, CanonicalVarValues};
@@ -826,7 +827,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferOk<'tcx, ()> {
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
-    pub fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    pub fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.tcx.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
index c95a10f4e8d..41c8b941717 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::jobserver;
 use rustc_data_structures::stable_hasher::StableHasher;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_errors::registry::Registry;
-use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed};
 use rustc_lint::LintStore;
 use rustc_middle::ty;
 use rustc_middle::ty::CurrentGcx;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub struct Compiler {
 }
 
 /// Converts strings provided as `--cfg [cfgspec]` into a `Cfg`.
-pub(crate) fn parse_cfg(dcx: &DiagCtxt, cfgs: Vec<String>) -> Cfg {
+pub(crate) fn parse_cfg(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, cfgs: Vec<String>) -> Cfg {
     cfgs.into_iter()
         .map(|s| {
             let psess = ParseSess::with_silent_emitter(
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_cfg(dcx: &DiagCtxt, cfgs: Vec<String>) -> Cfg {
 }
 
 /// Converts strings provided as `--check-cfg [specs]` into a `CheckCfg`.
-pub(crate) fn parse_check_cfg(dcx: &DiagCtxt, specs: Vec<String>) -> CheckCfg {
+pub(crate) fn parse_check_cfg(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, specs: Vec<String>) -> CheckCfg {
     // If any --check-cfg is passed then exhaustive_values and exhaustive_names
     // are enabled by default.
     let exhaustive_names = !specs.is_empty();
@@ -451,12 +451,12 @@ pub fn run_compiler<R: Send>(config: Config, f: impl FnOnce(&Compiler) -> R + Se
 
             codegen_backend.init(&sess);
 
-            let cfg = parse_cfg(&sess.dcx(), config.crate_cfg);
+            let cfg = parse_cfg(sess.dcx(), config.crate_cfg);
             let mut cfg = config::build_configuration(&sess, cfg);
             util::add_configuration(&mut cfg, &mut sess, &*codegen_backend);
             sess.psess.config = cfg;
 
-            let mut check_cfg = parse_check_cfg(&sess.dcx(), config.crate_check_cfg);
+            let mut check_cfg = parse_check_cfg(sess.dcx(), config.crate_check_cfg);
             check_cfg.fill_well_known(&sess.target);
             sess.psess.check_config = check_cfg;
 
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ pub fn run_compiler<R: Send>(config: Config, f: impl FnOnce(&Compiler) -> R + Se
 }
 
 pub fn try_print_query_stack(
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     num_frames: Option<usize>,
     file: Option<std::fs::File>,
 ) {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs
index 6538995926a..36a7ecd8bc3 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ where
             Arc::default(),
             Default::default(),
         );
-        let cfg = parse_cfg(&sess.dcx(), matches.opt_strs("cfg"));
+        let cfg = parse_cfg(sess.dcx(), matches.opt_strs("cfg"));
         let cfg = build_configuration(&sess, cfg);
         f(sess, cfg)
     });
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs
index f60f8f7c6b7..b46b6a7efa2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs
@@ -1405,7 +1405,7 @@ impl<'a> LintDiagnostic<'a, ()> for NonLocalDefinitionsDiag {
                     diag.note(fluent::lint_macro_to_change);
                 }
                 if let Some(cargo_update) = cargo_update {
-                    diag.subdiagnostic(&diag.dcx, cargo_update);
+                    diag.subdiagnostic(diag.dcx, cargo_update);
                 }
 
                 if has_trait {
@@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@ impl<'a> LintDiagnostic<'a, ()> for NonLocalDefinitionsDiag {
                 diag.note(fluent::lint_non_local_definitions_deprecation);
 
                 if let Some(cargo_update) = cargo_update {
-                    diag.subdiagnostic(&diag.dcx, cargo_update);
+                    diag.subdiagnostic(diag.dcx, cargo_update);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs
index ef6005283d6..a3abbdcf18c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_macros/src/diagnostics/diagnostic.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticDerive<'a> {
                 #[track_caller]
                 fn into_diag(
                     self,
-                    dcx: &'_sess rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+                    dcx: rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle<'_sess>,
                     level: rustc_errors::Level
                 ) -> rustc_errors::Diag<'_sess, G> {
                     #implementation
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/creader.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/creader.rs
index 62a068d640a..749495bc2ef 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/creader.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/creader.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
 use rustc_data_structures::owned_slice::OwnedSlice;
 use rustc_data_structures::svh::Svh;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{self, FreezeReadGuard, FreezeWriteGuard};
-use rustc_errors::DiagCtxt;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_expand::base::SyntaxExtension;
 use rustc_fs_util::try_canonicalize;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, LocalDefId, StableCrateId, LOCAL_CRATE};
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> std::ops::Deref for CrateLoader<'a, 'tcx> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> CrateLoader<'a, 'tcx> {
-    fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.tcx.dcx()
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/errors.rs
index 47d183a0440..b0d82a0e3b7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/errors.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
-use rustc_errors::{codes::*, Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{sym, Span, Symbol};
 use rustc_target::spec::{PanicStrategy, TargetTriple};
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ pub(crate) struct MultipleCandidates {
 }
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for MultipleCandidates {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::metadata_multiple_candidates);
         diag.arg("crate_name", self.crate_name);
         diag.arg("flavor", self.flavor);
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ pub struct InvalidMetadataFiles {
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for InvalidMetadataFiles {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::metadata_invalid_meta_files);
         diag.arg("crate_name", self.crate_name);
         diag.arg("add_info", self.add_info);
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ pub struct CannotFindCrate {
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for CannotFindCrate {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::metadata_cannot_find_crate);
         diag.arg("crate_name", self.crate_name);
         diag.arg("current_crate", self.current_crate);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/macros.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/macros.rs
index 817ac594627..fcea1ea81a7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/macros.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/macros.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 ///
 /// If you have a span available, you should use [`span_bug`] instead.
 ///
-/// If the bug should only be emitted when compilation didn't fail, [`DiagCtxt::span_delayed_bug`]
+/// If the bug should only be emitted when compilation didn't fail, [`DiagCtxtHandle::span_delayed_bug`]
 /// may be useful.
 ///
-/// [`DiagCtxt::span_delayed_bug`]: rustc_errors::DiagCtxt::span_delayed_bug
+/// [`DiagCtxtHandle::span_delayed_bug`]: rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle::span_delayed_bug
 /// [`span_bug`]: crate::span_bug
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! bug {
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ macro_rules! bug {
 /// at the code the compiler was compiling when it ICEd. This is the preferred way to trigger
 /// ICEs.
 ///
-/// If the bug should only be emitted when compilation didn't fail, [`DiagCtxt::span_delayed_bug`]
+/// If the bug should only be emitted when compilation didn't fail, [`DiagCtxtHandle::span_delayed_bug`]
 /// may be useful.
 ///
-/// [`DiagCtxt::span_delayed_bug`]: rustc_errors::DiagCtxt::span_delayed_bug
+/// [`DiagCtxtHandle::span_delayed_bug`]: rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle::span_delayed_bug
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! span_bug {
     ($span:expr, $msg:expr) => (
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
index e2f15dac019..7a804c23638 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/context.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ use rustc_data_structures::sync::{self, FreezeReadGuard, Lock, Lrc, RwLock, Work
 #[cfg(parallel_compiler)]
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{DynSend, DynSync};
 use rustc_data_structures::unord::UnordSet;
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed, LintDiagnostic, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_errors::{
+    Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, LintDiagnostic, MultiSpan,
+};
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, DefId, LocalDefId, LOCAL_CRATE};
@@ -1415,7 +1417,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         )
     }
 
-    pub fn dcx(self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    pub fn dcx(self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.sess.dcx()
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs
index cf7610bb4f6..3d397b6b37e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::ty::normalize_erasing_regions::NormalizationError;
 use crate::ty::{self, CoroutineArgsExt, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitableExt};
 use rustc_error_messages::DiagMessage;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    Diag, DiagArgValue, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, IntoDiagArg, Level,
+    Diag, DiagArgValue, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, IntoDiagArg, Level,
 };
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
@@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ pub enum FnAbiError<'tcx> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'b, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for FnAbiError<'b> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         match self {
             Self::Layout(e) => e.into_diagnostic().into_diag(dcx, level),
             Self::AdjustForForeignAbi(call::AdjustForForeignAbiError::Unsupported {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_mir_build/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_mir_build/src/errors.rs
index 3bd2e47976b..7c73d8a6d47 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_mir_build/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_mir_build/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
-use rustc_errors::DiagArgValue;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level, MultiSpan,
+    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level, MultiSpan,
     SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic,
 };
+use rustc_errors::{DiagArgValue, DiagCtxtHandle};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, LintDiagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty};
 use rustc_pattern_analysis::{errors::Uncovered, rustc::RustcPatCtxt};
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ pub(crate) struct NonExhaustivePatternsTypeNotEmpty<'p, 'tcx, 'm> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for NonExhaustivePatternsTypeNotEmpty<'_, '_, '_> {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag =
             Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::mir_build_non_exhaustive_patterns_type_not_empty);
         diag.span(self.scrut_span);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/errors.rs
index 35fc78f2045..c0d1efd96c5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
-use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
+use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, LintDiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub struct UnusedGenericParamsHint {
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for UnusedGenericParamsHint {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::monomorphize_unused_generic_params);
         diag.span(self.span);
         for (span, name) in self.param_spans.into_iter().zip(self.param_names) {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/errors.rs
index 6c1fcbe06fc..7566a4d5066 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/errors.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 use rustc_ast::token::Token;
 use rustc_ast::{Path, Visibility};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
+    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
     SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
@@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ExpectedIdentifier {
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for ExpectedIdentifier {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         let token_descr = TokenDescription::from_token(&self.token);
 
         let mut diag = Diag::new(
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ExpectedSemi {
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for ExpectedSemi {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         let token_descr = TokenDescription::from_token(&self.token);
 
         let mut diag = Diag::new(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs
index a5b9ab32a8c..511805cf8d6 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use rustc_ast::ast::{self, AttrStyle};
 use rustc_ast::token::{self, CommentKind, Delimiter, IdentIsRaw, Token, TokenKind};
 use rustc_ast::tokenstream::TokenStream;
 use rustc_ast::util::unicode::contains_text_flow_control_chars;
-use rustc_errors::{codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, StashKey};
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, StashKey};
 use rustc_lexer::unescape::{self, EscapeError, Mode};
 use rustc_lexer::{Base, DocStyle, RawStrError};
 use rustc_lexer::{Cursor, LiteralKind};
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ struct StringReader<'psess, 'src> {
 }
 
 impl<'psess, 'src> StringReader<'psess, 'src> {
-    fn dcx(&self) -> &'psess DiagCtxt {
+    fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'psess> {
         self.psess.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/unescape_error_reporting.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/unescape_error_reporting.rs
index cad25c66827..b7a790fcf83 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/unescape_error_reporting.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/lexer/unescape_error_reporting.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use std::iter::once;
 use std::ops::Range;
 
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed};
 use rustc_lexer::unescape::{EscapeError, Mode};
 use rustc_span::{BytePos, Span};
 use tracing::debug;
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use tracing::debug;
 use crate::errors::{MoreThanOneCharNote, MoreThanOneCharSugg, NoBraceUnicodeSub, UnescapeError};
 
 pub(crate) fn emit_unescape_error(
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     // interior part of the literal, between quotes
     lit: &str,
     // full span of the literal, including quotes and any prefix
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/diagnostics.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/diagnostics.rs
index d3f9bb3f274..28832c0a602 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/diagnostics.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use rustc_ast::{
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    pluralize, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError, PErr, PResult,
+    pluralize, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError, PErr, PResult,
     Subdiagnostic,
 };
 use rustc_session::errors::ExprParenthesesNeeded;
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ impl<'a> DerefMut for SnapshotParser<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
-    pub fn dcx(&self) -> &'a DiagCtxt {
+    pub fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'a> {
         self.psess.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs
index 79a6cf1b541..3a4690670af 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_parse/src/parser/tests.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ where
 {
     let mut p = string_to_parser(&psess, s);
     let x = f(&mut p).unwrap();
-    p.psess.dcx.abort_if_errors();
+    p.dcx().abort_if_errors();
     x
 }
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl<T: Write> Write for Shared<T> {
 #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)] // no translation needed for tests
 fn test_harness(file_text: &str, span_labels: Vec<SpanLabel>, expected_output: &str) {
     create_default_session_globals_then(|| {
-        let (handler, source_map, output) = create_test_handler();
+        let (dcx, source_map, output) = create_test_handler();
         source_map.new_source_file(Path::new("test.rs").to_owned().into(), file_text.to_owned());
 
         let primary_span = make_span(&file_text, &span_labels[0].start, &span_labels[0].end);
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn test_harness(file_text: &str, span_labels: Vec<SpanLabel>, expected_output: &
             println!("text: {:?}", source_map.span_to_snippet(span));
         }
 
-        handler.span_err(msp, "foo");
+        dcx.handle().span_err(msp, "foo");
 
         assert!(
             expected_output.chars().next() == Some('\n'),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs
index 6ce7c41acc8..a0b3470df6d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/check_attr.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use crate::{errors, fluent_generated as fluent};
 use rustc_ast::{ast, AttrKind, AttrStyle, Attribute, LitKind};
 use rustc_ast::{MetaItemKind, MetaItemLit, NestedMetaItem};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
-use rustc_errors::StashKey;
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagCtxt, IntoDiagArg, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_errors::{Applicability, IntoDiagArg, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, StashKey};
 use rustc_feature::{
     is_unsafe_attr, AttributeDuplicates, AttributeType, BuiltinAttribute, BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTE_MAP,
 };
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ struct CheckAttrVisitor<'tcx> {
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> CheckAttrVisitor<'tcx> {
-    fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.tcx.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/errors.rs
index a935f1ad7d3..25df80d5a92 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/errors.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use std::{
 use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
 use rustc_ast::{ast, Label};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagSymbolList, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
-    MultiSpan, SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic,
+    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagSymbolList, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee,
+    Level, MultiSpan, SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic,
 };
 use rustc_hir::{self as hir, ExprKind, Target};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, LintDiagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ pub struct ItemFollowingInnerAttr {
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for InvalidAttrAtCrateLevel {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::passes_invalid_attr_at_crate_level);
         diag.span(self.span);
         diag.arg("name", self.name);
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ pub struct BreakNonLoop<'a> {
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for BreakNonLoop<'a> {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::passes_break_non_loop);
         diag.span(self.span);
         diag.code(E0571);
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ pub struct NakedFunctionsAsmBlock {
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for NakedFunctionsAsmBlock {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::passes_naked_functions_asm_block);
         diag.span(self.span);
         diag.code(E0787);
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ pub struct NoMainErr {
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for NoMainErr {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::passes_no_main_function);
         diag.span(DUMMY_SP);
         diag.code(E0601);
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ pub struct DuplicateLangItem {
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for DuplicateLangItem {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(
             dcx,
             level,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/query/job.rs b/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/query/job.rs
index 248a741af90..3f44b11850e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/query/job.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_query_system/src/query/job.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::query::plumbing::CycleError;
 use crate::query::DepKind;
 use crate::query::{QueryContext, QueryStackFrame};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
-use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxt};
+use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxtHandle};
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_session::Session;
 use rustc_span::Span;
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ pub fn report_cycle<'a>(
 pub fn print_query_stack<Qcx: QueryContext>(
     qcx: Qcx,
     mut current_query: Option<QueryJobId>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
     num_frames: Option<usize>,
     mut file: Option<std::fs::File>,
 ) -> usize {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/diagnostics.rs b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/diagnostics.rs
index 8d470c6c61e..659a0f368fb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_resolve/src/diagnostics.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use rustc_ast::{MetaItemKind, NestedMetaItem};
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, report_ambiguity_error, struct_span_code_err, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt,
+    codes::*, report_ambiguity_error, struct_span_code_err, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle,
     ErrorGuaranteed, MultiSpan, SuggestionStyle,
 };
 use rustc_feature::BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTES;
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ fn reduce_impl_span_to_impl_keyword(sm: &SourceMap, impl_span: Span) -> Span {
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
-    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> &'tcx DiagCtxt {
+    pub(crate) fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'tcx> {
         self.tcx.dcx()
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_session/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_session/src/errors.rs
index 71d11bfdb32..4cbc1b57022 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_session/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_session/src/errors.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use std::num::NonZero;
 use rustc_ast::token;
 use rustc_ast::util::literal::LitError;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagMessage, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, ErrorGuaranteed, Level,
-    MultiSpan,
+    codes::*, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagMessage, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, ErrorGuaranteed,
+    Level, MultiSpan,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) struct FeatureGateError {
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for FeatureGateError {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         Diag::new(dcx, level, self.explain).with_span(self.span).with_code(E0658)
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_session/src/parse.rs b/compiler/rustc_session/src/parse.rs
index 4e5ee39ffb9..a238d6e6ac4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_session/src/parse.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_session/src/parse.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxIndexMap, FxIndexSet};
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{AppendOnlyVec, Lock, Lrc};
 use rustc_errors::emitter::{stderr_destination, HumanEmitter, SilentEmitter};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    fallback_fluent_bundle, ColorConfig, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagMessage, EmissionGuarantee, MultiSpan,
-    StashKey,
+    fallback_fluent_bundle, ColorConfig, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagMessage,
+    EmissionGuarantee, MultiSpan, StashKey,
 };
 use rustc_feature::{find_feature_issue, GateIssue, UnstableFeatures};
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ impl ParseSess {
         self.proc_macro_quoted_spans.iter_enumerated()
     }
 
-    pub fn dcx(&self) -> &DiagCtxt {
-        &self.dcx
+    pub fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'_> {
+        self.dcx.handle()
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs b/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs
index 82b593a0f40..2260aca9f2b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ use rustc_errors::emitter::{stderr_destination, DynEmitter, HumanEmitter, HumanR
 use rustc_errors::json::JsonEmitter;
 use rustc_errors::registry::Registry;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, fallback_fluent_bundle, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagMessage, Diagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed,
-    FatalAbort, FluentBundle, LazyFallbackBundle, TerminalUrl,
+    codes::*, fallback_fluent_bundle, Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagMessage, Diagnostic,
+    ErrorGuaranteed, FatalAbort, FluentBundle, LazyFallbackBundle, TerminalUrl,
 };
 use rustc_macros::HashStable_Generic;
 pub use rustc_span::def_id::StableCrateId;
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ impl Session {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn dcx(&self) -> &DiagCtxt {
+    pub fn dcx(&self) -> DiagCtxtHandle<'_> {
         self.psess.dcx()
     }
 
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ pub fn build_session(
         match profiler {
             Ok(profiler) => Some(Arc::new(profiler)),
             Err(e) => {
-                dcx.emit_warn(errors::FailedToCreateProfiler { err: e.to_string() });
+                dcx.handle().emit_warn(errors::FailedToCreateProfiler { err: e.to_string() });
                 None
             }
         }
@@ -1366,7 +1366,7 @@ impl EarlyDiagCtxt {
     /// format. Any errors prior to that will cause an abort and all stashed diagnostics of the
     /// previous dcx will be emitted.
     pub fn abort_if_error_and_set_error_format(&mut self, output: ErrorOutputType) {
-        self.dcx.abort_if_errors();
+        self.dcx.handle().abort_if_errors();
 
         let emitter = mk_emitter(output);
         self.dcx = DiagCtxt::new(emitter);
@@ -1375,44 +1375,44 @@ impl EarlyDiagCtxt {
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub fn early_note(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
-        self.dcx.note(msg)
+        self.dcx.handle().note(msg)
     }
 
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub fn early_help(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
-        self.dcx.struct_help(msg).emit()
+        self.dcx.handle().struct_help(msg).emit()
     }
 
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     #[must_use = "ErrorGuaranteed must be returned from `run_compiler` in order to exit with a non-zero status code"]
     pub fn early_err(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
-        self.dcx.err(msg)
+        self.dcx.handle().err(msg)
     }
 
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub fn early_fatal(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> ! {
-        self.dcx.fatal(msg)
+        self.dcx.handle().fatal(msg)
     }
 
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub fn early_struct_fatal(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, FatalAbort> {
-        self.dcx.struct_fatal(msg)
+        self.dcx.handle().struct_fatal(msg)
     }
 
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub fn early_warn(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) {
-        self.dcx.warn(msg)
+        self.dcx.handle().warn(msg)
     }
 
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
     pub fn early_struct_warn(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagMessage>) -> Diag<'_, ()> {
-        self.dcx.struct_warn(msg)
+        self.dcx.handle().struct_warn(msg)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_symbol_mangling/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_symbol_mangling/src/errors.rs
index b5721ee489d..9b87a1419fa 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_symbol_mangling/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_symbol_mangling/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Errors emitted by symbol_mangling.
 
-use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
+use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level};
 use rustc_span::Span;
 use std::fmt;
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub struct TestOutput {
 // natural language, and (b) it's only used in tests. So we construct it
 // manually and avoid the fluent machinery.
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for TestOutput {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'_ DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let TestOutput { span, kind, content } = self;
 
         #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/errors.rs
index b442446f79b..a46cba35b2d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
 use rustc_errors::{
-    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxt, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
+    codes::*, Applicability, Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
     SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub struct NegativePositiveConflict<'tcx> {
 
 impl<G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'_, G> for NegativePositiveConflict<'_> {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, level: Level) -> Diag<'_, G> {
         let mut diag = Diag::new(dcx, level, fluent::trait_selection_negative_positive_conflict);
         diag.arg("trait_desc", self.trait_desc.print_only_trait_path().to_string());
         diag.arg("self_desc", self.self_ty.map_or_else(|| "none".to_string(), |ty| ty.to_string()));
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/config.rs b/src/librustdoc/config.rs
index 78d4129f642..45bd1616e83 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/config.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/config.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_session::config::{
     self, parse_crate_types_from_list, parse_externs, parse_target_triple, CrateType,
 };
@@ -383,9 +384,10 @@ impl Options {
         };
 
         let dcx = new_dcx(error_format, None, diagnostic_width, &unstable_opts);
+        let dcx = dcx.handle();
 
         // check for deprecated options
-        check_deprecated_options(matches, &dcx);
+        check_deprecated_options(matches, dcx);
 
         if matches.opt_strs("passes") == ["list"] {
             println!("Available passes for running rustdoc:");
@@ -458,7 +460,7 @@ impl Options {
             println!("rustdoc: [check-theme] Starting tests! (Ignoring all other arguments)");
             for theme_file in to_check.iter() {
                 print!(" - Checking \"{theme_file}\"...");
-                let (success, differences) = theme::test_theme_against(theme_file, &paths, &dcx);
+                let (success, differences) = theme::test_theme_against(theme_file, &paths, dcx);
                 if !differences.is_empty() || !success {
                     println!(" FAILED");
                     errors += 1;
@@ -603,7 +605,7 @@ impl Options {
                         .with_help("arguments to --theme must have a .css extension")
                         .emit();
                 }
-                let (success, ret) = theme::test_theme_against(&theme_file, &paths, &dcx);
+                let (success, ret) = theme::test_theme_against(&theme_file, &paths, dcx);
                 if !success {
                     dcx.fatal(format!("error loading theme file: \"{theme_s}\""));
                 } else if !ret.is_empty() {
@@ -630,7 +632,7 @@ impl Options {
             &matches.opt_strs("markdown-before-content"),
             &matches.opt_strs("markdown-after-content"),
             nightly_options::match_is_nightly_build(matches),
-            &dcx,
+            dcx,
             &mut id_map,
             edition,
             &None,
@@ -741,9 +743,9 @@ impl Options {
             );
         }
 
-        let scrape_examples_options = ScrapeExamplesOptions::new(matches, &dcx);
+        let scrape_examples_options = ScrapeExamplesOptions::new(matches, dcx);
         let with_examples = matches.opt_strs("with-examples");
-        let call_locations = crate::scrape_examples::load_call_locations(with_examples, &dcx);
+        let call_locations = crate::scrape_examples::load_call_locations(with_examples, dcx);
 
         let unstable_features =
             rustc_feature::UnstableFeatures::from_environment(crate_name.as_deref());
@@ -847,7 +849,7 @@ fn parse_remap_path_prefix(
 }
 
 /// Prints deprecation warnings for deprecated options
-fn check_deprecated_options(matches: &getopts::Matches, dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt) {
+fn check_deprecated_options(matches: &getopts::Matches, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>) {
     let deprecated_flags = [];
 
     for &flag in deprecated_flags.iter() {
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/core.rs b/src/librustdoc/core.rs
index ce098a1bcfb..5d8e61f9fa0 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/core.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/core.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_data_structures::unord::UnordSet;
 use rustc_errors::emitter::{stderr_destination, DynEmitter, HumanEmitter};
 use rustc_errors::json::JsonEmitter;
-use rustc_errors::{codes::*, ErrorGuaranteed, TerminalUrl};
+use rustc_errors::{codes::*, DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, TerminalUrl};
 use rustc_feature::UnstableFeatures;
 use rustc_hir::def::Res;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, DefIdMap, DefIdSet, LocalDefId};
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run_global_ctxt(
         );
     }
 
-    fn report_deprecated_attr(name: &str, dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt, sp: Span) {
+    fn report_deprecated_attr(name: &str, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, sp: Span) {
         let mut msg =
             dcx.struct_span_warn(sp, format!("the `#![doc({name})]` attribute is deprecated"));
         msg.note(
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs b/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
index 81a7463deca..40cc4a9d441 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub(crate) use markdown::test as test_markdown;
 
 use rustc_ast as ast;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
-use rustc_errors::{ColorConfig, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
+use rustc_errors::{ColorConfig, DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
 use rustc_hir::CRATE_HIR_ID;
 use rustc_interface::interface;
@@ -90,10 +90,7 @@ fn get_doctest_dir() -> io::Result<TempDir> {
     TempFileBuilder::new().prefix("rustdoctest").tempdir()
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn run(
-    dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
-    options: RustdocOptions,
-) -> Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed> {
+pub(crate) fn run(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, options: RustdocOptions) -> Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed> {
     let invalid_codeblock_attributes_name = crate::lint::INVALID_CODEBLOCK_ATTRIBUTES.name;
 
     // See core::create_config for what's going on here.
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs b/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs
index 599611407ed..74833c11362 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/doctest/make.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn check_for_main_and_extern_crate(
             // dcx. Any errors in the tests will be reported when the test file is compiled,
             // Note that we still need to cancel the errors above otherwise `Diag` will panic on
             // drop.
-            psess.dcx.reset_err_count();
+            psess.dcx().reset_err_count();
 
             (found_main, found_extern_crate, found_macro)
         })
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/externalfiles.rs b/src/librustdoc/externalfiles.rs
index 03ee042aa8d..62cdc0bd5a6 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/externalfiles.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/externalfiles.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::html::markdown::{ErrorCodes, HeadingOffset, IdMap, Markdown, Playground};
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
 use std::fs;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ impl ExternalHtml {
         md_before_content: &[String],
         md_after_content: &[String],
         nightly_build: bool,
-        dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+        dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
         id_map: &mut IdMap,
         edition: Edition,
         playground: &Option<Playground>,
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ pub(crate) enum LoadStringError {
 
 pub(crate) fn load_string<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     file_path: P,
-    dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
 ) -> Result<String, LoadStringError> {
     let file_path = file_path.as_ref();
     let contents = match fs::read(file_path) {
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ pub(crate) fn load_string<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     }
 }
 
-fn load_external_files(names: &[String], dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt) -> Option<String> {
+fn load_external_files(names: &[String], dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>) -> Option<String> {
     let mut out = String::new();
     for name in names {
         let Ok(s) = load_string(name, dcx) else { return None };
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
index d6e715d48ea..fb4cd218b84 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ use std::io::{self, IsTerminal};
 use std::process;
 use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
 
-use rustc_errors::{ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
+use rustc_errors::{DiagCtxtHandle, ErrorGuaranteed, FatalError};
 use rustc_interface::interface;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
 use rustc_session::config::{make_crate_type_option, ErrorOutputType, RustcOptGroup};
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ fn usage(argv0: &str) {
 /// A result type used by several functions under `main()`.
 type MainResult = Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed>;
 
-pub(crate) fn wrap_return(dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt, res: Result<(), String>) -> MainResult {
+pub(crate) fn wrap_return(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>, res: Result<(), String>) -> MainResult {
     match res {
         Ok(()) => dcx.has_errors().map_or(Ok(()), Err),
         Err(err) => Err(dcx.err(err)),
@@ -732,12 +732,13 @@ fn main_args(
         None => return Ok(()),
     };
 
-    let diag =
+    let dcx =
         core::new_dcx(options.error_format, None, options.diagnostic_width, &options.unstable_opts);
+    let dcx = dcx.handle();
 
     match (options.should_test, options.markdown_input()) {
-        (true, Some(_)) => return wrap_return(&diag, doctest::test_markdown(options)),
-        (true, None) => return doctest::run(&diag, options),
+        (true, Some(_)) => return wrap_return(dcx, doctest::test_markdown(options)),
+        (true, None) => return doctest::run(dcx, options),
         (false, Some(input)) => {
             let input = input.to_owned();
             let edition = options.edition;
@@ -747,7 +748,7 @@ fn main_args(
             // requires session globals and a thread pool, so we use
             // `run_compiler`.
             return wrap_return(
-                &diag,
+                dcx,
                 interface::run_compiler(config, |_compiler| {
                     markdown::render(&input, render_options, edition)
                 }),
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/scrape_examples.rs b/src/librustdoc/scrape_examples.rs
index e9b380fdeac..5a595e03953 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/scrape_examples.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/scrape_examples.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::formats::renderer::FormatRenderer;
 use crate::html::render::Context;
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 use rustc_hir::{
     self as hir,
     intravisit::{self, Visitor},
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ScrapeExamplesOptions {
 }
 
 impl ScrapeExamplesOptions {
-    pub(crate) fn new(matches: &getopts::Matches, dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt) -> Option<Self> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(matches: &getopts::Matches, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>) -> Option<Self> {
         let output_path = matches.opt_str("scrape-examples-output-path");
         let target_crates = matches.opt_strs("scrape-examples-target-crate");
         let scrape_tests = matches.opt_present("scrape-tests");
@@ -336,7 +337,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run(
 // options.
 pub(crate) fn load_call_locations(
     with_examples: Vec<String>,
-    dcx: &rustc_errors::DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
 ) -> AllCallLocations {
     let mut all_calls: AllCallLocations = FxHashMap::default();
     for path in with_examples {
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/theme.rs b/src/librustdoc/theme.rs
index 31d32e23f8e..2fa54a9cd81 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/theme.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/theme.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::iter::Peekable;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::str::Chars;
 
-use rustc_errors::DiagCtxt;
+use rustc_errors::DiagCtxtHandle;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_differences(
 pub(crate) fn test_theme_against<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     f: &P,
     origin: &FxHashMap<String, CssPath>,
-    dcx: &DiagCtxt,
+    dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'_>,
 ) -> (bool, Vec<String>) {
     let against = match fs::read_to_string(f)
         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
diff --git a/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs b/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs
index f79da26964f..6117e76897f 100644
--- a/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs
+++ b/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs
@@ -180,12 +180,12 @@ pub fn main() {
 
     rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger(&early_dcx);
 
-    let using_internal_features = rustc_driver::install_ice_hook(BUG_REPORT_URL, |handler| {
+    let using_internal_features = rustc_driver::install_ice_hook(BUG_REPORT_URL, |dcx| {
         // FIXME: this macro calls unwrap internally but is called in a panicking context!  It's not
         // as simple as moving the call from the hook to main, because `install_ice_hook` doesn't
         // accept a generic closure.
         let version_info = rustc_tools_util::get_version_info!();
-        handler.note(format!("Clippy version: {version_info}"));
+        dcx.handle().note(format!("Clippy version: {version_info}"));
     });
 
     exit(rustc_driver::catch_with_exit_code(move || {
diff --git a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/cfg_if.rs b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/cfg_if.rs
index 5fc988e4319..b91d203d531 100644
--- a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/cfg_if.rs
+++ b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/cfg_if.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn parse_cfg_if_inner<'a>(
                 Ok(None) => continue,
                 Err(err) => {
                     err.cancel();
-                    parser.psess.dcx.reset_err_count();
+                    parser.psess.dcx().reset_err_count();
                     return Err(
                         "Expected item inside cfg_if block, but failed to parse it as an item",
                     );
diff --git a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/lazy_static.rs b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/lazy_static.rs
index badd9569950..7026935294a 100644
--- a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/lazy_static.rs
+++ b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/lazy_static.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_lazy_static(
         ($method:ident $(,)* $($arg:expr),* $(,)*) => {
             match parser.$method($($arg,)*) {
                 Ok(val) => {
-                    if parser.psess.dcx.has_errors().is_some() {
-                        parser.psess.dcx.reset_err_count();
+                    if parser.psess.dcx().has_errors().is_some() {
+                        parser.psess.dcx().reset_err_count();
                         return None;
                     } else {
                         val
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_lazy_static(
                 }
                 Err(err) => {
                     err.cancel();
-                    parser.psess.dcx.reset_err_count();
+                    parser.psess.dcx().reset_err_count();
                     return None;
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/mod.rs b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/mod.rs
index cbcc0b2d636..89169e10715 100644
--- a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/mod.rs
+++ b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/macros/mod.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ fn parse_macro_arg<'a, 'b: 'a>(parser: &'a mut Parser<'b>) -> Option<MacroArg> {
             if Parser::nonterminal_may_begin_with($nt_kind, &cloned_parser.token) {
                 match $try_parse(&mut cloned_parser) {
                     Ok(x) => {
-                        if parser.psess.dcx.has_errors().is_some() {
-                            parser.psess.dcx.reset_err_count();
+                        if parser.psess.dcx().has_errors().is_some() {
+                            parser.psess.dcx().reset_err_count();
                         } else {
                             // Parsing succeeded.
                             *parser = cloned_parser;
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn parse_macro_arg<'a, 'b: 'a>(parser: &'a mut Parser<'b>) -> Option<MacroArg> {
                     }
                     Err(e) => {
                         e.cancel();
-                        parser.psess.dcx.reset_err_count();
+                        parser.psess.dcx().reset_err_count();
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/session.rs b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/session.rs
index 1a39d212386..f4fbabaf6c9 100644
--- a/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/session.rs
+++ b/src/tools/rustfmt/src/parse/session.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,9 @@ impl ParseSess {
             rustc_driver::DEFAULT_LOCALE_RESOURCES.to_vec(),
             false,
         );
-        self.raw_psess.dcx.make_silent(fallback_bundle, None, false);
+        self.raw_psess
+            .dcx()
+            .make_silent(fallback_bundle, None, false);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn span_to_filename(&self, span: Span) -> FileName {
@@ -286,11 +288,11 @@ impl ParseSess {
     }
 
     pub(super) fn has_errors(&self) -> bool {
-        self.raw_psess.dcx.has_errors().is_some()
+        self.raw_psess.dcx().has_errors().is_some()
     }
 
     pub(super) fn reset_errors(&self) {
-        self.raw_psess.dcx.reset_err_count();
+        self.raw_psess.dcx().reset_err_count();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs b/tests/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs
index 7c3a2c97474..5fcff74064a 100644
--- a/tests/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs
+++ b/tests/ui-fulldeps/internal-lints/diagnostics.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ extern crate rustc_session;
 extern crate rustc_span;
 
 use rustc_errors::{
-    Diag, DiagCtxt, DiagInner, DiagMessage, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level, LintDiagnostic,
-    SubdiagMessageOp, SubdiagMessage, Subdiagnostic,
+    Diag, DiagCtxtHandle, DiagInner, DiagMessage, Diagnostic, EmissionGuarantee, Level,
+    LintDiagnostic, SubdiagMessage, SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic,
 };
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::Span;
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct Note {
 pub struct UntranslatableInDiagnostic;
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for UntranslatableInDiagnostic {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         Diag::new(dcx, level, "untranslatable diagnostic")
         //~^ ERROR diagnostics should be created using translatable messages
     }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for UntranslatableInDiagnostic
 pub struct TranslatableInDiagnostic;
 
 impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> Diagnostic<'a, G> for TranslatableInDiagnostic {
-    fn into_diag(self, dcx: &'a DiagCtxt, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
+    fn into_diag(self, dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>, level: Level) -> Diag<'a, G> {
         Diag::new(dcx, level, crate::fluent_generated::no_crate_example)
     }
 }
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl Subdiagnostic for TranslatableInAddtoDiag {
 pub struct UntranslatableInLintDiagnostic;
 
 impl<'a> LintDiagnostic<'a, ()> for UntranslatableInLintDiagnostic {
-    fn decorate_lint<'b, >(self, diag: &'b mut Diag<'a, ()>) {
+    fn decorate_lint<'b>(self, diag: &'b mut Diag<'a, ()>) {
         diag.note("untranslatable diagnostic");
         //~^ ERROR diagnostics should be created using translatable messages
     }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'a> LintDiagnostic<'a, ()> for TranslatableInLintDiagnostic {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn make_diagnostics<'a>(dcx: &'a DiagCtxt) {
+pub fn make_diagnostics<'a>(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>) {
     let _diag = dcx.struct_err(crate::fluent_generated::no_crate_example);
     //~^ ERROR diagnostics should only be created in `Diagnostic`/`Subdiagnostic`/`LintDiagnostic` impls
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ pub fn make_diagnostics<'a>(dcx: &'a DiagCtxt) {
 // Check that `rustc_lint_diagnostics`-annotated functions aren't themselves linted for
 // `diagnostic_outside_of_impl`.
 #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
-pub fn skipped_because_of_annotation<'a>(dcx: &'a DiagCtxt) {
+pub fn skipped_because_of_annotation<'a>(dcx: DiagCtxtHandle<'a>) {
     #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
     let _diag = dcx.struct_err("untranslatable diagnostic"); // okay!
 }