Rollup merge of #134847 - dtolnay:asymmetrical, r=fmease

Implement asymmetrical precedence for closures and jumps

I have been through a series of asymmetrical precedence designs in Syn, and finally have one that I like and is worth backporting into rustc. It is based on just 2 bits of state: `next_operator_can_begin_expr` and `next_operator_can_continue_expr`.

Asymmetrical precedence is the thing that enables `(return 1) + 1` to require parentheses while `1 + return 1` does not, despite `+` always having stronger precedence than `return` [according to the Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.83.0/reference/expressions.html#expression-precedence). This is facilitated by `next_operator_can_continue_expr`.

Relatedly, it is the thing that enables `(return) - 1` to require parentheses while `return + 1` does not, despite `+` and `-` having exactly the same precedence. This is facilitated by `next_operator_can_begin_expr`.

**Example:**

```rust
macro_rules! repro {
    ($e:expr) => {
        $e - $e;
        $e + $e;
    };
}

fn main() {
    repro!{return}
    repro!{return 1}
}
```

`-Zunpretty=expanded` **Before:**

```console
fn main() {
    (return) - (return);
    (return) + (return);
    (return 1) - (return 1);
    (return 1) + (return 1);
}
```

**After:**

```console
fn main() {
    (return) - return;
    return + return;
    (return 1) - return 1;
    (return 1) + return 1;
}
```

1 files changed, 10 insertions, 5 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs
index cf40c3f7f6f..2ca351d8755 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs
@@ -1441,11 +1441,15 @@ impl Expr {
                 }
             }
 
-            ExprKind::Break(..)
-            | ExprKind::Ret(..)
-            | ExprKind::Yield(..)
-            | ExprKind::Yeet(..)
-            | ExprKind::Become(..) => ExprPrecedence::Jump,
+            ExprKind::Break(_ /*label*/, value)
+            | ExprKind::Ret(value)
+            | ExprKind::Yield(YieldKind::Prefix(value))
+            | ExprKind::Yeet(value) => match value {
+                Some(_) => ExprPrecedence::Jump,
+                None => ExprPrecedence::Unambiguous,
+            },
+
+            ExprKind::Become(_) => ExprPrecedence::Jump,
 
             // `Range` claims to have higher precedence than `Assign`, but `x .. x = x` fails to
             // parse, instead of parsing as `(x .. x) = x`. Giving `Range` a lower precedence
@@ -1502,6 +1506,7 @@ impl Expr {
             | ExprKind::Underscore
             | ExprKind::UnsafeBinderCast(..)
             | ExprKind::While(..)
+            | ExprKind::Yield(YieldKind::Postfix(..))
             | ExprKind::Err(_)
             | ExprKind::Dummy => ExprPrecedence::Unambiguous,
         }