Merge crate `collections` into `alloc`

1 files changed, 1556 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/liballoc/btree/node.rs b/src/liballoc/btree/node.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..811174b331e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/liballoc/btree/node.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1556 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+// This is an attempt at an implementation following the ideal
+//
+// ```
+// struct BTreeMap<K, V> {
+//     height: usize,
+//     root: Option<Box<Node<K, V, height>>>
+// }
+//
+// struct Node<K, V, height: usize> {
+//     keys: [K; 2 * B - 1],
+//     vals: [V; 2 * B - 1],
+//     edges: if height > 0 {
+//         [Box<Node<K, V, height - 1>>; 2 * B]
+//     } else { () },
+//     parent: *const Node<K, V, height + 1>,
+//     parent_idx: u16,
+//     len: u16,
+// }
+// ```
+//
+// Since Rust doesn't actually have dependent types and polymorphic recursion,
+// we make do with lots of unsafety.
+
+// A major goal of this module is to avoid complexity by treating the tree as a generic (if
+// weirdly shaped) container and avoiding dealing with most of the B-Tree invariants. As such,
+// this module doesn't care whether the entries are sorted, which nodes can be underfull, or
+// even what underfull means. However, we do rely on a few invariants:
+//
+// - Trees must have uniform depth/height. This means that every path down to a leaf from a
+//   given node has exactly the same length.
+// - A node of length `n` has `n` keys, `n` values, and (in an internal node) `n + 1` edges.
+//   This implies that even an empty internal node has at least one edge.
+
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+use core::mem;
+use core::nonzero::NonZero;
+use core::ptr::{self, Unique};
+use core::slice;
+
+use boxed::Box;
+use heap;
+
+const B: usize = 6;
+pub const MIN_LEN: usize = B - 1;
+pub const CAPACITY: usize = 2 * B - 1;
+
+/// The underlying representation of leaf nodes. Note that it is often unsafe to actually store
+/// these, since only the first `len` keys and values are assumed to be initialized. As such,
+/// these should always be put behind pointers, and specifically behind `BoxedNode` in the owned
+/// case.
+///
+/// See also rust-lang/rfcs#197, which would make this structure significantly more safe by
+/// avoiding accidentally dropping unused and uninitialized keys and values.
+struct LeafNode<K, V> {
+    /// The arrays storing the actual data of the node. Only the first `len` elements of each
+    /// array are initialized and valid.
+    keys: [K; CAPACITY],
+    vals: [V; CAPACITY],
+
+    /// We use `*const` as opposed to `*mut` so as to be covariant in `K` and `V`.
+    /// This either points to an actual node or is null.
+    parent: *const InternalNode<K, V>,
+
+    /// This node's index into the parent node's `edges` array.
+    /// `*node.parent.edges[node.parent_idx]` should be the same thing as `node`.
+    /// This is only guaranteed to be initialized when `parent` is nonnull.
+    parent_idx: u16,
+
+    /// The number of keys and values this node stores.
+    ///
+    /// This is at the end of the node's representation and next to `parent_idx` to encourage
+    /// the compiler to join `len` and `parent_idx` into the same 32-bit word, reducing space
+    /// overhead.
+    len: u16,
+}
+
+impl<K, V> LeafNode<K, V> {
+    /// Creates a new `LeafNode`. Unsafe because all nodes should really be hidden behind
+    /// `BoxedNode`, preventing accidental dropping of uninitialized keys and values.
+    unsafe fn new() -> Self {
+        LeafNode {
+            // As a general policy, we leave fields uninitialized if they can be, as this should
+            // be both slightly faster and easier to track in Valgrind.
+            keys: mem::uninitialized(),
+            vals: mem::uninitialized(),
+            parent: ptr::null(),
+            parent_idx: mem::uninitialized(),
+            len: 0
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The underlying representation of internal nodes. As with `LeafNode`s, these should be hidden
+/// behind `BoxedNode`s to prevent dropping uninitialized keys and values. Any pointer to an
+/// `InternalNode` can be directly casted to a pointer to the underlying `LeafNode` portion of the
+/// node, allowing code to act on leaf and internal nodes generically without having to even check
+/// which of the two a pointer is pointing at. This property is enabled by the use of `repr(C)`.
+#[repr(C)]
+struct InternalNode<K, V> {
+    data: LeafNode<K, V>,
+
+    /// The pointers to the children of this node. `len + 1` of these are considered
+    /// initialized and valid.
+    edges: [BoxedNode<K, V>; 2 * B],
+}
+
+impl<K, V> InternalNode<K, V> {
+    /// Creates a new `InternalNode`.
+    ///
+    /// This is unsafe for two reasons. First, it returns an `InternalNode` by value, risking
+    /// dropping of uninitialized fields. Second, an invariant of internal nodes is that `len + 1`
+    /// edges are initialized and valid, meaning that even when the node is empty (having a
+    /// `len` of 0), there must be one initialized and valid edge. This function does not set up
+    /// such an edge.
+    unsafe fn new() -> Self {
+        InternalNode {
+            data: LeafNode::new(),
+            edges: mem::uninitialized()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An owned pointer to a node. This basically is either `Box<LeafNode<K, V>>` or
+/// `Box<InternalNode<K, V>>`. However, it contains no information as to which of the two types
+/// of nodes is acutally behind the box, and, partially due to this lack of information, has no
+/// destructor.
+struct BoxedNode<K, V> {
+    ptr: Unique<LeafNode<K, V>>
+}
+
+impl<K, V> BoxedNode<K, V> {
+    fn from_leaf(node: Box<LeafNode<K, V>>) -> Self {
+        unsafe {
+            BoxedNode { ptr: Unique::new(Box::into_raw(node)) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_internal(node: Box<InternalNode<K, V>>) -> Self {
+        unsafe {
+            BoxedNode { ptr: Unique::new(Box::into_raw(node) as *mut LeafNode<K, V>) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn from_ptr(ptr: NonZero<*const LeafNode<K, V>>) -> Self {
+        BoxedNode { ptr: Unique::new(ptr.get() as *mut LeafNode<K, V>) }
+    }
+
+    fn as_ptr(&self) -> NonZero<*const LeafNode<K, V>> {
+        unsafe {
+            NonZero::new(self.ptr.as_ptr())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An owned tree. Note that despite being owned, this does not have a destructor,
+/// and must be cleaned up manually.
+pub struct Root<K, V> {
+    node: BoxedNode<K, V>,
+    height: usize
+}
+
+unsafe impl<K: Sync, V: Sync> Sync for Root<K, V> { }
+unsafe impl<K: Send, V: Send> Send for Root<K, V> { }
+
+impl<K, V> Root<K, V> {
+    pub fn new_leaf() -> Self {
+        Root {
+            node: BoxedNode::from_leaf(Box::new(unsafe { LeafNode::new() })),
+            height: 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_ref(&self)
+            -> NodeRef<marker::Immut, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal> {
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node.as_ptr(),
+            root: self as *const _ as *mut _,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_mut(&mut self)
+            -> NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal> {
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node.as_ptr(),
+            root: self as *mut _,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_ref(self)
+            -> NodeRef<marker::Owned, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal> {
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node.as_ptr(),
+            root: ptr::null_mut(), // FIXME: Is there anything better to do here?
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a new internal node with a single edge, pointing to the previous root, and make that
+    /// new node the root. This increases the height by 1 and is the opposite of `pop_level`.
+    pub fn push_level(&mut self)
+            -> NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, marker::Internal> {
+        let mut new_node = Box::new(unsafe { InternalNode::new() });
+        new_node.edges[0] = unsafe { BoxedNode::from_ptr(self.node.as_ptr()) };
+
+        self.node = BoxedNode::from_internal(new_node);
+        self.height += 1;
+
+        let mut ret = NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node.as_ptr(),
+            root: self as *mut _,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        };
+
+        unsafe {
+            ret.reborrow_mut().first_edge().correct_parent_link();
+        }
+
+        ret
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the root node, using its first child as the new root. This cannot be called when
+    /// the tree consists only of a leaf node. As it is intended only to be called when the root
+    /// has only one edge, no cleanup is done on any of the other children are elements of the root.
+    /// This decreases the height by 1 and is the opposite of `push_level`.
+    pub fn pop_level(&mut self) {
+        debug_assert!(self.height > 0);
+
+        let top = self.node.ptr.as_ptr() as *mut u8;
+
+        self.node = unsafe {
+            BoxedNode::from_ptr(self.as_mut()
+                                    .cast_unchecked::<marker::Internal>()
+                                    .first_edge()
+                                    .descend()
+                                    .node)
+        };
+        self.height -= 1;
+        self.as_mut().as_leaf_mut().parent = ptr::null();
+
+        unsafe {
+            heap::deallocate(
+                top,
+                mem::size_of::<InternalNode<K, V>>(),
+                mem::align_of::<InternalNode<K, V>>()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// N.B. `NodeRef` is always covariant in `K` and `V`, even when the `BorrowType`
+// is `Mut`. This is technically wrong, but cannot result in any unsafety due to
+// internal use of `NodeRef` because we stay completely generic over `K` and `V`.
+// However, whenever a public type wraps `NodeRef`, make sure that it has the
+// correct variance.
+/// A reference to a node.
+///
+/// This type has a number of paramaters that controls how it acts:
+/// - `BorrowType`: This can be `Immut<'a>` or `Mut<'a>` for some `'a` or `Owned`.
+///    When this is `Immut<'a>`, the `NodeRef` acts roughly like `&'a Node`,
+///    when this is `Mut<'a>`, the `NodeRef` acts roughly like `&'a mut Node`,
+///    and when this is `Owned`, the `NodeRef` acts roughly like `Box<Node>`.
+/// - `K` and `V`: These control what types of things are stored in the nodes.
+/// - `Type`: This can be `Leaf`, `Internal`, or `LeafOrInternal`. When this is
+///   `Leaf`, the `NodeRef` points to a leaf node, when this is `Internal` the
+///   `NodeRef` points to an internal node, and when this is `LeafOrInternal` the
+///   `NodeRef` could be pointing to either type of node.
+pub struct NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, Type> {
+    height: usize,
+    node: NonZero<*const LeafNode<K, V>>,
+    // This is null unless the borrow type is `Mut`
+    root: *const Root<K, V>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<(BorrowType, Type)>
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a, Type> Copy for NodeRef<marker::Immut<'a>, K, V, Type> { }
+impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a, Type> Clone for NodeRef<marker::Immut<'a>, K, V, Type> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl<BorrowType, K: Sync, V: Sync, Type> Sync
+    for NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, Type> { }
+
+unsafe impl<'a, K: Sync + 'a, V: Sync + 'a, Type> Send
+   for NodeRef<marker::Immut<'a>, K, V, Type> { }
+unsafe impl<'a, K: Send + 'a, V: Send + 'a, Type> Send
+   for NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, Type> { }
+unsafe impl<K: Send, V: Send, Type> Send
+   for NodeRef<marker::Owned, K, V, Type> { }
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V> NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::Internal> {
+    fn as_internal(&self) -> &InternalNode<K, V> {
+        unsafe {
+            &*(self.node.get() as *const InternalNode<K, V>)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Internal> {
+    fn as_internal_mut(&mut self) -> &mut InternalNode<K, V> {
+        unsafe {
+            &mut *(self.node.get() as *mut InternalNode<K, V>)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V, Type> NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, Type> {
+    /// Finds the length of the node. This is the number of keys or values. In an
+    /// internal node, the number of edges is `len() + 1`.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.as_leaf().len as usize
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the height of this node in the whole tree. Zero height denotes the
+    /// leaf level.
+    pub fn height(&self) -> usize {
+        self.height
+    }
+
+    /// Removes any static information about whether this node is a `Leaf` or an
+    /// `Internal` node.
+    pub fn forget_type(self) -> NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal> {
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node,
+            root: self.root,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Temporarily takes out another, immutable reference to the same node.
+    fn reborrow<'a>(&'a self) -> NodeRef<marker::Immut<'a>, K, V, Type> {
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node,
+            root: self.root,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn as_leaf(&self) -> &LeafNode<K, V> {
+        unsafe {
+            &*self.node.get()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> &[K] {
+        self.reborrow().into_slices().0
+    }
+
+    pub fn vals(&self) -> &[V] {
+        self.reborrow().into_slices().1
+    }
+
+    /// Finds the parent of the current node. Returns `Ok(handle)` if the current
+    /// node actually has a parent, where `handle` points to the edge of the parent
+    /// that points to the current node. Returns `Err(self)` if the current node has
+    /// no parent, giving back the original `NodeRef`.
+    ///
+    /// `edge.descend().ascend().unwrap()` and `node.ascend().unwrap().descend()` should
+    /// both, upon success, do nothing.
+    pub fn ascend(self) -> Result<
+        Handle<
+            NodeRef<
+                BorrowType,
+                K, V,
+                marker::Internal
+            >,
+            marker::Edge
+        >,
+        Self
+    > {
+        if self.as_leaf().parent.is_null() {
+            Err(self)
+        } else {
+            Ok(Handle {
+                node: NodeRef {
+                    height: self.height + 1,
+                    node: unsafe {
+                        NonZero::new(self.as_leaf().parent as *mut LeafNode<K, V>)
+                    },
+                    root: self.root,
+                    _marker: PhantomData
+                },
+                idx: self.as_leaf().parent_idx as usize,
+                _marker: PhantomData
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn first_edge(self) -> Handle<Self, marker::Edge> {
+        Handle::new_edge(self, 0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_edge(self) -> Handle<Self, marker::Edge> {
+        let len = self.len();
+        Handle::new_edge(self, len)
+    }
+
+    /// Note that `self` must be nonempty.
+    pub fn first_kv(self) -> Handle<Self, marker::KV> {
+        debug_assert!(self.len() > 0);
+        Handle::new_kv(self, 0)
+    }
+
+    /// Note that `self` must be nonempty.
+    pub fn last_kv(self) -> Handle<Self, marker::KV> {
+        let len = self.len();
+        debug_assert!(len > 0);
+        Handle::new_kv(self, len - 1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, V> NodeRef<marker::Owned, K, V, marker::Leaf> {
+    /// Similar to `ascend`, gets a reference to a node's parent node, but also
+    /// deallocate the current node in the process. This is unsafe because the
+    /// current node will still be accessible despite being deallocated.
+    pub unsafe fn deallocate_and_ascend(self) -> Option<
+        Handle<
+            NodeRef<
+                marker::Owned,
+                K, V,
+                marker::Internal
+            >,
+            marker::Edge
+        >
+    > {
+        let ptr = self.as_leaf() as *const LeafNode<K, V> as *const u8 as *mut u8;
+        let ret = self.ascend().ok();
+        heap::deallocate(ptr, mem::size_of::<LeafNode<K, V>>(), mem::align_of::<LeafNode<K, V>>());
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, V> NodeRef<marker::Owned, K, V, marker::Internal> {
+    /// Similar to `ascend`, gets a reference to a node's parent node, but also
+    /// deallocate the current node in the process. This is unsafe because the
+    /// current node will still be accessible despite being deallocated.
+    pub unsafe fn deallocate_and_ascend(self) -> Option<
+        Handle<
+            NodeRef<
+                marker::Owned,
+                K, V,
+                marker::Internal
+            >,
+            marker::Edge
+        >
+    > {
+        let ptr = self.as_internal() as *const InternalNode<K, V> as *const u8 as *mut u8;
+        let ret = self.ascend().ok();
+        heap::deallocate(
+            ptr,
+            mem::size_of::<InternalNode<K, V>>(),
+            mem::align_of::<InternalNode<K, V>>()
+        );
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V, Type> NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, Type> {
+    /// Unsafely asserts to the compiler some static information about whether this
+    /// node is a `Leaf`.
+    unsafe fn cast_unchecked<NewType>(&mut self)
+            -> NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, NewType> {
+
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node,
+            root: self.root,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Temporarily takes out another, mutable reference to the same node. Beware, as
+    /// this method is very dangerous, doubly so since it may not immediately appear
+    /// dangerous.
+    ///
+    /// Because mutable pointers can roam anywhere around the tree and can even (through
+    /// `into_root_mut`) mess with the root of the tree, the result of `reborrow_mut`
+    /// can easily be used to make the original mutable pointer dangling, or, in the case
+    /// of a reborrowed handle, out of bounds.
+    // FIXME(@gereeter) consider adding yet another type parameter to `NodeRef` that restricts
+    // the use of `ascend` and `into_root_mut` on reborrowed pointers, preventing this unsafety.
+    unsafe fn reborrow_mut(&mut self) -> NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, Type> {
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.height,
+            node: self.node,
+            root: self.root,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn as_leaf_mut(&mut self) -> &mut LeafNode<K, V> {
+        unsafe {
+            &mut *(self.node.get() as *mut LeafNode<K, V>)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn keys_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [K] {
+        unsafe { self.reborrow_mut().into_slices_mut().0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn vals_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [V] {
+        unsafe { self.reborrow_mut().into_slices_mut().1 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a, Type> NodeRef<marker::Immut<'a>, K, V, Type> {
+    pub fn into_slices(self) -> (&'a [K], &'a [V]) {
+        unsafe {
+            (
+                slice::from_raw_parts(
+                    self.as_leaf().keys.as_ptr(),
+                    self.len()
+                ),
+                slice::from_raw_parts(
+                    self.as_leaf().vals.as_ptr(),
+                    self.len()
+                )
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a, Type> NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, Type> {
+    /// Gets a mutable reference to the root itself. This is useful primarily when the
+    /// height of the tree needs to be adjusted. Never call this on a reborrowed pointer.
+    pub fn into_root_mut(self) -> &'a mut Root<K, V> {
+        unsafe {
+            &mut *(self.root as *mut Root<K, V>)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_slices_mut(mut self) -> (&'a mut [K], &'a mut [V]) {
+        unsafe {
+            (
+                slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
+                    &mut self.as_leaf_mut().keys as *mut [K] as *mut K,
+                    self.len()
+                ),
+                slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
+                    &mut self.as_leaf_mut().vals as *mut [V] as *mut V,
+                    self.len()
+                )
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Leaf> {
+    /// Adds a key/value pair the end of the node.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, key: K, val: V) {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but this is an internal module
+        debug_assert!(self.len() < CAPACITY);
+
+        let idx = self.len();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ptr::write(self.keys_mut().get_unchecked_mut(idx), key);
+            ptr::write(self.vals_mut().get_unchecked_mut(idx), val);
+        }
+
+        self.as_leaf_mut().len += 1;
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a key/value pair to the beginning of the node.
+    pub fn push_front(&mut self, key: K, val: V) {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but this is an internal module
+        debug_assert!(self.len() < CAPACITY);
+
+        unsafe {
+            slice_insert(self.keys_mut(), 0, key);
+            slice_insert(self.vals_mut(), 0, val);
+        }
+
+        self.as_leaf_mut().len += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Internal> {
+    /// Adds a key/value pair and an edge to go to the right of that pair to
+    /// the end of the node.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, key: K, val: V, edge: Root<K, V>) {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but this is an internal module
+        debug_assert!(edge.height == self.height - 1);
+        debug_assert!(self.len() < CAPACITY);
+
+        let idx = self.len();
+
+        unsafe {
+            ptr::write(self.keys_mut().get_unchecked_mut(idx), key);
+            ptr::write(self.vals_mut().get_unchecked_mut(idx), val);
+            ptr::write(self.as_internal_mut().edges.get_unchecked_mut(idx + 1), edge.node);
+
+            self.as_leaf_mut().len += 1;
+
+            Handle::new_edge(self.reborrow_mut(), idx + 1).correct_parent_link();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_childrens_parent_links(&mut self, first: usize, after_last: usize) {
+        for i in first..after_last {
+            Handle::new_edge(unsafe { self.reborrow_mut() }, i).correct_parent_link();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_all_childrens_parent_links(&mut self) {
+        let len = self.len();
+        self.correct_childrens_parent_links(0, len + 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a key/value pair and an edge to go to the left of that pair to
+    /// the beginning of the node.
+    pub fn push_front(&mut self, key: K, val: V, edge: Root<K, V>) {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but this is an internal module
+        debug_assert!(edge.height == self.height - 1);
+        debug_assert!(self.len() < CAPACITY);
+
+        unsafe {
+            slice_insert(self.keys_mut(), 0, key);
+            slice_insert(self.vals_mut(), 0, val);
+            slice_insert(
+                slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
+                    self.as_internal_mut().edges.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    self.len()+1
+                ),
+                0,
+                edge.node
+            );
+
+            self.as_leaf_mut().len += 1;
+
+            self.correct_all_childrens_parent_links();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal> {
+    /// Removes a key/value pair from the end of this node. If this is an internal node,
+    /// also removes the edge that was to the right of that pair.
+    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> (K, V, Option<Root<K, V>>) {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but this is an internal module
+        debug_assert!(self.len() > 0);
+
+        let idx = self.len() - 1;
+
+        unsafe {
+            let key = ptr::read(self.keys().get_unchecked(idx));
+            let val = ptr::read(self.vals().get_unchecked(idx));
+            let edge = match self.reborrow_mut().force() {
+                ForceResult::Leaf(_) => None,
+                ForceResult::Internal(internal) => {
+                    let edge = ptr::read(internal.as_internal().edges.get_unchecked(idx + 1));
+                    let mut new_root = Root { node: edge, height: internal.height - 1 };
+                    new_root.as_mut().as_leaf_mut().parent = ptr::null();
+                    Some(new_root)
+                }
+            };
+
+            self.as_leaf_mut().len -= 1;
+            (key, val, edge)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes a key/value pair from the beginning of this node. If this is an internal node,
+    /// also removes the edge that was to the left of that pair.
+    pub fn pop_front(&mut self) -> (K, V, Option<Root<K, V>>) {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but this is an internal module
+        debug_assert!(self.len() > 0);
+
+        let old_len = self.len();
+
+        unsafe {
+            let key = slice_remove(self.keys_mut(), 0);
+            let val = slice_remove(self.vals_mut(), 0);
+            let edge = match self.reborrow_mut().force() {
+                ForceResult::Leaf(_) => None,
+                ForceResult::Internal(mut internal) => {
+                    let edge = slice_remove(
+                        slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
+                            internal.as_internal_mut().edges.as_mut_ptr(),
+                            old_len+1
+                        ),
+                        0
+                    );
+
+                    let mut new_root = Root { node: edge, height: internal.height - 1 };
+                    new_root.as_mut().as_leaf_mut().parent = ptr::null();
+
+                    for i in 0..old_len {
+                        Handle::new_edge(internal.reborrow_mut(), i).correct_parent_link();
+                    }
+
+                    Some(new_root)
+                }
+            };
+
+            self.as_leaf_mut().len -= 1;
+
+            (key, val, edge)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn into_kv_pointers_mut(mut self) -> (*mut K, *mut V) {
+        (
+            self.keys_mut().as_mut_ptr(),
+            self.vals_mut().as_mut_ptr()
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V> NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal> {
+    /// Checks whether a node is an `Internal` node or a `Leaf` node.
+    pub fn force(self) -> ForceResult<
+        NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::Leaf>,
+        NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::Internal>
+    > {
+        if self.height == 0 {
+            ForceResult::Leaf(NodeRef {
+                height: self.height,
+                node: self.node,
+                root: self.root,
+                _marker: PhantomData
+            })
+        } else {
+            ForceResult::Internal(NodeRef {
+                height: self.height,
+                node: self.node,
+                root: self.root,
+                _marker: PhantomData
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A reference to a specific key/value pair or edge within a node. The `Node` parameter
+/// must be a `NodeRef`, while the `Type` can either be `KV` (signifying a handle on a key/value
+/// pair) or `Edge` (signifying a handle on an edge).
+///
+/// Note that even `Leaf` nodes can have `Edge` handles. Instead of representing a pointer to
+/// a child node, these represent the spaces where child pointers would go between the key/value
+/// pairs. For example, in a node with length 2, there would be 3 possible edge locations - one
+/// to the left of the node, one between the two pairs, and one at the right of the node.
+pub struct Handle<Node, Type> {
+    node: Node,
+    idx: usize,
+    _marker: PhantomData<Type>
+}
+
+impl<Node: Copy, Type> Copy for Handle<Node, Type> { }
+// We don't need the full generality of `#[derive(Clone)]`, as the only time `Node` will be
+// `Clone`able is when it is an immutable reference and therefore `Copy`.
+impl<Node: Copy, Type> Clone for Handle<Node, Type> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Node, Type> Handle<Node, Type> {
+    /// Retrieves the node that contains the edge of key/value pair this handle pointes to.
+    pub fn into_node(self) -> Node {
+        self.node
+    }
+}
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType> Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, marker::KV> {
+    /// Creates a new handle to a key/value pair in `node`. `idx` must be less than `node.len()`.
+    pub fn new_kv(node: NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, idx: usize) -> Self {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but in a private module
+        debug_assert!(idx < node.len());
+
+        Handle {
+            node: node,
+            idx: idx,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn left_edge(self) -> Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, marker::Edge> {
+        Handle::new_edge(self.node, self.idx)
+    }
+
+    pub fn right_edge(self) -> Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, marker::Edge> {
+        Handle::new_edge(self.node, self.idx + 1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType, HandleType> PartialEq
+        for Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, HandleType> {
+
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.node.node == other.node.node && self.idx == other.idx
+    }
+}
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType, HandleType>
+        Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, HandleType> {
+
+    /// Temporarily takes out another, immutable handle on the same location.
+    pub fn reborrow(&self)
+            -> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Immut, K, V, NodeType>, HandleType> {
+
+        // We can't use Handle::new_kv or Handle::new_edge because we don't know our type
+        Handle {
+            node: self.node.reborrow(),
+            idx: self.idx,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V, NodeType, HandleType>
+        Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, NodeType>, HandleType> {
+
+    /// Temporarily takes out another, mutable handle on the same location. Beware, as
+    /// this method is very dangerous, doubly so since it may not immediately appear
+    /// dangerous.
+    ///
+    /// Because mutable pointers can roam anywhere around the tree and can even (through
+    /// `into_root_mut`) mess with the root of the tree, the result of `reborrow_mut`
+    /// can easily be used to make the original mutable pointer dangling, or, in the case
+    /// of a reborrowed handle, out of bounds.
+    // FIXME(@gereeter) consider adding yet another type parameter to `NodeRef` that restricts
+    // the use of `ascend` and `into_root_mut` on reborrowed pointers, preventing this unsafety.
+    pub unsafe fn reborrow_mut(&mut self)
+            -> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, NodeType>, HandleType> {
+
+        // We can't use Handle::new_kv or Handle::new_edge because we don't know our type
+        Handle {
+            node: self.node.reborrow_mut(),
+            idx: self.idx,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>
+        Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, marker::Edge> {
+
+    /// Creates a new handle to an edge in `node`. `idx` must be less than or equal to
+    /// `node.len()`.
+    pub fn new_edge(node: NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, idx: usize) -> Self {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but in a private module
+        debug_assert!(idx <= node.len());
+
+        Handle {
+            node: node,
+            idx: idx,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn left_kv(self)
+            -> Result<Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, marker::KV>, Self> {
+
+        if self.idx > 0 {
+            Ok(Handle::new_kv(self.node, self.idx - 1))
+        } else {
+            Err(self)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn right_kv(self)
+            -> Result<Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, NodeType>, marker::KV>, Self> {
+
+        if self.idx < self.node.len() {
+            Ok(Handle::new_kv(self.node, self.idx))
+        } else {
+            Err(self)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Leaf>, marker::Edge> {
+    /// Inserts a new key/value pair between the key/value pairs to the right and left of
+    /// this edge. This method assumes that there is enough space in the node for the new
+    /// pair to fit.
+    ///
+    /// The returned pointer points to the inserted value.
+    fn insert_fit(&mut self, key: K, val: V) -> *mut V {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but in a private module
+        debug_assert!(self.node.len() < CAPACITY);
+
+        unsafe {
+            slice_insert(self.node.keys_mut(), self.idx, key);
+            slice_insert(self.node.vals_mut(), self.idx, val);
+
+            self.node.as_leaf_mut().len += 1;
+
+            self.node.vals_mut().get_unchecked_mut(self.idx)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a new key/value pair between the key/value pairs to the right and left of
+    /// this edge. This method splits the node if there isn't enough room.
+    ///
+    /// The returned pointer points to the inserted value.
+    pub fn insert(mut self, key: K, val: V)
+            -> (InsertResult<'a, K, V, marker::Leaf>, *mut V) {
+
+        if self.node.len() < CAPACITY {
+            let ptr = self.insert_fit(key, val);
+            (InsertResult::Fit(Handle::new_kv(self.node, self.idx)), ptr)
+        } else {
+            let middle = Handle::new_kv(self.node, B);
+            let (mut left, k, v, mut right) = middle.split();
+            let ptr = if self.idx <= B {
+                unsafe {
+                    Handle::new_edge(left.reborrow_mut(), self.idx).insert_fit(key, val)
+                }
+            } else {
+                unsafe {
+                    Handle::new_edge(
+                        right.as_mut().cast_unchecked::<marker::Leaf>(),
+                        self.idx - (B + 1)
+                    ).insert_fit(key, val)
+                }
+            };
+            (InsertResult::Split(left, k, v, right), ptr)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Internal>, marker::Edge> {
+    /// Fixes the parent pointer and index in the child node below this edge. This is useful
+    /// when the ordering of edges has been changed, such as in the various `insert` methods.
+    fn correct_parent_link(mut self) {
+        let idx = self.idx as u16;
+        let ptr = self.node.as_internal_mut() as *mut _;
+        let mut child = self.descend();
+        child.as_leaf_mut().parent = ptr;
+        child.as_leaf_mut().parent_idx = idx;
+    }
+
+    /// Unsafely asserts to the compiler some static information about whether the underlying
+    /// node of this handle is a `Leaf`.
+    unsafe fn cast_unchecked<NewType>(&mut self)
+            -> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, NewType>, marker::Edge> {
+
+        Handle::new_edge(self.node.cast_unchecked(), self.idx)
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a new key/value pair and an edge that will go to the right of that new pair
+    /// between this edge and the key/value pair to the right of this edge. This method assumes
+    /// that there is enough space in the node for the new pair to fit.
+    fn insert_fit(&mut self, key: K, val: V, edge: Root<K, V>) {
+        // Necessary for correctness, but in an internal module
+        debug_assert!(self.node.len() < CAPACITY);
+        debug_assert!(edge.height == self.node.height - 1);
+
+        unsafe {
+            // This cast is a lie, but it allows us to reuse the key/value insertion logic.
+            self.cast_unchecked::<marker::Leaf>().insert_fit(key, val);
+
+            slice_insert(
+                slice::from_raw_parts_mut(
+                    self.node.as_internal_mut().edges.as_mut_ptr(),
+                    self.node.len()
+                ),
+                self.idx + 1,
+                edge.node
+            );
+
+            for i in (self.idx+1)..(self.node.len()+1) {
+                Handle::new_edge(self.node.reborrow_mut(), i).correct_parent_link();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a new key/value pair and an edge that will go to the right of that new pair
+    /// between this edge and the key/value pair to the right of this edge. This method splits
+    /// the node if there isn't enough room.
+    pub fn insert(mut self, key: K, val: V, edge: Root<K, V>)
+            -> InsertResult<'a, K, V, marker::Internal> {
+
+        // Necessary for correctness, but this is an internal module
+        debug_assert!(edge.height == self.node.height - 1);
+
+        if self.node.len() < CAPACITY {
+            self.insert_fit(key, val, edge);
+            InsertResult::Fit(Handle::new_kv(self.node, self.idx))
+        } else {
+            let middle = Handle::new_kv(self.node, B);
+            let (mut left, k, v, mut right) = middle.split();
+            if self.idx <= B {
+                unsafe {
+                    Handle::new_edge(left.reborrow_mut(), self.idx).insert_fit(key, val, edge);
+                }
+            } else {
+                unsafe {
+                    Handle::new_edge(
+                        right.as_mut().cast_unchecked::<marker::Internal>(),
+                        self.idx - (B + 1)
+                    ).insert_fit(key, val, edge);
+                }
+            }
+            InsertResult::Split(left, k, v, right)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V>
+        Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::Internal>, marker::Edge> {
+
+    /// Finds the node pointed to by this edge.
+    ///
+    /// `edge.descend().ascend().unwrap()` and `node.ascend().unwrap().descend()` should
+    /// both, upon success, do nothing.
+    pub fn descend(self) -> NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal> {
+        NodeRef {
+            height: self.node.height - 1,
+            node: unsafe { self.node.as_internal().edges.get_unchecked(self.idx).as_ptr() },
+            root: self.node.root,
+            _marker: PhantomData
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a, NodeType>
+        Handle<NodeRef<marker::Immut<'a>, K, V, NodeType>, marker::KV> {
+
+    pub fn into_kv(self) -> (&'a K, &'a V) {
+        let (keys, vals) = self.node.into_slices();
+        unsafe {
+            (keys.get_unchecked(self.idx), vals.get_unchecked(self.idx))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a, NodeType>
+        Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, NodeType>, marker::KV> {
+
+    pub fn into_kv_mut(self) -> (&'a mut K, &'a mut V) {
+        let (mut keys, mut vals) = self.node.into_slices_mut();
+        unsafe {
+            (keys.get_unchecked_mut(self.idx), vals.get_unchecked_mut(self.idx))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V, NodeType> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, NodeType>, marker::KV> {
+    pub fn kv_mut(&mut self) -> (&mut K, &mut V) {
+        unsafe {
+            let (mut keys, mut vals) = self.node.reborrow_mut().into_slices_mut();
+            (keys.get_unchecked_mut(self.idx), vals.get_unchecked_mut(self.idx))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Leaf>, marker::KV> {
+    /// Splits the underlying node into three parts:
+    ///
+    /// - The node is truncated to only contain the key/value pairs to the right of
+    ///   this handle.
+    /// - The key and value pointed to by this handle and extracted.
+    /// - All the key/value pairs to the right of this handle are put into a newly
+    ///   allocated node.
+    pub fn split(mut self)
+            -> (NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Leaf>, K, V, Root<K, V>) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut new_node = Box::new(LeafNode::new());
+
+            let k = ptr::read(self.node.keys().get_unchecked(self.idx));
+            let v = ptr::read(self.node.vals().get_unchecked(self.idx));
+
+            let new_len = self.node.len() - self.idx - 1;
+
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                self.node.keys().as_ptr().offset(self.idx as isize + 1),
+                new_node.keys.as_mut_ptr(),
+                new_len
+            );
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                self.node.vals().as_ptr().offset(self.idx as isize + 1),
+                new_node.vals.as_mut_ptr(),
+                new_len
+            );
+
+            self.node.as_leaf_mut().len = self.idx as u16;
+            new_node.len = new_len as u16;
+
+            (
+                self.node,
+                k, v,
+                Root {
+                    node: BoxedNode::from_leaf(new_node),
+                    height: 0
+                }
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the key/value pair pointed to by this handle, returning the edge between the
+    /// now adjacent key/value pairs to the left and right of this handle.
+    pub fn remove(mut self)
+            -> (Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Leaf>, marker::Edge>, K, V) {
+        unsafe {
+            let k = slice_remove(self.node.keys_mut(), self.idx);
+            let v = slice_remove(self.node.vals_mut(), self.idx);
+            self.node.as_leaf_mut().len -= 1;
+            (self.left_edge(), k, v)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Internal>, marker::KV> {
+    /// Splits the underlying node into three parts:
+    ///
+    /// - The node is truncated to only contain the edges and key/value pairs to the
+    ///   right of this handle.
+    /// - The key and value pointed to by this handle and extracted.
+    /// - All the edges and key/value pairs to the right of this handle are put into
+    ///   a newly allocated node.
+    pub fn split(mut self)
+            -> (NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Internal>, K, V, Root<K, V>) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut new_node = Box::new(InternalNode::new());
+
+            let k = ptr::read(self.node.keys().get_unchecked(self.idx));
+            let v = ptr::read(self.node.vals().get_unchecked(self.idx));
+
+            let height = self.node.height;
+            let new_len = self.node.len() - self.idx - 1;
+
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                self.node.keys().as_ptr().offset(self.idx as isize + 1),
+                new_node.data.keys.as_mut_ptr(),
+                new_len
+            );
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                self.node.vals().as_ptr().offset(self.idx as isize + 1),
+                new_node.data.vals.as_mut_ptr(),
+                new_len
+            );
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                self.node.as_internal().edges.as_ptr().offset(self.idx as isize + 1),
+                new_node.edges.as_mut_ptr(),
+                new_len + 1
+            );
+
+            self.node.as_leaf_mut().len = self.idx as u16;
+            new_node.data.len = new_len as u16;
+
+            let mut new_root = Root {
+                node: BoxedNode::from_internal(new_node),
+                height: height
+            };
+
+            for i in 0..(new_len+1) {
+                Handle::new_edge(new_root.as_mut().cast_unchecked(), i).correct_parent_link();
+            }
+
+            (
+                self.node,
+                k, v,
+                new_root
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether it is valid to call `.merge()`, i.e., whether there is enough room in
+    /// a node to hold the combination of the nodes to the left and right of this handle along
+    /// with the key/value pair at this handle.
+    pub fn can_merge(&self) -> bool {
+        (
+            self.reborrow()
+                .left_edge()
+                .descend()
+                .len()
+          + self.reborrow()
+                .right_edge()
+                .descend()
+                .len()
+          + 1
+        ) <= CAPACITY
+    }
+
+    /// Combines the node immediately to the left of this handle, the key/value pair pointed
+    /// to by this handle, and the node immediately to the right of this handle into one new
+    /// child of the underlying node, returning an edge referencing that new child.
+    ///
+    /// Assumes that this edge `.can_merge()`.
+    pub fn merge(mut self)
+            -> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::Internal>, marker::Edge> {
+        let self1 = unsafe { ptr::read(&self) };
+        let self2 = unsafe { ptr::read(&self) };
+        let mut left_node = self1.left_edge().descend();
+        let left_len = left_node.len();
+        let mut right_node = self2.right_edge().descend();
+        let right_len = right_node.len();
+
+        // necessary for correctness, but in a private module
+        debug_assert!(left_len + right_len + 1 <= CAPACITY);
+
+        unsafe {
+            ptr::write(left_node.keys_mut().get_unchecked_mut(left_len),
+                       slice_remove(self.node.keys_mut(), self.idx));
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                right_node.keys().as_ptr(),
+                left_node.keys_mut().as_mut_ptr().offset(left_len as isize + 1),
+                right_len
+            );
+            ptr::write(left_node.vals_mut().get_unchecked_mut(left_len),
+                       slice_remove(self.node.vals_mut(), self.idx));
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                right_node.vals().as_ptr(),
+                left_node.vals_mut().as_mut_ptr().offset(left_len as isize + 1),
+                right_len
+            );
+
+            slice_remove(&mut self.node.as_internal_mut().edges, self.idx + 1);
+            for i in self.idx+1..self.node.len() {
+                Handle::new_edge(self.node.reborrow_mut(), i).correct_parent_link();
+            }
+            self.node.as_leaf_mut().len -= 1;
+
+            left_node.as_leaf_mut().len += right_len as u16 + 1;
+
+            if self.node.height > 1 {
+                ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
+                    right_node.cast_unchecked().as_internal().edges.as_ptr(),
+                    left_node.cast_unchecked()
+                             .as_internal_mut()
+                             .edges
+                             .as_mut_ptr()
+                             .offset(left_len as isize + 1),
+                    right_len + 1
+                );
+
+                for i in left_len+1..left_len+right_len+2 {
+                    Handle::new_edge(
+                        left_node.cast_unchecked().reborrow_mut(),
+                        i
+                    ).correct_parent_link();
+                }
+
+                heap::deallocate(
+                    right_node.node.get() as *mut u8,
+                    mem::size_of::<InternalNode<K, V>>(),
+                    mem::align_of::<InternalNode<K, V>>()
+                );
+            } else {
+                heap::deallocate(
+                    right_node.node.get() as *mut u8,
+                    mem::size_of::<LeafNode<K, V>>(),
+                    mem::align_of::<LeafNode<K, V>>()
+                );
+            }
+
+            Handle::new_edge(self.node, self.idx)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This removes a key/value pair from the left child and replaces it with the key/value pair
+    /// pointed to by this handle while pushing the old key/value pair of this handle into the right
+    /// child.
+    pub fn steal_left(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            let (k, v, edge) = self.reborrow_mut().left_edge().descend().pop();
+
+            let k = mem::replace(self.reborrow_mut().into_kv_mut().0, k);
+            let v = mem::replace(self.reborrow_mut().into_kv_mut().1, v);
+
+            match self.reborrow_mut().right_edge().descend().force() {
+                ForceResult::Leaf(mut leaf) => leaf.push_front(k, v),
+                ForceResult::Internal(mut internal) => internal.push_front(k, v, edge.unwrap())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This removes a key/value pair from the right child and replaces it with the key/value pair
+    /// pointed to by this handle while pushing the old key/value pair of this handle into the left
+    /// child.
+    pub fn steal_right(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            let (k, v, edge) = self.reborrow_mut().right_edge().descend().pop_front();
+
+            let k = mem::replace(self.reborrow_mut().into_kv_mut().0, k);
+            let v = mem::replace(self.reborrow_mut().into_kv_mut().1, v);
+
+            match self.reborrow_mut().left_edge().descend().force() {
+                ForceResult::Leaf(mut leaf) => leaf.push(k, v),
+                ForceResult::Internal(mut internal) => internal.push(k, v, edge.unwrap())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This does stealing similar to `steal_left` but steals multiple elements at once.
+    pub fn bulk_steal_left(&mut self, count: usize) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut left_node = ptr::read(self).left_edge().descend();
+            let left_len = left_node.len();
+            let mut right_node = ptr::read(self).right_edge().descend();
+            let right_len = right_node.len();
+
+            // Make sure that we may steal safely.
+            debug_assert!(right_len + count <= CAPACITY);
+            debug_assert!(left_len >= count);
+
+            let new_left_len = left_len - count;
+
+            // Move data.
+            {
+                let left_kv = left_node.reborrow_mut().into_kv_pointers_mut();
+                let right_kv = right_node.reborrow_mut().into_kv_pointers_mut();
+                let parent_kv = {
+                    let kv = self.reborrow_mut().into_kv_mut();
+                    (kv.0 as *mut K, kv.1 as *mut V)
+                };
+
+                // Make room for stolen elements in the right child.
+                ptr::copy(right_kv.0,
+                          right_kv.0.offset(count as isize),
+                          right_len);
+                ptr::copy(right_kv.1,
+                          right_kv.1.offset(count as isize),
+                          right_len);
+
+                // Move elements from the left child to the right one.
+                move_kv(left_kv, new_left_len + 1, right_kv, 0, count - 1);
+
+                // Move parent's key/value pair to the right child.
+                move_kv(parent_kv, 0, right_kv, count - 1, 1);
+
+                // Move the left-most stolen pair to the parent.
+                move_kv(left_kv, new_left_len, parent_kv, 0, 1);
+            }
+
+            left_node.reborrow_mut().as_leaf_mut().len -= count as u16;
+            right_node.reborrow_mut().as_leaf_mut().len += count as u16;
+
+            match (left_node.force(), right_node.force()) {
+                (ForceResult::Internal(left), ForceResult::Internal(mut right)) => {
+                    // Make room for stolen edges.
+                    let right_edges = right.reborrow_mut().as_internal_mut().edges.as_mut_ptr();
+                    ptr::copy(right_edges,
+                              right_edges.offset(count as isize),
+                              right_len + 1);
+                    right.correct_childrens_parent_links(count, count + right_len + 1);
+
+                    move_edges(left, new_left_len + 1, right, 0, count);
+                },
+                (ForceResult::Leaf(_), ForceResult::Leaf(_)) => { }
+                _ => { unreachable!(); }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The symmetric clone of `bulk_steal_left`.
+    pub fn bulk_steal_right(&mut self, count: usize) {
+        unsafe {
+            let mut left_node = ptr::read(self).left_edge().descend();
+            let left_len = left_node.len();
+            let mut right_node = ptr::read(self).right_edge().descend();
+            let right_len = right_node.len();
+
+            // Make sure that we may steal safely.
+            debug_assert!(left_len + count <= CAPACITY);
+            debug_assert!(right_len >= count);
+
+            let new_right_len = right_len - count;
+
+            // Move data.
+            {
+                let left_kv = left_node.reborrow_mut().into_kv_pointers_mut();
+                let right_kv = right_node.reborrow_mut().into_kv_pointers_mut();
+                let parent_kv = {
+                    let kv = self.reborrow_mut().into_kv_mut();
+                    (kv.0 as *mut K, kv.1 as *mut V)
+                };
+
+                // Move parent's key/value pair to the left child.
+                move_kv(parent_kv, 0, left_kv, left_len, 1);
+
+                // Move elements from the right child to the left one.
+                move_kv(right_kv, 0, left_kv, left_len + 1, count - 1);
+
+                // Move the right-most stolen pair to the parent.
+                move_kv(right_kv, count - 1, parent_kv, 0, 1);
+
+                // Fix right indexing
+                ptr::copy(right_kv.0.offset(count as isize),
+                          right_kv.0,
+                          new_right_len);
+                ptr::copy(right_kv.1.offset(count as isize),
+                          right_kv.1,
+                          new_right_len);
+            }
+
+            left_node.reborrow_mut().as_leaf_mut().len += count as u16;
+            right_node.reborrow_mut().as_leaf_mut().len -= count as u16;
+
+            match (left_node.force(), right_node.force()) {
+                (ForceResult::Internal(left), ForceResult::Internal(mut right)) => {
+                    move_edges(right.reborrow_mut(), 0, left, left_len + 1, count);
+
+                    // Fix right indexing.
+                    let right_edges = right.reborrow_mut().as_internal_mut().edges.as_mut_ptr();
+                    ptr::copy(right_edges.offset(count as isize),
+                              right_edges,
+                              new_right_len + 1);
+                    right.correct_childrens_parent_links(0, new_right_len + 1);
+                },
+                (ForceResult::Leaf(_), ForceResult::Leaf(_)) => { }
+                _ => { unreachable!(); }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe fn move_kv<K, V>(
+    source: (*mut K, *mut V), source_offset: usize,
+    dest: (*mut K, *mut V), dest_offset: usize,
+    count: usize)
+{
+    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(source.0.offset(source_offset as isize),
+                             dest.0.offset(dest_offset as isize),
+                             count);
+    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(source.1.offset(source_offset as isize),
+                             dest.1.offset(dest_offset as isize),
+                             count);
+}
+
+// Source and destination must have the same height.
+unsafe fn move_edges<K, V>(
+    mut source: NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, marker::Internal>, source_offset: usize,
+    mut dest: NodeRef<marker::Mut, K, V, marker::Internal>, dest_offset: usize,
+    count: usize)
+{
+    let source_ptr = source.as_internal_mut().edges.as_mut_ptr();
+    let dest_ptr = dest.as_internal_mut().edges.as_mut_ptr();
+    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(source_ptr.offset(source_offset as isize),
+                             dest_ptr.offset(dest_offset as isize),
+                             count);
+    dest.correct_childrens_parent_links(dest_offset, dest_offset + count);
+}
+
+impl<BorrowType, K, V, HandleType>
+        Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal>, HandleType> {
+
+    /// Check whether the underlying node is an `Internal` node or a `Leaf` node.
+    pub fn force(self) -> ForceResult<
+        Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::Leaf>, HandleType>,
+        Handle<NodeRef<BorrowType, K, V, marker::Internal>, HandleType>
+    > {
+        match self.node.force() {
+            ForceResult::Leaf(node) => ForceResult::Leaf(Handle {
+                node: node,
+                idx: self.idx,
+                _marker: PhantomData
+            }),
+            ForceResult::Internal(node) => ForceResult::Internal(Handle {
+                node: node,
+                idx: self.idx,
+                _marker: PhantomData
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, V> Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal>, marker::Edge> {
+    /// Move the suffix after `self` from one node to another one. `right` must be empty.
+    /// The first edge of `right` remains unchanged.
+    pub fn move_suffix(&mut self,
+            right: &mut NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, marker::LeafOrInternal>) {
+        unsafe {
+            let left_new_len = self.idx;
+            let mut left_node = self.reborrow_mut().into_node();
+
+            let right_new_len = left_node.len() - left_new_len;
+            let mut right_node = right.reborrow_mut();
+
+            debug_assert!(right_node.len() == 0);
+            debug_assert!(left_node.height == right_node.height);
+
+            let left_kv = left_node.reborrow_mut().into_kv_pointers_mut();
+            let right_kv = right_node.reborrow_mut().into_kv_pointers_mut();
+
+
+            move_kv(left_kv, left_new_len, right_kv, 0, right_new_len);
+
+            left_node.reborrow_mut().as_leaf_mut().len = left_new_len as u16;
+            right_node.reborrow_mut().as_leaf_mut().len = right_new_len as u16;
+
+            match (left_node.force(), right_node.force()) {
+                (ForceResult::Internal(left), ForceResult::Internal(right)) => {
+                    move_edges(left, left_new_len + 1, right, 1, right_new_len);
+                },
+                (ForceResult::Leaf(_), ForceResult::Leaf(_)) => { }
+                _ => { unreachable!(); }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum ForceResult<Leaf, Internal> {
+    Leaf(Leaf),
+    Internal(Internal)
+}
+
+pub enum InsertResult<'a, K, V, Type> {
+    Fit(Handle<NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, Type>, marker::KV>),
+    Split(NodeRef<marker::Mut<'a>, K, V, Type>, K, V, Root<K, V>)
+}
+
+pub mod marker {
+    use core::marker::PhantomData;
+
+    pub enum Leaf { }
+    pub enum Internal { }
+    pub enum LeafOrInternal { }
+
+    pub enum Owned { }
+    pub struct Immut<'a>(PhantomData<&'a ()>);
+    pub struct Mut<'a>(PhantomData<&'a mut ()>);
+
+    pub enum KV { }
+    pub enum Edge { }
+}
+
+unsafe fn slice_insert<T>(slice: &mut [T], idx: usize, val: T) {
+    ptr::copy(
+        slice.as_ptr().offset(idx as isize),
+        slice.as_mut_ptr().offset(idx as isize + 1),
+        slice.len() - idx
+    );
+    ptr::write(slice.get_unchecked_mut(idx), val);
+}
+
+unsafe fn slice_remove<T>(slice: &mut [T], idx: usize) -> T {
+    let ret = ptr::read(slice.get_unchecked(idx));
+    ptr::copy(
+        slice.as_ptr().offset(idx as isize + 1),
+        slice.as_mut_ptr().offset(idx as isize),
+        slice.len() - idx - 1
+    );
+    ret
+}