Auto merge of #135318 - compiler-errors:vtable-fixes, r=lcnr

Fix deduplication mismatches in vtables leading to upcasting unsoundness

We currently have two cases where subtleties in supertraits can trigger disagreements in the vtable layout, e.g. leading to a different vtable layout being accessed at a callsite compared to what was prepared during unsizing. Namely:

### #135315

In this example, we were not normalizing supertraits when preparing vtables. In the example,

```
trait Supertrait<T> {
    fn _print_numbers(&self, mem: &[usize; 100]) {
        println!("{mem:?}");
    }
}
impl<T> Supertrait<T> for () {}

trait Identity {
    type Selff;
}
impl<Selff> Identity for Selff {
    type Selff = Selff;
}

trait Middle<T>: Supertrait<()> + Supertrait<T> {
    fn say_hello(&self, _: &usize) {
        println!("Hello!");
    }
}
impl<T> Middle<T> for () {}

trait Trait: Middle<<() as Identity>::Selff> {}
impl Trait for () {}

fn main() {
    (&() as &dyn Trait as &dyn Middle<()>).say_hello(&0);
}
```

When we prepare `dyn Trait`, we see a supertrait of `Middle<<() as Identity>::Selff>`, which itself has two supertraits `Supertrait<()>` and `Supertrait<<() as Identity>::Selff>`. These two supertraits are identical, but they are not duplicated because we were using structural equality and *not* considering normalization. This leads to a vtable layout with two trait pointers.

When we upcast to `dyn Middle<()>`, those two supertraits are now the same, leading to a vtable layout with only one trait pointer. This leads to an offset error, and we call the wrong method.

### #135316

This one is a bit more interesting, and is the bulk of the changes in this PR. It's a bit similar, except it uses binder equality instead of normalization to make the compiler get confused about two vtable layouts. In the example,

```
trait Supertrait<T> {
    fn _print_numbers(&self, mem: &[usize; 100]) {
        println!("{mem:?}");
    }
}
impl<T> Supertrait<T> for () {}

trait Trait<T, U>: Supertrait<T> + Supertrait<U> {
    fn say_hello(&self, _: &usize) {
        println!("Hello!");
    }
}
impl<T, U> Trait<T, U> for () {}

fn main() {
    (&() as &'static dyn for<'a> Trait<&'static (), &'a ()>
        as &'static dyn Trait<&'static (), &'static ()>)
        .say_hello(&0);
}
```

When we prepare the vtable for `dyn for<'a> Trait<&'static (), &'a ()>`, we currently consider the PolyTraitRef of the vtable as the key for a supertrait. This leads two two supertraits -- `Supertrait<&'static ()>` and `for<'a> Supertrait<&'a ()>`.

However, we can upcast[^up] without offsetting the vtable from `dyn for<'a> Trait<&'static (), &'a ()>` to `dyn Trait<&'static (), &'static ()>`. This is just instantiating the principal trait ref for a specific `'a = 'static`. However, when considering those supertraits, we now have only one distinct supertrait -- `Supertrait<&'static ()>` (which is deduplicated since there are two supertraits with the same substitutions). This leads to similar offsetting issues, leading to the wrong method being called.

[^up]: I say upcast but this is a cast that is allowed on stable, since it's not changing the vtable at all, just instantiating the binder of the principal trait ref for some lifetime.

The solution here is to recognize that a vtable isn't really meaningfully higher ranked, and to just treat a vtable as corresponding to a `TraitRef` so we can do this deduplication more faithfully. That is to say, the vtable for `dyn for<'a> Tr<'a>` and `dyn Tr<'x>` are always identical, since they both would correspond to a set of free regions on an impl... Do note that `Tr<for<'a> fn(&'a ())>` and `Tr<fn(&'static ())>` are still distinct.

----

There's a bit more that can be cleaned up. In codegen, we can stop using `PolyExistentialTraitRef` basically everywhere. We can also fix SMIR to stop storing `PolyExistentialTraitRef` in its vtable allocations.

As for testing, it's difficult to actually turn this into something that can be tested with `rustc_dump_vtable`, since having multiple supertraits that are identical is a recipe for ambiguity errors. Maybe someone else is more creative with getting that attr to work, since the tests I added being run-pass tests is a bit unsatisfying. Miri also doesn't help here, since it doesn't really generate vtables that are offset by an index in the same way as codegen.

r? `@lcnr` for the vibe check? Or reassign, idk. Maybe let's talk about whether this makes sense.

<sup>(I guess an alternative would also be to not do any deduplication of vtable supertraits (or only a really conservative subset) rather than trying to normalize and deduplicate more faithfully here. Not sure if that works and is sufficient tho.)</sup>

cc `@steffahn` -- ty for the minimizations
cc `@WaffleLapkin` -- since you're overseeing the feature stabilization :3

Fixes #135315
Fixes #135316

3 files changed, 11 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/common.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/common.rs
index bd5d6ba387c..20a3482aaa2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/common.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/common.rs
@@ -234,7 +234,12 @@ impl<'gcc, 'tcx> ConstCodegenMethods<'tcx> for CodegenCx<'gcc, 'tcx> {
                     GlobalAlloc::VTable(ty, dyn_ty) => {
                         let alloc = self
                             .tcx
-                            .global_alloc(self.tcx.vtable_allocation((ty, dyn_ty.principal())))
+                            .global_alloc(self.tcx.vtable_allocation((
+                                ty,
+                                dyn_ty.principal().map(|principal| {
+                                    self.tcx.instantiate_bound_regions_with_erased(principal)
+                                }),
+                            )))
                             .unwrap_memory();
                         let init = const_alloc_to_gcc(self, alloc);
                         self.static_addr_of(init, alloc.inner().align, None)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/context.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/context.rs
index 30732c74eb3..570ef938dc4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/context.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/context.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::layout::{
     FnAbiError, FnAbiOf, FnAbiOfHelpers, FnAbiRequest, HasTyCtxt, HasTypingEnv, LayoutError,
     LayoutOfHelpers,
 };
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Instance, PolyExistentialTraitRef, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ExistentialTraitRef, Instance, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_session::Session;
 use rustc_span::source_map::respan;
 use rustc_span::{DUMMY_SP, Span};
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ pub struct CodegenCx<'gcc, 'tcx> {
     pub function_instances: RefCell<FxHashMap<Instance<'tcx>, Function<'gcc>>>,
     /// Cache generated vtables
     pub vtables:
-        RefCell<FxHashMap<(Ty<'tcx>, Option<ty::PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>>), RValue<'gcc>>>,
+        RefCell<FxHashMap<(Ty<'tcx>, Option<ty::ExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>>), RValue<'gcc>>>,
 
     // TODO(antoyo): improve the SSA API to not require those.
     /// Mapping from function pointer type to indexes of on stack parameters.
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ impl<'gcc, 'tcx> BackendTypes for CodegenCx<'gcc, 'tcx> {
 impl<'gcc, 'tcx> MiscCodegenMethods<'tcx> for CodegenCx<'gcc, 'tcx> {
     fn vtables(
         &self,
-    ) -> &RefCell<FxHashMap<(Ty<'tcx>, Option<PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>>), RValue<'gcc>>> {
+    ) -> &RefCell<FxHashMap<(Ty<'tcx>, Option<ExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>>), RValue<'gcc>>> {
         &self.vtables
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/debuginfo.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/debuginfo.rs
index 4b84b1dbfd3..86d3de225f7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/debuginfo.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_gcc/src/debuginfo.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_index::bit_set::DenseBitSet;
 use rustc_index::{Idx, IndexVec};
 use rustc_middle::mir::{self, Body, SourceScope};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{Instance, PolyExistentialTraitRef, Ty};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ExistentialTraitRef, Instance, Ty};
 use rustc_session::config::DebugInfo;
 use rustc_span::{BytePos, Pos, SourceFile, SourceFileAndLine, Span, Symbol};
 use rustc_target::abi::Size;
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ impl<'gcc, 'tcx> DebugInfoCodegenMethods<'tcx> for CodegenCx<'gcc, 'tcx> {
     fn create_vtable_debuginfo(
         &self,
         _ty: Ty<'tcx>,
-        _trait_ref: Option<PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>>,
+        _trait_ref: Option<ExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>>,
         _vtable: Self::Value,
     ) {
         // TODO(antoyo)