Auto merge of #95604 - nbdd0121:used2, r=petrochenkov

Generate synthetic object file to ensure all exported and used symbols participate in the linking

Fix #50007 and #47384

This is the synthetic object file approach that I described in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/95363#issuecomment-1079932354, allowing all exported and used symbols to be linked while still allowing them to be GCed.

Related #93791, #95363

r? `@petrochenkov`
cc `@carbotaniuman`

23 files changed, 322 insertions, 73 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs
index 3f5957bdb6e..5c63bd8c1bd 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/back/lto.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use rustc_errors::{FatalError, Handler};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
 use rustc_middle::bug;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::WorkProduct;
-use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::SymbolExportLevel;
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{SymbolExportInfo, SymbolExportLevel};
 use rustc_session::cgu_reuse_tracker::CguReuse;
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CrateType, Lto};
 use tracing::{debug, info};
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ fn prepare_lto(
         Lto::No => panic!("didn't request LTO but we're doing LTO"),
     };
 
-    let symbol_filter = &|&(ref name, level): &(String, SymbolExportLevel)| {
-        if level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold) {
+    let symbol_filter = &|&(ref name, info): &(String, SymbolExportInfo)| {
+        if info.level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold) || info.used {
             Some(CString::new(name.as_str()).unwrap())
         } else {
             None
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
index 4d20ed841d4..743f6c0e570 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use rustc_errors::{ErrorGuaranteed, Handler};
 use rustc_fs_util::fix_windows_verbatim_for_gcc;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::CrateNum;
 use rustc_middle::middle::dependency_format::Linkage;
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::SymbolExportKind;
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CFGuard, CrateType, DebugInfo, LdImpl, Strip};
 use rustc_session::config::{OutputFilenames, OutputType, PrintRequest, SplitDwarfKind};
 use rustc_session::cstore::DllImport;
@@ -1655,6 +1656,73 @@ fn add_post_link_args(cmd: &mut dyn Linker, sess: &Session, flavor: LinkerFlavor
     }
 }
 
+/// Add a synthetic object file that contains reference to all symbols that we want to expose to
+/// the linker.
+///
+/// Background: we implement rlibs as static library (archives). Linkers treat archives
+/// differently from object files: all object files participate in linking, while archives will
+/// only participate in linking if they can satisfy at least one undefined reference (version
+/// scripts doesn't count). This causes `#[no_mangle]` or `#[used]` items to be ignored by the
+/// linker, and since they never participate in the linking, using `KEEP` in the linker scripts
+/// can't keep them either. This causes #47384.
+///
+/// To keep them around, we could use `--whole-archive` and equivalents to force rlib to
+/// participate in linking like object files, but this proves to be expensive (#93791). Therefore
+/// we instead just introduce an undefined reference to them. This could be done by `-u` command
+/// line option to the linker or `EXTERN(...)` in linker scripts, however they does not only
+/// introduce an undefined reference, but also make them the GC roots, preventing `--gc-sections`
+/// from removing them, and this is especially problematic for embedded programming where every
+/// byte counts.
+///
+/// This method creates a synthetic object file, which contains undefined references to all symbols
+/// that are necessary for the linking. They are only present in symbol table but not actually
+/// used in any sections, so the linker will therefore pick relevant rlibs for linking, but
+/// unused `#[no_mangle]` or `#[used]` can still be discard by GC sections.
+fn add_linked_symbol_object(
+    cmd: &mut dyn Linker,
+    sess: &Session,
+    tmpdir: &Path,
+    symbols: &[(String, SymbolExportKind)],
+) {
+    if symbols.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let Some(mut file) = super::metadata::create_object_file(sess) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // NOTE(nbdd0121): MSVC will hang if the input object file contains no sections,
+    // so add an empty section.
+    if file.format() == object::BinaryFormat::Coff {
+        file.add_section(Vec::new(), ".text".into(), object::SectionKind::Text);
+    }
+
+    for (sym, kind) in symbols.iter() {
+        file.add_symbol(object::write::Symbol {
+            name: sym.clone().into(),
+            value: 0,
+            size: 0,
+            kind: match kind {
+                SymbolExportKind::Text => object::SymbolKind::Text,
+                SymbolExportKind::Data => object::SymbolKind::Data,
+                SymbolExportKind::Tls => object::SymbolKind::Tls,
+            },
+            scope: object::SymbolScope::Unknown,
+            weak: false,
+            section: object::write::SymbolSection::Undefined,
+            flags: object::SymbolFlags::None,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let path = tmpdir.join("symbols.o");
+    let result = std::fs::write(&path, file.write().unwrap());
+    if let Err(e) = result {
+        sess.fatal(&format!("failed to write {}: {}", path.display(), e));
+    }
+    cmd.add_object(&path);
+}
+
 /// Add object files containing code from the current crate.
 fn add_local_crate_regular_objects(cmd: &mut dyn Linker, codegen_results: &CodegenResults) {
     for obj in codegen_results.modules.iter().filter_map(|m| m.object.as_ref()) {
@@ -1795,6 +1863,13 @@ fn linker_with_args<'a, B: ArchiveBuilder<'a>>(
     // Pre-link CRT objects.
     add_pre_link_objects(cmd, sess, link_output_kind, crt_objects_fallback);
 
+    add_linked_symbol_object(
+        cmd,
+        sess,
+        tmpdir,
+        &codegen_results.crate_info.linked_symbols[&crate_type],
+    );
+
     // Sanitizer libraries.
     add_sanitizer_libraries(sess, crate_type, cmd);
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/linker.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/linker.rs
index 2c15ed83167..6e13e0d0e43 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/linker.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/linker.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use std::{env, mem, str};
 
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_middle::middle::dependency_format::Linkage;
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportInfo, SymbolExportKind};
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
 use rustc_serialize::{json, Encoder};
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CrateType, DebugInfo, LinkerPluginLto, Lto, OptLevel, Strip};
@@ -1518,6 +1519,29 @@ impl<'a> L4Bender<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+fn for_each_exported_symbols_include_dep<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    crate_type: CrateType,
+    mut callback: impl FnMut(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportInfo, CrateNum),
+) {
+    for &(symbol, info) in tcx.exported_symbols(LOCAL_CRATE).iter() {
+        callback(symbol, info, LOCAL_CRATE);
+    }
+
+    let formats = tcx.dependency_formats(());
+    let deps = formats.iter().find_map(|(t, list)| (*t == crate_type).then_some(list)).unwrap();
+
+    for (index, dep_format) in deps.iter().enumerate() {
+        let cnum = CrateNum::new(index + 1);
+        // For each dependency that we are linking to statically ...
+        if *dep_format == Linkage::Static {
+            for &(symbol, info) in tcx.exported_symbols(cnum).iter() {
+                callback(symbol, info, cnum);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn exported_symbols(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, crate_type: CrateType) -> Vec<String> {
     if let Some(ref exports) = tcx.sess.target.override_export_symbols {
         return exports.iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect();
@@ -1526,34 +1550,38 @@ pub(crate) fn exported_symbols(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, crate_type: CrateType) -> Vec<St
     let mut symbols = Vec::new();
 
     let export_threshold = symbol_export::crates_export_threshold(&[crate_type]);
-    for &(symbol, level) in tcx.exported_symbols(LOCAL_CRATE).iter() {
-        if level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold) {
-            symbols.push(symbol_export::symbol_name_for_instance_in_crate(
-                tcx,
-                symbol,
-                LOCAL_CRATE,
-            ));
+    for_each_exported_symbols_include_dep(tcx, crate_type, |symbol, info, cnum| {
+        if info.level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold) {
+            symbols.push(symbol_export::symbol_name_for_instance_in_crate(tcx, symbol, cnum));
         }
-    }
+    });
 
-    let formats = tcx.dependency_formats(());
-    let deps = formats.iter().find_map(|(t, list)| (*t == crate_type).then_some(list)).unwrap();
-
-    for (index, dep_format) in deps.iter().enumerate() {
-        let cnum = CrateNum::new(index + 1);
-        // For each dependency that we are linking to statically ...
-        if *dep_format == Linkage::Static {
-            // ... we add its symbol list to our export list.
-            for &(symbol, level) in tcx.exported_symbols(cnum).iter() {
-                if !level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold) {
-                    continue;
-                }
+    symbols
+}
 
-                symbols.push(symbol_export::symbol_name_for_instance_in_crate(tcx, symbol, cnum));
-            }
+pub(crate) fn linked_symbols(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    crate_type: CrateType,
+) -> Vec<(String, SymbolExportKind)> {
+    match crate_type {
+        CrateType::Executable | CrateType::Cdylib => (),
+        CrateType::Staticlib | CrateType::ProcMacro | CrateType::Rlib | CrateType::Dylib => {
+            return Vec::new();
         }
     }
 
+    let mut symbols = Vec::new();
+
+    let export_threshold = symbol_export::crates_export_threshold(&[crate_type]);
+    for_each_exported_symbols_include_dep(tcx, crate_type, |symbol, info, cnum| {
+        if info.level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold) || info.used {
+            symbols.push((
+                symbol_export::symbol_name_for_instance_in_crate(tcx, symbol, cnum),
+                info.kind,
+            ));
+        }
+    });
+
     symbols
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs
index c52269805c4..2e422728056 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn search_for_metadata<'a>(
         .map_err(|e| format!("failed to read {} section in '{}': {}", section, path.display(), e))
 }
 
-fn create_object_file(sess: &Session) -> Option<write::Object<'static>> {
+pub(crate) fn create_object_file(sess: &Session) -> Option<write::Object<'static>> {
     let endianness = match sess.target.options.endian {
         Endian::Little => Endianness::Little,
         Endian::Big => Endianness::Big,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/symbol_export.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/symbol_export.rs
index 7b7c676c26c..3a416c8a2b5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/symbol_export.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/symbol_export.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, DefId, DefIdMap, LocalDefId, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_hir::Node;
 use rustc_middle::middle::codegen_fn_attrs::CodegenFnAttrFlags;
 use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{
-    metadata_symbol_name, ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportLevel,
+    metadata_symbol_name, ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportInfo, SymbolExportKind, SymbolExportLevel,
 };
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::{ExternProviders, Providers};
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArgKind, SubstsRef};
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn crates_export_threshold(crate_types: &[CrateType]) -> SymbolExportLevel {
     }
 }
 
-fn reachable_non_generics_provider(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, cnum: CrateNum) -> DefIdMap<SymbolExportLevel> {
+fn reachable_non_generics_provider(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, cnum: CrateNum) -> DefIdMap<SymbolExportInfo> {
     assert_eq!(cnum, LOCAL_CRATE);
 
     if !tcx.sess.opts.output_types.should_codegen() {
@@ -103,36 +103,51 @@ fn reachable_non_generics_provider(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, cnum: CrateNum) -> DefIdMap<
             }
         })
         .map(|def_id| {
-            let export_level = if special_runtime_crate {
+            let (export_level, used) = if special_runtime_crate {
                 let name = tcx.symbol_name(Instance::mono(tcx, def_id.to_def_id())).name;
-                // We can probably do better here by just ensuring that
-                // it has hidden visibility rather than public
-                // visibility, as this is primarily here to ensure it's
-                // not stripped during LTO.
-                //
-                // In general though we won't link right if these
-                // symbols are stripped, and LTO currently strips them.
-                match name {
+                // We won't link right if these symbols are stripped during LTO.
+                let used = match name {
                     "rust_eh_personality"
                     | "rust_eh_register_frames"
-                    | "rust_eh_unregister_frames" =>
-                        SymbolExportLevel::C,
-                    _ => SymbolExportLevel::Rust,
-                }
+                    | "rust_eh_unregister_frames" => true,
+                    _ => false,
+                };
+                (SymbolExportLevel::Rust, used)
             } else {
-                symbol_export_level(tcx, def_id.to_def_id())
+                (symbol_export_level(tcx, def_id.to_def_id()), false)
             };
+            let codegen_attrs = tcx.codegen_fn_attrs(def_id.to_def_id());
             debug!(
                 "EXPORTED SYMBOL (local): {} ({:?})",
                 tcx.symbol_name(Instance::mono(tcx, def_id.to_def_id())),
                 export_level
             );
-            (def_id.to_def_id(), export_level)
+            (def_id.to_def_id(), SymbolExportInfo {
+                level: export_level,
+                kind: if tcx.is_static(def_id.to_def_id()) {
+                    if codegen_attrs.flags.contains(CodegenFnAttrFlags::THREAD_LOCAL) {
+                        SymbolExportKind::Tls
+                    } else {
+                        SymbolExportKind::Data
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    SymbolExportKind::Text
+                },
+                used: codegen_attrs.flags.contains(CodegenFnAttrFlags::USED)
+                    || codegen_attrs.flags.contains(CodegenFnAttrFlags::USED_LINKER) || used,
+            })
         })
         .collect();
 
     if let Some(id) = tcx.proc_macro_decls_static(()) {
-        reachable_non_generics.insert(id.to_def_id(), SymbolExportLevel::C);
+        reachable_non_generics.insert(
+            id.to_def_id(),
+            SymbolExportInfo {
+                level: SymbolExportLevel::C,
+                kind: SymbolExportKind::Data,
+                used: false,
+            },
+        );
     }
 
     reachable_non_generics
@@ -141,8 +156,8 @@ fn reachable_non_generics_provider(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, cnum: CrateNum) -> DefIdMap<
 fn is_reachable_non_generic_provider_local(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> bool {
     let export_threshold = threshold(tcx);
 
-    if let Some(&level) = tcx.reachable_non_generics(def_id.krate).get(&def_id) {
-        level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold)
+    if let Some(&info) = tcx.reachable_non_generics(def_id.krate).get(&def_id) {
+        info.level.is_below_threshold(export_threshold)
     } else {
         false
     }
@@ -155,7 +170,7 @@ fn is_reachable_non_generic_provider_extern(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> b
 fn exported_symbols_provider_local<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     cnum: CrateNum,
-) -> &'tcx [(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportLevel)] {
+) -> &'tcx [(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportInfo)] {
     assert_eq!(cnum, LOCAL_CRATE);
 
     if !tcx.sess.opts.output_types.should_codegen() {
@@ -165,13 +180,20 @@ fn exported_symbols_provider_local<'tcx>(
     let mut symbols: Vec<_> = tcx
         .reachable_non_generics(LOCAL_CRATE)
         .iter()
-        .map(|(&def_id, &level)| (ExportedSymbol::NonGeneric(def_id), level))
+        .map(|(&def_id, &info)| (ExportedSymbol::NonGeneric(def_id), info))
         .collect();
 
     if tcx.entry_fn(()).is_some() {
         let exported_symbol = ExportedSymbol::NoDefId(SymbolName::new(tcx, "main"));
 
-        symbols.push((exported_symbol, SymbolExportLevel::C));
+        symbols.push((
+            exported_symbol,
+            SymbolExportInfo {
+                level: SymbolExportLevel::C,
+                kind: SymbolExportKind::Text,
+                used: false,
+            },
+        ));
     }
 
     if tcx.allocator_kind(()).is_some() {
@@ -179,7 +201,14 @@ fn exported_symbols_provider_local<'tcx>(
             let symbol_name = format!("__rust_{}", method.name);
             let exported_symbol = ExportedSymbol::NoDefId(SymbolName::new(tcx, &symbol_name));
 
-            symbols.push((exported_symbol, SymbolExportLevel::Rust));
+            symbols.push((
+                exported_symbol,
+                SymbolExportInfo {
+                    level: SymbolExportLevel::Rust,
+                    kind: SymbolExportKind::Text,
+                    used: false,
+                },
+            ));
         }
     }
 
@@ -192,17 +221,39 @@ fn exported_symbols_provider_local<'tcx>(
 
         symbols.extend(PROFILER_WEAK_SYMBOLS.iter().map(|sym| {
             let exported_symbol = ExportedSymbol::NoDefId(SymbolName::new(tcx, sym));
-            (exported_symbol, SymbolExportLevel::C)
+            (
+                exported_symbol,
+                SymbolExportInfo {
+                    level: SymbolExportLevel::C,
+                    kind: SymbolExportKind::Data,
+                    used: false,
+                },
+            )
         }));
     }
 
     if tcx.sess.opts.debugging_opts.sanitizer.contains(SanitizerSet::MEMORY) {
+        let mut msan_weak_symbols = Vec::new();
+
         // Similar to profiling, preserve weak msan symbol during LTO.
-        const MSAN_WEAK_SYMBOLS: [&str; 2] = ["__msan_track_origins", "__msan_keep_going"];
+        if tcx.sess.opts.debugging_opts.sanitizer_recover.contains(SanitizerSet::MEMORY) {
+            msan_weak_symbols.push("__msan_keep_going");
+        }
+
+        if tcx.sess.opts.debugging_opts.sanitizer_memory_track_origins != 0 {
+            msan_weak_symbols.push("__msan_track_origins");
+        }
 
-        symbols.extend(MSAN_WEAK_SYMBOLS.iter().map(|sym| {
+        symbols.extend(msan_weak_symbols.into_iter().map(|sym| {
             let exported_symbol = ExportedSymbol::NoDefId(SymbolName::new(tcx, sym));
-            (exported_symbol, SymbolExportLevel::C)
+            (
+                exported_symbol,
+                SymbolExportInfo {
+                    level: SymbolExportLevel::C,
+                    kind: SymbolExportKind::Data,
+                    used: false,
+                },
+            )
         }));
     }
 
@@ -210,7 +261,14 @@ fn exported_symbols_provider_local<'tcx>(
         let symbol_name = metadata_symbol_name(tcx);
         let exported_symbol = ExportedSymbol::NoDefId(SymbolName::new(tcx, &symbol_name));
 
-        symbols.push((exported_symbol, SymbolExportLevel::Rust));
+        symbols.push((
+            exported_symbol,
+            SymbolExportInfo {
+                level: SymbolExportLevel::Rust,
+                kind: SymbolExportKind::Data,
+                used: false,
+            },
+        ));
     }
 
     if tcx.sess.opts.share_generics() && tcx.local_crate_exports_generics() {
@@ -243,7 +301,14 @@ fn exported_symbols_provider_local<'tcx>(
                 MonoItem::Fn(Instance { def: InstanceDef::Item(def), substs }) => {
                     if substs.non_erasable_generics().next().is_some() {
                         let symbol = ExportedSymbol::Generic(def.did, substs);
-                        symbols.push((symbol, SymbolExportLevel::Rust));
+                        symbols.push((
+                            symbol,
+                            SymbolExportInfo {
+                                level: SymbolExportLevel::Rust,
+                                kind: SymbolExportKind::Text,
+                                used: false,
+                            },
+                        ));
                     }
                 }
                 MonoItem::Fn(Instance { def: InstanceDef::DropGlue(_, Some(ty)), substs }) => {
@@ -252,7 +317,14 @@ fn exported_symbols_provider_local<'tcx>(
                         substs.non_erasable_generics().next(),
                         Some(GenericArgKind::Type(ty))
                     );
-                    symbols.push((ExportedSymbol::DropGlue(ty), SymbolExportLevel::Rust));
+                    symbols.push((
+                        ExportedSymbol::DropGlue(ty),
+                        SymbolExportInfo {
+                            level: SymbolExportLevel::Rust,
+                            kind: SymbolExportKind::Text,
+                            used: false,
+                        },
+                    ));
                 }
                 _ => {
                     // Any other symbols don't qualify for sharing
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
index d5d21775f0a..98dc5fe8d64 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/write.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use rustc_incremental::{
 };
 use rustc_metadata::EncodedMetadata;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::{WorkProduct, WorkProductId};
-use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::SymbolExportLevel;
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::SymbolExportInfo;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
 use rustc_session::cgu_reuse_tracker::CguReuseTracker;
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CrateType, Lto, OutputFilenames, OutputType};
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ pub type TargetMachineFactoryFn<B> = Arc<
         + Sync,
 >;
 
-pub type ExportedSymbols = FxHashMap<CrateNum, Arc<Vec<(String, SymbolExportLevel)>>>;
+pub type ExportedSymbols = FxHashMap<CrateNum, Arc<Vec<(String, SymbolExportInfo)>>>;
 
 /// Additional resources used by optimize_and_codegen (not module specific)
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/base.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/base.rs
index 7933afb50e8..019c9c179d8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/base.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/base.rs
@@ -801,6 +801,12 @@ impl CrateInfo {
             .iter()
             .map(|&c| (c, crate::back::linker::exported_symbols(tcx, c)))
             .collect();
+        let linked_symbols = tcx
+            .sess
+            .crate_types()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&c| (c, crate::back::linker::linked_symbols(tcx, c)))
+            .collect();
         let local_crate_name = tcx.crate_name(LOCAL_CRATE);
         let crate_attrs = tcx.hir().attrs(rustc_hir::CRATE_HIR_ID);
         let subsystem = tcx.sess.first_attr_value_str_by_name(crate_attrs, sym::windows_subsystem);
@@ -834,6 +840,7 @@ impl CrateInfo {
         let mut info = CrateInfo {
             target_cpu,
             exported_symbols,
+            linked_symbols,
             local_crate_name,
             compiler_builtins: None,
             profiler_runtime: None,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs
index 5273b6cc837..d4308002209 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use rustc_hir::def_id::CrateNum;
 use rustc_hir::LangItem;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::WorkProduct;
 use rustc_middle::middle::dependency_format::Dependencies;
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::SymbolExportKind;
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::{ExternProviders, Providers};
 use rustc_serialize::{opaque, Decodable, Decoder, Encoder};
 use rustc_session::config::{CrateType, OutputFilenames, OutputType, RUST_CGU_EXT};
@@ -141,6 +142,7 @@ impl From<&cstore::NativeLib> for NativeLib {
 pub struct CrateInfo {
     pub target_cpu: String,
     pub exported_symbols: FxHashMap<CrateType, Vec<String>>,
+    pub linked_symbols: FxHashMap<CrateType, Vec<(String, SymbolExportKind)>>,
     pub local_crate_name: Symbol,
     pub compiler_builtins: Option<CrateNum>,
     pub profiler_runtime: Option<CrateNum>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder.rs
index 77afa7b4a5c..1edb62e189f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use rustc_hir::lang_items;
 use rustc_index::vec::{Idx, IndexVec};
 use rustc_middle::arena::ArenaAllocatable;
 use rustc_middle::metadata::ModChild;
-use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportLevel};
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportInfo};
 use rustc_middle::middle::stability::DeprecationEntry;
 use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::{AllocDecodingSession, AllocDecodingState};
 use rustc_middle::thir;
@@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> CrateMetadataRef<'a> {
     fn exported_symbols(
         self,
         tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
-    ) -> &'tcx [(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportLevel)] {
+    ) -> &'tcx [(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportInfo)] {
         tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(self.root.exported_symbols.decode((self, tcx)))
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder/cstore_impl.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder/cstore_impl.rs
index 1156a78e8a9..da1dd6af65a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder/cstore_impl.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/decoder/cstore_impl.rs
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ provide! { <'tcx> tcx, def_id, other, cdata,
         let reachable_non_generics = tcx
             .exported_symbols(cdata.cnum)
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|&(exported_symbol, export_level)| {
+            .filter_map(|&(exported_symbol, export_info)| {
                 if let ExportedSymbol::NonGeneric(def_id) = exported_symbol {
-                    Some((def_id, export_level))
+                    Some((def_id, export_info))
                 } else {
                     None
                 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
index f485e09913e..ed49eebd16d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use rustc_index::vec::Idx;
 use rustc_middle::hir::nested_filter;
 use rustc_middle::middle::dependency_format::Linkage;
 use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{
-    metadata_symbol_name, ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportLevel,
+    metadata_symbol_name, ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportInfo,
 };
 use rustc_middle::mir::interpret;
 use rustc_middle::thir;
@@ -1874,8 +1874,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
     // definition (as that's not defined in this crate).
     fn encode_exported_symbols(
         &mut self,
-        exported_symbols: &[(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportLevel)],
-    ) -> Lazy<[(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportLevel)]> {
+        exported_symbols: &[(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportInfo)],
+    ) -> Lazy<[(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportInfo)]> {
         empty_proc_macro!(self);
         // The metadata symbol name is special. It should not show up in
         // downstream crates.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
index f1498665ff3..cdbed90e6b9 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use rustc_hir::definitions::DefKey;
 use rustc_hir::lang_items;
 use rustc_index::{bit_set::FiniteBitSet, vec::IndexVec};
 use rustc_middle::metadata::ModChild;
-use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportLevel};
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportInfo};
 use rustc_middle::mir;
 use rustc_middle::thir;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fast_reject::SimplifiedType;
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ crate struct CrateRoot<'tcx> {
 
     tables: LazyTables<'tcx>,
 
-    exported_symbols: Lazy!([(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportLevel)]),
+    exported_symbols: Lazy!([(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportInfo)]),
 
     syntax_contexts: SyntaxContextTable,
     expn_data: ExpnDataTable,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/middle/exported_symbols.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/middle/exported_symbols.rs
index 5ea78e087f8..631fd09ec4c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/middle/exported_symbols.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/middle/exported_symbols.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,23 @@ impl SymbolExportLevel {
     }
 }
 
+/// Kind of exported symbols.
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Copy, Clone, Encodable, Decodable, HashStable)]
+pub enum SymbolExportKind {
+    Text,
+    Data,
+    Tls,
+}
+
+/// The `SymbolExportInfo` of a symbols specifies symbol-related information
+/// that is relevant to code generation and linking.
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Copy, Clone, TyEncodable, TyDecodable, HashStable)]
+pub struct SymbolExportInfo {
+    pub level: SymbolExportLevel,
+    pub kind: SymbolExportKind,
+    pub used: bool,
+}
+
 #[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Copy, Clone, TyEncodable, TyDecodable, HashStable)]
 pub enum ExportedSymbol<'tcx> {
     NonGeneric(DefId),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
index 78a33832433..d8586a8a77d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ rustc_queries! {
     // Does not include external symbols that don't have a corresponding DefId,
     // like the compiler-generated `main` function and so on.
     query reachable_non_generics(_: CrateNum)
-        -> DefIdMap<SymbolExportLevel> {
+        -> DefIdMap<SymbolExportInfo> {
         storage(ArenaCacheSelector<'tcx>)
         desc { "looking up the exported symbols of a crate" }
         separate_provide_extern
@@ -1675,7 +1675,7 @@ rustc_queries! {
     ///   correspond to a publicly visible symbol in `cnum` machine code.
     /// - The `exported_symbols` sets of different crates do not intersect.
     query exported_symbols(_: CrateNum)
-        -> &'tcx [(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportLevel)] {
+        -> &'tcx [(ExportedSymbol<'tcx>, SymbolExportInfo)] {
         desc { "exported_symbols" }
         separate_provide_extern
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/query.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/query.rs
index 7629d7a8259..fb937ded65a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/query.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/query.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::infer::canonical::{self, Canonical};
 use crate::lint::LintLevelMap;
 use crate::metadata::ModChild;
 use crate::middle::codegen_fn_attrs::CodegenFnAttrs;
-use crate::middle::exported_symbols::{ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportLevel};
+use crate::middle::exported_symbols::{ExportedSymbol, SymbolExportInfo};
 use crate::middle::lib_features::LibFeatures;
 use crate::middle::privacy::AccessLevels;
 use crate::middle::region;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/partitioning/default.rs b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/partitioning/default.rs
index 16774198879..bf99cd6e424 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/partitioning/default.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/partitioning/default.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LOCAL_CRATE};
 use rustc_hir::definitions::DefPathDataName;
 use rustc_middle::middle::codegen_fn_attrs::CodegenFnAttrFlags;
-use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::SymbolExportLevel;
+use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::{SymbolExportInfo, SymbolExportLevel};
 use rustc_middle::mir::mono::{CodegenUnit, CodegenUnitNameBuilder, Linkage, Visibility};
 use rustc_middle::mir::mono::{InstantiationMode, MonoItem};
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::characteristic_def_id_of_type;
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ fn default_visibility(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, id: DefId, is_generic: bool) -> Visibilit
     // C-export level items remain at `Default`, all other internal
     // items become `Hidden`.
     match tcx.reachable_non_generics(id.krate).get(&id) {
-        Some(SymbolExportLevel::C) => Visibility::Default,
+        Some(SymbolExportInfo { level: SymbolExportLevel::C, .. }) => Visibility::Default,
         _ => Visibility::Hidden,
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs
index b520e5d04ea..b65e3342613 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs
@@ -333,6 +333,11 @@ impl CollectPrivateImplItemsVisitor<'_, '_> {
         let codegen_attrs = self.tcx.codegen_fn_attrs(def_id);
         if codegen_attrs.contains_extern_indicator()
             || codegen_attrs.flags.contains(CodegenFnAttrFlags::RUSTC_STD_INTERNAL_SYMBOL)
+            // FIXME(nbdd0121): `#[used]` are marked as reachable here so it's picked up by
+            // `linked_symbols` in cg_ssa. They won't be exported in binary or cdylib due to their
+            // `SymbolExportLevel::Rust` export level but may end up being exported in dylibs.
+            || codegen_attrs.flags.contains(CodegenFnAttrFlags::USED)
+            || codegen_attrs.flags.contains(CodegenFnAttrFlags::USED_LINKER)
         {
             self.worklist.push(def_id);
         }
diff --git a/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/reproducible-build/linker.rs b/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/reproducible-build/linker.rs
index 998d1f32859..3dda6f190e4 100644
--- a/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/reproducible-build/linker.rs
+++ b/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/reproducible-build/linker.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,12 @@ fn main() {
         let mut contents = Vec::new();
         File::open(path).unwrap().read_to_end(&mut contents).unwrap();
 
+        // This file is produced during linking in a temporary directory.
+        let arg = if arg.ends_with("/symbols.o") || arg.ends_with("\\symbols.o") {
+            "symbols.o"
+        } else {
+            &*arg
+        };
         out.push_str(&format!("{}: {}\n", arg, hash(&contents)));
     }
 
diff --git a/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/symbol-visibility/Makefile b/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/symbol-visibility/Makefile
index dc55c947d89..4bb35f33ad3 100644
--- a/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/symbol-visibility/Makefile
+++ b/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/symbol-visibility/Makefile
@@ -54,9 +54,12 @@ all:
 	# Check that a Rust dylib does not export generics if -Zshare-generics=no
 	[ "$$($(NM) $(TMPDIR)/$(RDYLIB_NAME) | grep -v __imp_ | grep -c public_generic_function_from_rlib)" -eq "0" ]
 
+# FIXME(nbdd0121): This is broken in MinGW, see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/95604#issuecomment-1101564032
+ifndef IS_WINDOWS
 	# Check that an executable does not export any dynamic symbols
 	[ "$$($(NM) $(TMPDIR)/$(EXE_NAME) | grep -v __imp_ | grep -c public_c_function_from_rlib)" -eq "0" ]
 	[ "$$($(NM) $(TMPDIR)/$(EXE_NAME) | grep -v __imp_ | grep -c public_rust_function_from_exe)" -eq "0" ]
+endif
 
 
 	# Check the combined case, where we generate a cdylib and an rlib in the same
@@ -91,6 +94,8 @@ all:
 	[ "$$($(NM) $(TMPDIR)/$(RDYLIB_NAME) | grep -v __imp_ | grep -c public_rust_function_from_rlib)" -eq "1" ]
 	[ "$$($(NM) $(TMPDIR)/$(RDYLIB_NAME) | grep -v __imp_ | grep -c public_generic_function_from_rlib)" -eq "1" ]
 
+ifndef IS_WINDOWS
 	# Check that an executable does not export any dynamic symbols
 	[ "$$($(NM) $(TMPDIR)/$(EXE_NAME) | grep -v __imp_ | grep -c public_c_function_from_rlib)" -eq "0" ]
 	[ "$$($(NM) $(TMPDIR)/$(EXE_NAME) | grep -v __imp_ | grep -c public_rust_function_from_exe)" -eq "0" ]
+endif
diff --git a/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/Makefile b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f10365f8c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+-include ../../run-make-fulldeps/tools.mk
+
+# only-linux
+# ignore-cross-compile
+
+all: main.rs
+	$(RUSTC) --crate-type lib lib.rs
+	$(RUSTC) --crate-type cdylib -Clink-args="-Tlinker.ld" main.rs
+	# Ensure `#[used]` and `KEEP`-ed section is there
+	objdump -s -j".static" $(TMPDIR)/libmain.so
+	# Ensure `#[no_mangle]` symbol is there
+	nm $(TMPDIR)/libmain.so | $(CGREP) bar
diff --git a/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/lib.rs b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..99508bcdaf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+mod foo {
+    #[link_section = ".rodata.STATIC"]
+    #[used]
+    static STATIC: [u32; 10] = [1; 10];
+}
+
+mod bar {
+    #[no_mangle]
+    extern "C" fn bar() -> i32 {
+        0
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/linker.ld b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/linker.ld
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2e70acab3f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/linker.ld
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+SECTIONS
+{
+    .static : ALIGN(4)
+    {
+        KEEP(*(.rodata.STATIC));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/main.rs b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..02572632517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/run-make/issue-47384/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+extern crate lib;