Auto merge of #76928 - lcnr:opaque-types-cache, r=tmandry

cache types during normalization

partially fixes #75992

reduces the following test from 14 to 3 seconds locally.

cc `@Mark-Simulacrum` would it make sense to add that test to `perf`?
```rust
#![recursion_limit="2048"]
#![type_length_limit="112457564"]

pub async fn h0(v: &String, x: &u64) { println!("{} {}", v, x) }
pub async fn h1(v: &String, x: &u64) { h0(v, x).await }
pub async fn h2(v: &String, x: &u64) { h1(v, x).await }
pub async fn h3(v: &String, x: &u64) { h2(v, x).await }
pub async fn h4(v: &String, x: &u64) { h3(v, x).await }
pub async fn h5(v: &String, x: &u64) { h4(v, x).await }
pub async fn h6(v: &String, x: &u64) { h5(v, x).await }
pub async fn h7(v: &String, x: &u64) { h6(v, x).await }
pub async fn h8(v: &String, x: &u64) { h7(v, x).await }
pub async fn h9(v: &String, x: &u64) { h8(v, x).await }

pub async fn h10(v: &String, x: &u64) { h9(v, x).await }
pub async fn h11(v: &String, x: &u64) { h10(v, x).await }
pub async fn h12(v: &String, x: &u64) { h11(v, x).await }
pub async fn h13(v: &String, x: &u64) { h12(v, x).await }
pub async fn h14(v: &String, x: &u64) { h13(v, x).await }
pub async fn h15(v: &String, x: &u64) { h14(v, x).await }
pub async fn h16(v: &String, x: &u64) { h15(v, x).await }
pub async fn h17(v: &String, x: &u64) { h16(v, x).await }
pub async fn h18(v: &String, x: &u64) { h17(v, x).await }
pub async fn h19(v: &String, x: &u64) { h18(v, x).await }

macro_rules! async_recursive {
    (29, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(28, $inner) }.await };
    (28, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(27, $inner) }.await };
    (27, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(26, $inner) }.await };
    (26, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(25, $inner) }.await };
    (25, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(24, $inner) }.await };
    (24, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(23, $inner) }.await };
    (23, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(22, $inner) }.await };
    (22, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(21, $inner) }.await };
    (21, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(20, $inner) }.await };
    (20, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(19, $inner) }.await };

    (19, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(18, $inner) }.await };
    (18, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(17, $inner) }.await };
    (17, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(16, $inner) }.await };
    (16, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(15, $inner) }.await };
    (15, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(14, $inner) }.await };
    (14, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(13, $inner) }.await };
    (13, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(12, $inner) }.await };
    (12, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(11, $inner) }.await };
    (11, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(10, $inner) }.await };
    (10, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(9, $inner) }.await };

    (9, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(8, $inner) }.await };
    (8, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(7, $inner) }.await };
    (7, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(6, $inner) }.await };
    (6, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(5, $inner) }.await };
    (5, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(4, $inner) }.await };
    (4, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(3, $inner) }.await };
    (3, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(2, $inner) }.await };
    (2, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(1, $inner) }.await };
    (1, $inner:expr) => { async { async_recursive!(0, $inner) }.await };
    (0, $inner:expr) => { async { h19(&String::from("owo"), &0).await; $inner }.await };
}

async fn f() {
    async_recursive!(14, println!("hello"));
}

fn main() {
    let _ = f();
}
```
r? `@eddyb` requires a perf run.

3 files changed, 69 insertions, 5 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_data_structures/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/Cargo.toml
index bf75fc96f1f..caaf7c0c3c2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_data_structures/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ edition = "2018"
 doctest = false
 
 [dependencies]
+arrayvec = { version = "0.5.1", default-features = false }
 ena = "0.14"
 indexmap = "1.5.1"
 tracing = "0.1"
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/lib.rs
index 8dafcdf3bc6..1f977805f5e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/lib.rs
@@ -88,25 +88,27 @@ pub mod sorted_map;
 pub mod stable_set;
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod stable_hasher;
+mod atomic_ref;
+pub mod fingerprint;
+pub mod profiling;
 pub mod sharded;
 pub mod stack;
 pub mod sync;
 pub mod thin_vec;
 pub mod tiny_list;
 pub mod transitive_relation;
-pub use ena::undo_log;
-pub use ena::unify;
-mod atomic_ref;
-pub mod fingerprint;
-pub mod profiling;
 pub mod vec_linked_list;
 pub mod work_queue;
 pub use atomic_ref::AtomicRef;
 pub mod frozen;
+pub mod mini_map;
 pub mod tagged_ptr;
 pub mod temp_dir;
 pub mod unhash;
 
+pub use ena::undo_log;
+pub use ena::unify;
+
 pub struct OnDrop<F: Fn()>(pub F);
 
 impl<F: Fn()> OnDrop<F> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/mini_map.rs b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/mini_map.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cd3e949d383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/mini_map.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use crate::fx::FxHashMap;
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+
+use std::hash::Hash;
+
+/// Small-storage-optimized implementation of a map
+/// made specifically for caching results.
+///
+/// Stores elements in a small array up to a certain length
+/// and switches to `HashMap` when that length is exceeded.
+pub enum MiniMap<K, V> {
+    Array(ArrayVec<[(K, V); 8]>),
+    Map(FxHashMap<K, V>),
+}
+
+impl<K: Eq + Hash, V> MiniMap<K, V> {
+    /// Creates an empty `MiniMap`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        MiniMap::Array(ArrayVec::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts or updates value in the map.
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, key: K, value: V) {
+        match self {
+            MiniMap::Array(array) => {
+                for pair in array.iter_mut() {
+                    if pair.0 == key {
+                        pair.1 = value;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Err(error) = array.try_push((key, value)) {
+                    let mut map: FxHashMap<K, V> = array.drain(..).collect();
+                    let (key, value) = error.element();
+                    map.insert(key, value);
+                    *self = MiniMap::Map(map);
+                }
+            }
+            MiniMap::Map(map) => {
+                map.insert(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return value by key if any.
+    pub fn get(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&V> {
+        match self {
+            MiniMap::Array(array) => {
+                for pair in array {
+                    if pair.0 == *key {
+                        return Some(&pair.1);
+                    }
+                }
+                return None;
+            }
+            MiniMap::Map(map) => {
+                return map.get(key);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}