Make `checked` ops emit *unchecked* LLVM operations where feasible

For things with easily pre-checked overflow conditions -- shifts and unsigned subtraction -- write then checked methods in such a way that we stop emitting wrapping versions of them.

For example, today <https://rust.godbolt.org/z/qM9YK8Txb> neither
```rust
a.checked_sub(b).unwrap()
```
nor
```rust
a.checked_sub(b).unwrap_unchecked()
```
actually optimizes to `sub nuw`.  After this PR they do.

6 files changed, 160 insertions, 91 deletions

diff --git a/library/core/src/num/int_macros.rs b/library/core/src/num/int_macros.rs
index e34e9b7fff6..b6aab9be358 100644
--- a/library/core/src/num/int_macros.rs
+++ b/library/core/src/num/int_macros.rs
@@ -1163,12 +1163,19 @@ macro_rules! int_impl {
         /// ```
         #[stable(feature = "wrapping", since = "1.7.0")]
         #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_checked_int_methods", since = "1.47.0")]
+        // We could always go back to wrapping
+        #[rustc_allow_const_fn_unstable(unchecked_shifts)]
         #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
                       without modifying the original"]
         #[inline]
         pub const fn checked_shl(self, rhs: u32) -> Option<Self> {
-            let (a, b) = self.overflowing_shl(rhs);
-            if unlikely!(b) { None } else { Some(a) }
+            // Not using overflowing_shl as that's a wrapping shift
+            if rhs < Self::BITS {
+                // SAFETY: just checked the RHS is in-range
+                Some(unsafe { self.unchecked_shl(rhs) })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
         }
 
         /// Strict shift left. Computes `self << rhs`, panicking if `rhs` is larger
@@ -1254,12 +1261,19 @@ macro_rules! int_impl {
         /// ```
         #[stable(feature = "wrapping", since = "1.7.0")]
         #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_checked_int_methods", since = "1.47.0")]
+        // We could always go back to wrapping
+        #[rustc_allow_const_fn_unstable(unchecked_shifts)]
         #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
                       without modifying the original"]
         #[inline]
         pub const fn checked_shr(self, rhs: u32) -> Option<Self> {
-            let (a, b) = self.overflowing_shr(rhs);
-            if unlikely!(b) { None } else { Some(a) }
+            // Not using overflowing_shr as that's a wrapping shift
+            if rhs < Self::BITS {
+                // SAFETY: just checked the RHS is in-range
+                Some(unsafe { self.unchecked_shr(rhs) })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
         }
 
         /// Strict shift right. Computes `self >> rhs`, panicking `rhs` is
diff --git a/library/core/src/num/uint_macros.rs b/library/core/src/num/uint_macros.rs
index ba6a243041c..58f713baa57 100644
--- a/library/core/src/num/uint_macros.rs
+++ b/library/core/src/num/uint_macros.rs
@@ -579,8 +579,17 @@ macro_rules! uint_impl {
                       without modifying the original"]
         #[inline]
         pub const fn checked_sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Option<Self> {
-            let (a, b) = self.overflowing_sub(rhs);
-            if unlikely!(b) { None } else { Some(a) }
+            // Per PR#103299, there's no advantage to the `overflowing` intrinsic
+            // for *unsigned* subtraction and we just emit the manual check anyway.
+            // Thus, rather than using `overflowing_sub` that produces a wrapping
+            // subtraction, check it ourself so we can use an unchecked one.
+
+            if self >= rhs {
+                // SAFETY: just checked this can't overflow
+                Some(unsafe { intrinsics::unchecked_sub(self, rhs) })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
         }
 
         /// Strict integer subtraction. Computes `self - rhs`, panicking if
@@ -1222,12 +1231,19 @@ macro_rules! uint_impl {
         /// ```
         #[stable(feature = "wrapping", since = "1.7.0")]
         #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_checked_int_methods", since = "1.47.0")]
+        // We could always go back to wrapping
+        #[rustc_allow_const_fn_unstable(unchecked_shifts)]
         #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
                       without modifying the original"]
         #[inline]
         pub const fn checked_shl(self, rhs: u32) -> Option<Self> {
-            let (a, b) = self.overflowing_shl(rhs);
-            if unlikely!(b) { None } else { Some(a) }
+            // Not using overflowing_shl as that's a wrapping shift
+            if rhs < Self::BITS {
+                // SAFETY: just checked the RHS is in-range
+                Some(unsafe { self.unchecked_shl(rhs) })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
         }
 
         /// Strict shift left. Computes `self << rhs`, panicking if `rhs` is larger
@@ -1313,12 +1329,19 @@ macro_rules! uint_impl {
         /// ```
         #[stable(feature = "wrapping", since = "1.7.0")]
         #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_checked_int_methods", since = "1.47.0")]
+        // We could always go back to wrapping
+        #[rustc_allow_const_fn_unstable(unchecked_shifts)]
         #[must_use = "this returns the result of the operation, \
                       without modifying the original"]
         #[inline]
         pub const fn checked_shr(self, rhs: u32) -> Option<Self> {
-            let (a, b) = self.overflowing_shr(rhs);
-            if unlikely!(b) { None } else { Some(a) }
+            // Not using overflowing_shr as that's a wrapping shift
+            if rhs < Self::BITS {
+                // SAFETY: just checked the RHS is in-range
+                Some(unsafe { self.unchecked_shr(rhs) })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
         }
 
         /// Strict shift right. Computes `self >> rhs`, panicking `rhs` is
diff --git a/tests/codegen/checked_math.rs b/tests/codegen/checked_math.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..41016e3b7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/codegen/checked_math.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//@ compile-flags: -O -Z merge-functions=disabled
+
+#![crate_type = "lib"]
+#![feature(unchecked_shifts)]
+
+// Because the result of something like `u32::checked_sub` can only be used if it
+// didn't overflow, make sure that LLVM actually knows that in optimized builds.
+// Thanks to poison semantics, this doesn't even need branches.
+
+// CHECK-LABEL: @checked_sub_unsigned
+// CHECK-SAME: (i16 noundef %a, i16 noundef %b)
+#[no_mangle]
+pub fn checked_sub_unsigned(a: u16, b: u16) -> Option<u16> {
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[IS_SOME:.+]] = icmp uge i16 %a, %b
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[DIFF_P:.+]] = sub nuw i16 %a, %b
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[DISCR:.+]] = zext i1 %[[IS_SOME]] to i16
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[DIFF_U:.+]] = select i1 %[[IS_SOME]], i16 %[[DIFF_P]], i16 undef
+
+    // CHECK: %[[R0:.+]] = insertvalue { i16, i16 } poison, i16 %[[DISCR]], 0
+    // CHECK: %[[R1:.+]] = insertvalue { i16, i16 } %[[R0]], i16 %[[DIFF_U]], 1
+    // CHECK: ret { i16, i16 } %[[R1]]
+    a.checked_sub(b)
+}
+
+// Note that `shl` and `shr` in LLVM are already unchecked. So rather than
+// looking for no-wrap flags, we just need there to not be any masking.
+
+// CHECK-LABEL: @checked_shl_unsigned
+// CHECK-SAME: (i32 noundef %a, i32 noundef %b)
+#[no_mangle]
+pub fn checked_shl_unsigned(a: u32, b: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[IS_SOME:.+]] = icmp ult i32 %b, 32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_P:.+]] = shl i32 %a, %b
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[DISCR:.+]] = zext i1 %[[IS_SOME]] to i32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_U:.+]] = select i1 %[[IS_SOME]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_P]], i32 undef
+
+    // CHECK: %[[R0:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } poison, i32 %[[DISCR]], 0
+    // CHECK: %[[R1:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } %[[R0]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_U]], 1
+    // CHECK: ret { i32, i32 } %[[R1]]
+    a.checked_shl(b)
+}
+
+// CHECK-LABEL: @checked_shr_unsigned
+// CHECK-SAME: (i32 noundef %a, i32 noundef %b)
+#[no_mangle]
+pub fn checked_shr_unsigned(a: u32, b: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[IS_SOME:.+]] = icmp ult i32 %b, 32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_P:.+]] = lshr i32 %a, %b
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[DISCR:.+]] = zext i1 %[[IS_SOME]] to i32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_U:.+]] = select i1 %[[IS_SOME]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_P]], i32 undef
+
+    // CHECK: %[[R0:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } poison, i32 %[[DISCR]], 0
+    // CHECK: %[[R1:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } %[[R0]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_U]], 1
+    // CHECK: ret { i32, i32 } %[[R1]]
+    a.checked_shr(b)
+}
+
+// CHECK-LABEL: @checked_shl_signed
+// CHECK-SAME: (i32 noundef %a, i32 noundef %b)
+#[no_mangle]
+pub fn checked_shl_signed(a: i32, b: u32) -> Option<i32> {
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[IS_SOME:.+]] = icmp ult i32 %b, 32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_P:.+]] = shl i32 %a, %b
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[DISCR:.+]] = zext i1 %[[IS_SOME]] to i32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_U:.+]] = select i1 %[[IS_SOME]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_P]], i32 undef
+
+    // CHECK: %[[R0:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } poison, i32 %[[DISCR]], 0
+    // CHECK: %[[R1:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } %[[R0]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_U]], 1
+    // CHECK: ret { i32, i32 } %[[R1]]
+    a.checked_shl(b)
+}
+
+// CHECK-LABEL: @checked_shr_signed
+// CHECK-SAME: (i32 noundef %a, i32 noundef %b)
+#[no_mangle]
+pub fn checked_shr_signed(a: i32, b: u32) -> Option<i32> {
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[IS_SOME:.+]] = icmp ult i32 %b, 32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_P:.+]] = ashr i32 %a, %b
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[DISCR:.+]] = zext i1 %[[IS_SOME]] to i32
+    // CHECK-DAG: %[[SHIFTED_U:.+]] = select i1 %[[IS_SOME]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_P]], i32 undef
+
+    // CHECK: %[[R0:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } poison, i32 %[[DISCR]], 0
+    // CHECK: %[[R1:.+]] = insertvalue { i32, i32 } %[[R0]], i32 %[[SHIFTED_U]], 1
+    // CHECK: ret { i32, i32 } %[[R1]]
+    a.checked_shr(b)
+}
diff --git a/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-abort.mir b/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-abort.mir
index 845673601b2..af0a0efc2a6 100644
--- a/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-abort.mir
+++ b/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-abort.mir
@@ -5,60 +5,33 @@ fn checked_shl(_1: u32, _2: u32) -> Option<u32> {
     debug rhs => _2;
     let mut _0: std::option::Option<u32>;
     scope 1 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::checked_shl) {
-        debug self => _1;
-        debug rhs => _2;
-        let mut _6: bool;
-        scope 2 {
-            debug a => _4;
-            debug b => _5;
-        }
-        scope 3 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::overflowing_shl) {
-            debug self => _1;
-            debug rhs => _2;
-            let mut _4: u32;
-            let mut _5: bool;
-            scope 4 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::wrapping_shl) {
-                debug self => _1;
-                debug rhs => _2;
-                let mut _3: u32;
-                scope 5 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::unchecked_shl) {
-                    debug self => _1;
-                    debug rhs => _3;
-                }
-            }
+        let mut _3: bool;
+        let mut _4: u32;
+        scope 2 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::unchecked_shl) {
         }
     }
 
     bb0: {
-        StorageLive(_4);
-        StorageLive(_5);
         StorageLive(_3);
-        _3 = BitAnd(_2, const 31_u32);
-        _4 = ShlUnchecked(_1, _3);
-        StorageDead(_3);
-        _5 = Ge(_2, const core::num::<impl u32>::BITS);
-        StorageLive(_6);
-        _6 = unlikely(move _5) -> [return: bb1, unwind unreachable];
+        _3 = Lt(_2, const core::num::<impl u32>::BITS);
+        switchInt(move _3) -> [0: bb1, otherwise: bb2];
     }
 
     bb1: {
-        switchInt(move _6) -> [0: bb2, otherwise: bb3];
+        _0 = const Option::<u32>::None;
+        goto -> bb3;
     }
 
     bb2: {
-        _0 = Option::<u32>::Some(_4);
-        goto -> bb4;
+        StorageLive(_4);
+        _4 = ShlUnchecked(_1, _2);
+        _0 = Option::<u32>::Some(move _4);
+        StorageDead(_4);
+        goto -> bb3;
     }
 
     bb3: {
-        _0 = const Option::<u32>::None;
-        goto -> bb4;
-    }
-
-    bb4: {
-        StorageDead(_6);
-        StorageDead(_5);
-        StorageDead(_4);
+        StorageDead(_3);
         return;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-unwind.mir b/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-unwind.mir
index 845673601b2..af0a0efc2a6 100644
--- a/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-unwind.mir
+++ b/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.checked_shl.PreCodegen.after.panic-unwind.mir
@@ -5,60 +5,33 @@ fn checked_shl(_1: u32, _2: u32) -> Option<u32> {
     debug rhs => _2;
     let mut _0: std::option::Option<u32>;
     scope 1 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::checked_shl) {
-        debug self => _1;
-        debug rhs => _2;
-        let mut _6: bool;
-        scope 2 {
-            debug a => _4;
-            debug b => _5;
-        }
-        scope 3 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::overflowing_shl) {
-            debug self => _1;
-            debug rhs => _2;
-            let mut _4: u32;
-            let mut _5: bool;
-            scope 4 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::wrapping_shl) {
-                debug self => _1;
-                debug rhs => _2;
-                let mut _3: u32;
-                scope 5 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::unchecked_shl) {
-                    debug self => _1;
-                    debug rhs => _3;
-                }
-            }
+        let mut _3: bool;
+        let mut _4: u32;
+        scope 2 (inlined core::num::<impl u32>::unchecked_shl) {
         }
     }
 
     bb0: {
-        StorageLive(_4);
-        StorageLive(_5);
         StorageLive(_3);
-        _3 = BitAnd(_2, const 31_u32);
-        _4 = ShlUnchecked(_1, _3);
-        StorageDead(_3);
-        _5 = Ge(_2, const core::num::<impl u32>::BITS);
-        StorageLive(_6);
-        _6 = unlikely(move _5) -> [return: bb1, unwind unreachable];
+        _3 = Lt(_2, const core::num::<impl u32>::BITS);
+        switchInt(move _3) -> [0: bb1, otherwise: bb2];
     }
 
     bb1: {
-        switchInt(move _6) -> [0: bb2, otherwise: bb3];
+        _0 = const Option::<u32>::None;
+        goto -> bb3;
     }
 
     bb2: {
-        _0 = Option::<u32>::Some(_4);
-        goto -> bb4;
+        StorageLive(_4);
+        _4 = ShlUnchecked(_1, _2);
+        _0 = Option::<u32>::Some(move _4);
+        StorageDead(_4);
+        goto -> bb3;
     }
 
     bb3: {
-        _0 = const Option::<u32>::None;
-        goto -> bb4;
-    }
-
-    bb4: {
-        StorageDead(_6);
-        StorageDead(_5);
-        StorageDead(_4);
+        StorageDead(_3);
         return;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.rs b/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.rs
index 8dd5c4b495e..56f8e3f8338 100644
--- a/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.rs
+++ b/tests/mir-opt/pre-codegen/checked_ops.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // skip-filecheck
-//@ compile-flags: -O -Zmir-opt-level=2 -Cdebuginfo=2
+//@ compile-flags: -O -Zmir-opt-level=2
 // EMIT_MIR_FOR_EACH_PANIC_STRATEGY
 
 #![crate_type = "lib"]