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-rw-r--r--Cargo.lock40
-rw-r--r--Cargo.toml9
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/abi/mod.rs14
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/base.rs7
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/lib.rs1
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/Cargo.toml1
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/messages.ftl3
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/common.rs5
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs7
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/mir/block.rs49
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/size_of_val.rs3
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/dummy_machine.rs193
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/eval_queries.rs20
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/mod.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/discriminant.rs156
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/lib.rs1
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/structured_errors/wrong_number_of_generic_args.rs31
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/messages.ftl2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/errors.rs9
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/suggestions.rs20
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/erase.rs1
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/keys.rs9
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs7
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/instance.rs6
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs7
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/dataflow_const_prop.rs200
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/gvn.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/jump_threading.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/known_panics_lint.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/collector.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/lib.rs22
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_transmute/src/layout/tree.rs44
-rw-r--r--src/tools/clippy/tests/ui/builtin_type_shadow.stderr1
-rw-r--r--src/tools/run-make-support/Cargo.toml1
-rw-r--r--src/tools/run-make-support/src/lib.rs1
-rw-r--r--tests/run-make/compiler-builtins/rmake.rs142
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs16
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.stderr36
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait-bad.stderr4
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait.stderr2
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.rs21
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.stderr36
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/suggestions/clone-on-unconstrained-borrowed-type-param.stderr1
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/trait-bounds/restrict-assoc-type-of-generic-bound.stderr1
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/transmute/transmute-zst-generics.rs34
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/type/type-parameter-names.stderr1
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/type/type-params-in-different-spaces-3.stderr1
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/typeck/issue-13853.stderr1
48 files changed, 844 insertions, 332 deletions
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 6505aa52c4e..b8fe1ebaf80 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9792d37ca5173d7e7f4fe453739a0671d0557915a030a383d6b866476bbc3e71"
 dependencies = [
- "object",
+ "object 0.32.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object",
+ "object 0.32.2",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -2636,11 +2636,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "rustc-std-workspace-alloc",
  "rustc-std-workspace-core",
- "ruzstd",
+ "ruzstd 0.5.0",
  "wasmparser",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "object"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d7090bae93f8585aad99e595b7073c5de9ba89fbd6b4e9f0cdd7a10177273ac8"
+dependencies = [
+ "flate2",
+ "memchr",
+ "ruzstd 0.6.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "odht"
 version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
@@ -3323,6 +3334,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "run_make_support"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "object 0.34.0",
  "wasmparser",
 ]
 
@@ -3634,7 +3646,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.12.1",
  "libc",
  "measureme",
- "object",
+ "object 0.32.2",
  "rustc-demangle",
  "rustc_ast",
  "rustc_attr",
@@ -3670,7 +3682,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.12.1",
  "jobserver",
  "libc",
- "object",
+ "object 0.32.2",
  "pathdiff",
  "regex",
  "rustc_arena",
@@ -3686,6 +3698,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc_macros",
  "rustc_metadata",
  "rustc_middle",
+ "rustc_monomorphize",
  "rustc_query_system",
  "rustc_serialize",
  "rustc_session",
@@ -4630,7 +4643,7 @@ name = "rustc_target"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.4.2",
- "object",
+ "object 0.32.2",
  "rustc_abi",
  "rustc_data_structures",
  "rustc_feature",
@@ -4898,6 +4911,17 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "ruzstd"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5174a470eeb535a721ae9fdd6e291c2411a906b96592182d05217591d5c5cf7b"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "derive_more",
+ "twox-hash",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "ryu"
 version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
@@ -5200,7 +5224,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hermit-abi",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object",
+ "object 0.32.2",
  "panic_abort",
  "panic_unwind",
  "profiler_builtins",
@@ -5517,7 +5541,7 @@ checksum = "4db52ee8fec06e119b692ef3dd2c4cf621a99204c1b8c47407870ed050305b9b"
 dependencies = [
  "gimli",
  "hashbrown",
- "object",
+ "object 0.32.2",
  "tracing",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 5dd315ef2f7..e12c968e205 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -66,15 +66,6 @@ exclude = [
 ]
 
 [profile.release.package.compiler_builtins]
-# The compiler-builtins crate cannot reference libcore, and its own CI will
-# verify that this is the case. This requires, however, that the crate is built
-# without overflow checks and debug assertions. Forcefully disable debug
-# assertions and overflow checks here which should ensure that even if these
-# assertions are enabled for libstd we won't enable them for compiler_builtins
-# which should ensure we still link everything correctly.
-debug-assertions = false
-overflow-checks = false
-
 # For compiler-builtins we always use a high number of codegen units.
 # The goal here is to place every single intrinsic into its own object
 # file to avoid symbol clashes with the system libgcc if possible. Note
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/abi/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/abi/mod.rs
index 6e846d721f2..b33587f8948 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/abi/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/abi/mod.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 use cranelift_codegen::ir::SigRef;
 use cranelift_module::ModuleError;
+use rustc_codegen_ssa::errors::CompilerBuiltinsCannotCall;
 use rustc_middle::middle::codegen_fn_attrs::CodegenFnAttrFlags;
 use rustc_middle::ty::layout::FnAbiOf;
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
+use rustc_monomorphize::is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization;
 use rustc_session::Session;
 use rustc_span::source_map::Spanned;
 use rustc_target::abi::call::{Conv, FnAbi};
@@ -372,6 +375,17 @@ pub(crate) fn codegen_terminator_call<'tcx>(
             ty::Instance::expect_resolve(fx.tcx, ty::ParamEnv::reveal_all(), def_id, fn_args)
                 .polymorphize(fx.tcx);
 
+        if is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization(fx.tcx, instance) {
+            if target.is_some() {
+                let caller = with_no_trimmed_paths!(fx.tcx.def_path_str(fx.instance.def_id()));
+                let callee = with_no_trimmed_paths!(fx.tcx.def_path_str(def_id));
+                fx.tcx.dcx().emit_err(CompilerBuiltinsCannotCall { caller, callee });
+            } else {
+                fx.bcx.ins().trap(TrapCode::User(0));
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
         if fx.tcx.symbol_name(instance).name.starts_with("llvm.") {
             crate::intrinsics::codegen_llvm_intrinsic_call(
                 fx,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/base.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/base.rs
index 2415c2c90b2..047dc56a32e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/base.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/base.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use rustc_index::IndexVec;
 use rustc_middle::ty::adjustment::PointerCoercion;
 use rustc_middle::ty::layout::FnAbiOf;
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
+use rustc_monomorphize::is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization;
 
 use crate::constant::ConstantCx;
 use crate::debuginfo::FunctionDebugContext;
@@ -999,6 +1000,12 @@ fn codegen_panic_inner<'tcx>(
     let def_id = fx.tcx.require_lang_item(lang_item, span);
 
     let instance = Instance::mono(fx.tcx, def_id).polymorphize(fx.tcx);
+
+    if is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization(fx.tcx, instance) {
+        fx.bcx.ins().trap(TrapCode::User(0));
+        return;
+    }
+
     let symbol_name = fx.tcx.symbol_name(instance).name;
 
     fx.lib_call(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/lib.rs
index 7e2e1f7c6ac..a59a39074f8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/lib.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ extern crate rustc_hir;
 extern crate rustc_incremental;
 extern crate rustc_index;
 extern crate rustc_metadata;
+extern crate rustc_monomorphize;
 extern crate rustc_session;
 extern crate rustc_span;
 extern crate rustc_target;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/Cargo.toml
index 7851b9e8e03..baf10622a6d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ rustc_index = { path = "../rustc_index" }
 rustc_macros = { path = "../rustc_macros" }
 rustc_metadata = { path = "../rustc_metadata" }
 rustc_middle = { path = "../rustc_middle" }
+rustc_monomorphize = { path = "../rustc_monomorphize" }
 rustc_query_system = { path = "../rustc_query_system" }
 rustc_serialize = { path = "../rustc_serialize" }
 rustc_session = { path = "../rustc_session" }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/messages.ftl b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/messages.ftl
index 5ba66d1be43..d159fe58d3e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/messages.ftl
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/messages.ftl
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ codegen_ssa_cgu_not_recorded =
 
 codegen_ssa_check_installed_visual_studio = please ensure that Visual Studio 2017 or later, or Build Tools for Visual Studio were installed with the Visual C++ option.
 
+codegen_ssa_compiler_builtins_cannot_call =
+    `compiler_builtins` cannot call functions through upstream monomorphizations; encountered invalid call from `{$caller}` to `{$callee}`
+
 codegen_ssa_copy_path = could not copy {$from} to {$to}: {$error}
 
 codegen_ssa_copy_path_buf = unable to copy {$source_file} to {$output_path}: {$error}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/common.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/common.rs
index 44a2434238d..71fca403def 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/common.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/common.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 use rustc_hir::LangItem;
 use rustc_middle::mir;
+use rustc_middle::ty::Instance;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, layout::TyAndLayout, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_span::Span;
 
@@ -120,11 +121,11 @@ pub fn build_langcall<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>>(
     bx: &Bx,
     span: Option<Span>,
     li: LangItem,
-) -> (Bx::FnAbiOfResult, Bx::Value) {
+) -> (Bx::FnAbiOfResult, Bx::Value, Instance<'tcx>) {
     let tcx = bx.tcx();
     let def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(li, span);
     let instance = ty::Instance::mono(tcx, def_id);
-    (bx.fn_abi_of_instance(instance, ty::List::empty()), bx.get_fn_addr(instance))
+    (bx.fn_abi_of_instance(instance, ty::List::empty()), bx.get_fn_addr(instance), instance)
 }
 
 // To avoid UB from LLVM, these two functions mask RHS with an
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs
index 3572ee301c8..b843d1bdf23 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/errors.rs
@@ -1030,3 +1030,10 @@ pub struct FailedToGetLayout<'tcx> {
 pub struct ErrorCreatingRemarkDir {
     pub error: std::io::Error,
 }
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(codegen_ssa_compiler_builtins_cannot_call)]
+pub struct CompilerBuiltinsCannotCall {
+    pub caller: String,
+    pub callee: String,
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/mir/block.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/mir/block.rs
index 02e7bb05b77..dcc27a4f0e5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/mir/block.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/mir/block.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use super::{CachedLlbb, FunctionCx, LocalRef};
 
 use crate::base;
 use crate::common::{self, IntPredicate};
+use crate::errors::CompilerBuiltinsCannotCall;
 use crate::meth;
 use crate::traits::*;
 use crate::MemFlags;
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ use rustc_middle::mir::{self, AssertKind, BasicBlock, SwitchTargets, UnwindTermi
 use rustc_middle::ty::layout::{HasTyCtxt, LayoutOf, ValidityRequirement};
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::{with_no_trimmed_paths, with_no_visible_paths};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Instance, Ty};
+use rustc_monomorphize::is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization;
 use rustc_session::config::OptLevel;
 use rustc_span::{source_map::Spanned, sym, Span};
 use rustc_target::abi::call::{ArgAbi, FnAbi, PassMode, Reg};
@@ -157,8 +159,28 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TerminatorCodegenHelper<'tcx> {
         destination: Option<(ReturnDest<'tcx, Bx::Value>, mir::BasicBlock)>,
         mut unwind: mir::UnwindAction,
         copied_constant_arguments: &[PlaceRef<'tcx, <Bx as BackendTypes>::Value>],
+        instance: Option<Instance<'tcx>>,
         mergeable_succ: bool,
     ) -> MergingSucc {
+        let tcx = bx.tcx();
+        if let Some(instance) = instance {
+            if is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization(tcx, instance) {
+                if destination.is_some() {
+                    let caller = with_no_trimmed_paths!(tcx.def_path_str(fx.instance.def_id()));
+                    let callee = with_no_trimmed_paths!(tcx.def_path_str(instance.def_id()));
+                    tcx.dcx().emit_err(CompilerBuiltinsCannotCall { caller, callee });
+                } else {
+                    info!(
+                        "compiler_builtins call to diverging function {:?} replaced with abort",
+                        instance.def_id()
+                    );
+                    bx.abort();
+                    bx.unreachable();
+                    return MergingSucc::False;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         // If there is a cleanup block and the function we're calling can unwind, then
         // do an invoke, otherwise do a call.
         let fn_ty = bx.fn_decl_backend_type(fn_abi);
@@ -480,6 +502,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
         let ty = location.ty(self.mir, bx.tcx()).ty;
         let ty = self.monomorphize(ty);
         let drop_fn = Instance::resolve_drop_in_place(bx.tcx(), ty);
+        let instance = drop_fn.clone();
 
         if let ty::InstanceDef::DropGlue(_, None) = drop_fn.def {
             // we don't actually need to drop anything.
@@ -582,6 +605,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
             Some((ReturnDest::Nothing, target)),
             unwind,
             &[],
+            Some(instance),
             mergeable_succ,
         )
     }
@@ -658,10 +682,11 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
             }
         };
 
-        let (fn_abi, llfn) = common::build_langcall(bx, Some(span), lang_item);
+        let (fn_abi, llfn, instance) = common::build_langcall(bx, Some(span), lang_item);
 
         // Codegen the actual panic invoke/call.
-        let merging_succ = helper.do_call(self, bx, fn_abi, llfn, &args, None, unwind, &[], false);
+        let merging_succ =
+            helper.do_call(self, bx, fn_abi, llfn, &args, None, unwind, &[], Some(instance), false);
         assert_eq!(merging_succ, MergingSucc::False);
         MergingSucc::False
     }
@@ -677,7 +702,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
         self.set_debug_loc(bx, terminator.source_info);
 
         // Obtain the panic entry point.
-        let (fn_abi, llfn) = common::build_langcall(bx, Some(span), reason.lang_item());
+        let (fn_abi, llfn, instance) = common::build_langcall(bx, Some(span), reason.lang_item());
 
         // Codegen the actual panic invoke/call.
         let merging_succ = helper.do_call(
@@ -689,6 +714,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
             None,
             mir::UnwindAction::Unreachable,
             &[],
+            Some(instance),
             false,
         );
         assert_eq!(merging_succ, MergingSucc::False);
@@ -738,7 +764,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
                 let msg = bx.const_str(&msg_str);
 
                 // Obtain the panic entry point.
-                let (fn_abi, llfn) =
+                let (fn_abi, llfn, instance) =
                     common::build_langcall(bx, Some(source_info.span), LangItem::PanicNounwind);
 
                 // Codegen the actual panic invoke/call.
@@ -751,6 +777,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
                     target.as_ref().map(|bb| (ReturnDest::Nothing, *bb)),
                     unwind,
                     &[],
+                    Some(instance),
                     mergeable_succ,
                 )
             } else {
@@ -798,6 +825,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
             ty::FnPtr(_) => (None, Some(callee.immediate())),
             _ => bug!("{} is not callable", callee.layout.ty),
         };
+
         let def = instance.map(|i| i.def);
 
         if let Some(ty::InstanceDef::DropGlue(_, None)) = def {
@@ -1106,6 +1134,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
             destination,
             unwind,
             &copied_constant_arguments,
+            instance,
             mergeable_succ,
         )
     }
@@ -1664,11 +1693,15 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>> FunctionCx<'a, 'tcx, Bx> {
 
         self.set_debug_loc(&mut bx, mir::SourceInfo::outermost(self.mir.span));
 
-        let (fn_abi, fn_ptr) = common::build_langcall(&bx, None, reason.lang_item());
-        let fn_ty = bx.fn_decl_backend_type(fn_abi);
+        let (fn_abi, fn_ptr, instance) = common::build_langcall(&bx, None, reason.lang_item());
+        if is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization(bx.tcx(), instance) {
+            bx.abort();
+        } else {
+            let fn_ty = bx.fn_decl_backend_type(fn_abi);
 
-        let llret = bx.call(fn_ty, None, Some(fn_abi), fn_ptr, &[], funclet.as_ref());
-        bx.apply_attrs_to_cleanup_callsite(llret);
+            let llret = bx.call(fn_ty, None, Some(fn_abi), fn_ptr, &[], funclet.as_ref());
+            bx.apply_attrs_to_cleanup_callsite(llret);
+        }
 
         bx.unreachable();
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/size_of_val.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/size_of_val.rs
index 087836ca37d..e2e95cede60 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/size_of_val.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/size_of_val.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@ pub fn size_and_align_of_dst<'a, 'tcx, Bx: BuilderMethods<'a, 'tcx>>(
             let msg = bx.const_str(&msg_str);
 
             // Obtain the panic entry point.
-            let (fn_abi, llfn) = common::build_langcall(bx, None, LangItem::PanicNounwind);
+            let (fn_abi, llfn, _instance) =
+                common::build_langcall(bx, None, LangItem::PanicNounwind);
 
             // Generate the call.
             // Cannot use `do_call` since we don't have a MIR terminator so we can't create a `TerminationCodegenHelper`.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/dummy_machine.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/dummy_machine.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ba2e2a1e353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/dummy_machine.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use crate::interpret::{self, HasStaticRootDefId, ImmTy, Immediate, InterpCx, PointerArithmetic};
+use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::{AllocId, ConstAllocation, InterpResult};
+use rustc_middle::mir::*;
+use rustc_middle::query::TyCtxtAt;
+use rustc_middle::ty;
+use rustc_middle::ty::layout::TyAndLayout;
+use rustc_span::def_id::DefId;
+
+/// Macro for machine-specific `InterpError` without allocation.
+/// (These will never be shown to the user, but they help diagnose ICEs.)
+pub macro throw_machine_stop_str($($tt:tt)*) {{
+    // We make a new local type for it. The type itself does not carry any information,
+    // but its vtable (for the `MachineStopType` trait) does.
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct Zst;
+    // Printing this type shows the desired string.
+    impl std::fmt::Display for Zst {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            write!(f, $($tt)*)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl rustc_middle::mir::interpret::MachineStopType for Zst {
+        fn diagnostic_message(&self) -> rustc_errors::DiagMessage {
+            self.to_string().into()
+        }
+
+        fn add_args(
+            self: Box<Self>,
+            _: &mut dyn FnMut(rustc_errors::DiagArgName, rustc_errors::DiagArgValue),
+        ) {}
+    }
+    throw_machine_stop!(Zst)
+}}
+
+pub struct DummyMachine;
+
+impl HasStaticRootDefId for DummyMachine {
+    fn static_def_id(&self) -> Option<rustc_hir::def_id::LocalDefId> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir> interpret::Machine<'mir, 'tcx> for DummyMachine {
+    interpret::compile_time_machine!(<'mir, 'tcx>);
+    type MemoryKind = !;
+    const PANIC_ON_ALLOC_FAIL: bool = true;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn enforce_alignment(_ecx: &InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>) -> bool {
+        false // no reason to enforce alignment
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_validity(_ecx: &InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>, _layout: TyAndLayout<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn before_access_global(
+        _tcx: TyCtxtAt<'tcx>,
+        _machine: &Self,
+        _alloc_id: AllocId,
+        alloc: ConstAllocation<'tcx>,
+        _static_def_id: Option<DefId>,
+        is_write: bool,
+    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
+        if is_write {
+            throw_machine_stop_str!("can't write to global");
+        }
+
+        // If the static allocation is mutable, then we can't const prop it as its content
+        // might be different at runtime.
+        if alloc.inner().mutability.is_mut() {
+            throw_machine_stop_str!("can't access mutable globals in ConstProp");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn find_mir_or_eval_fn(
+        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+        _instance: ty::Instance<'tcx>,
+        _abi: rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi,
+        _args: &[interpret::FnArg<'tcx, Self::Provenance>],
+        _destination: &interpret::MPlaceTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
+        _target: Option<BasicBlock>,
+        _unwind: UnwindAction,
+    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx, Option<(&'mir Body<'tcx>, ty::Instance<'tcx>)>> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn panic_nounwind(
+        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+        _msg: &str,
+    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn call_intrinsic(
+        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+        _instance: ty::Instance<'tcx>,
+        _args: &[interpret::OpTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>],
+        _destination: &interpret::MPlaceTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
+        _target: Option<BasicBlock>,
+        _unwind: UnwindAction,
+    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn assert_panic(
+        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+        _msg: &rustc_middle::mir::AssertMessage<'tcx>,
+        _unwind: UnwindAction,
+    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn binary_ptr_op(
+        ecx: &InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+        bin_op: BinOp,
+        left: &interpret::ImmTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
+        right: &interpret::ImmTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
+    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx, (ImmTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>, bool)> {
+        use rustc_middle::mir::BinOp::*;
+        Ok(match bin_op {
+            Eq | Ne | Lt | Le | Gt | Ge => {
+                // Types can differ, e.g. fn ptrs with different `for`.
+                assert_eq!(left.layout.abi, right.layout.abi);
+                let size = ecx.pointer_size();
+                // Just compare the bits. ScalarPairs are compared lexicographically.
+                // We thus always compare pairs and simply fill scalars up with 0.
+                // If the pointer has provenance, `to_bits` will return `Err` and we bail out.
+                let left = match **left {
+                    Immediate::Scalar(l) => (l.to_bits(size)?, 0),
+                    Immediate::ScalarPair(l1, l2) => (l1.to_bits(size)?, l2.to_bits(size)?),
+                    Immediate::Uninit => panic!("we should never see uninit data here"),
+                };
+                let right = match **right {
+                    Immediate::Scalar(r) => (r.to_bits(size)?, 0),
+                    Immediate::ScalarPair(r1, r2) => (r1.to_bits(size)?, r2.to_bits(size)?),
+                    Immediate::Uninit => panic!("we should never see uninit data here"),
+                };
+                let res = match bin_op {
+                    Eq => left == right,
+                    Ne => left != right,
+                    Lt => left < right,
+                    Le => left <= right,
+                    Gt => left > right,
+                    Ge => left >= right,
+                    _ => bug!(),
+                };
+                (ImmTy::from_bool(res, *ecx.tcx), false)
+            }
+
+            // Some more operations are possible with atomics.
+            // The return value always has the provenance of the *left* operand.
+            Add | Sub | BitOr | BitAnd | BitXor => {
+                throw_machine_stop_str!("pointer arithmetic is not handled")
+            }
+
+            _ => span_bug!(ecx.cur_span(), "Invalid operator on pointers: {:?}", bin_op),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn expose_ptr(
+        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+        _ptr: interpret::Pointer<Self::Provenance>,
+    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn init_frame_extra(
+        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+        _frame: interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
+    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<
+        'tcx,
+        interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance, Self::FrameExtra>,
+    > {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    fn stack<'a>(
+        _ecx: &'a InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+    ) -> &'a [interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance, Self::FrameExtra>] {
+        // Return an empty stack instead of panicking, as `cur_span` uses it to evaluate constants.
+        &[]
+    }
+
+    fn stack_mut<'a>(
+        _ecx: &'a mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Vec<interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance, Self::FrameExtra>> {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/eval_queries.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/eval_queries.rs
index 5a1c7cc4209..16bd0296247 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/eval_queries.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/eval_queries.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use either::{Left, Right};
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::{AllocId, ErrorHandled, InterpErrorInfo};
 use rustc_middle::mir::{self, ConstAlloc, ConstValue};
-use rustc_middle::query::TyCtxtAt;
+use rustc_middle::query::{Key, TyCtxtAt};
 use rustc_middle::traits::Reveal;
 use rustc_middle::ty::layout::LayoutOf;
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
@@ -243,6 +243,24 @@ pub(crate) fn turn_into_const_value<'tcx>(
     op_to_const(&ecx, &mplace.into(), /* for diagnostics */ false)
 }
 
+/// Computes the tag (if any) for a given type and variant.
+#[instrument(skip(tcx), level = "debug")]
+pub fn tag_for_variant_provider<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    (ty, variant_index): (Ty<'tcx>, abi::VariantIdx),
+) -> Option<ty::ScalarInt> {
+    assert!(ty.is_enum());
+
+    let ecx = InterpCx::new(
+        tcx,
+        ty.default_span(tcx),
+        ty::ParamEnv::reveal_all(),
+        crate::const_eval::DummyMachine,
+    );
+
+    ecx.tag_for_variant(ty, variant_index).unwrap().map(|(tag, _tag_field)| tag)
+}
+
 #[instrument(skip(tcx), level = "debug")]
 pub fn eval_to_const_value_raw_provider<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/mod.rs
index d0d6adbfad0..b768c429070 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/const_eval/mod.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty};
 
 use crate::interpret::format_interp_error;
 
+mod dummy_machine;
 mod error;
 mod eval_queries;
 mod fn_queries;
 mod machine;
 mod valtrees;
 
+pub use dummy_machine::*;
 pub use error::*;
 pub use eval_queries::*;
 pub use fn_queries::*;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/discriminant.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/discriminant.rs
index 6d4f6d0cb3c..40469c6632c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/discriminant.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/discriminant.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use rustc_middle::mir;
 use rustc_middle::ty::layout::{LayoutOf, PrimitiveExt};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ScalarInt, Ty};
 use rustc_target::abi::{self, TagEncoding};
 use rustc_target::abi::{VariantIdx, Variants};
 
@@ -28,78 +28,27 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir, M: Machine<'mir, 'tcx>> InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, M> {
             throw_ub!(UninhabitedEnumVariantWritten(variant_index))
         }
 
-        match dest.layout().variants {
-            abi::Variants::Single { index } => {
-                assert_eq!(index, variant_index);
-            }
-            abi::Variants::Multiple {
-                tag_encoding: TagEncoding::Direct,
-                tag: tag_layout,
-                tag_field,
-                ..
-            } => {
+        match self.tag_for_variant(dest.layout().ty, variant_index)? {
+            Some((tag, tag_field)) => {
                 // No need to validate that the discriminant here because the
-                // `TyAndLayout::for_variant()` call earlier already checks the variant is valid.
-
-                let discr_val = dest
-                    .layout()
-                    .ty
-                    .discriminant_for_variant(*self.tcx, variant_index)
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .val;
-
-                // raw discriminants for enums are isize or bigger during
-                // their computation, but the in-memory tag is the smallest possible
-                // representation
-                let size = tag_layout.size(self);
-                let tag_val = size.truncate(discr_val);
-
+                // `TyAndLayout::for_variant()` call earlier already checks the
+                // variant is valid.
                 let tag_dest = self.project_field(dest, tag_field)?;
-                self.write_scalar(Scalar::from_uint(tag_val, size), &tag_dest)?;
+                self.write_scalar(tag, &tag_dest)
             }
-            abi::Variants::Multiple {
-                tag_encoding:
-                    TagEncoding::Niche { untagged_variant, ref niche_variants, niche_start },
-                tag: tag_layout,
-                tag_field,
-                ..
-            } => {
-                // No need to validate that the discriminant here because the
-                // `TyAndLayout::for_variant()` call earlier already checks the variant is valid.
-
-                if variant_index != untagged_variant {
-                    let variants_start = niche_variants.start().as_u32();
-                    let variant_index_relative = variant_index
-                        .as_u32()
-                        .checked_sub(variants_start)
-                        .expect("overflow computing relative variant idx");
-                    // We need to use machine arithmetic when taking into account `niche_start`:
-                    // tag_val = variant_index_relative + niche_start_val
-                    let tag_layout = self.layout_of(tag_layout.primitive().to_int_ty(*self.tcx))?;
-                    let niche_start_val = ImmTy::from_uint(niche_start, tag_layout);
-                    let variant_index_relative_val =
-                        ImmTy::from_uint(variant_index_relative, tag_layout);
-                    let tag_val = self.wrapping_binary_op(
-                        mir::BinOp::Add,
-                        &variant_index_relative_val,
-                        &niche_start_val,
-                    )?;
-                    // Write result.
-                    let niche_dest = self.project_field(dest, tag_field)?;
-                    self.write_immediate(*tag_val, &niche_dest)?;
-                } else {
-                    // The untagged variant is implicitly encoded simply by having a value that is
-                    // outside the niche variants. But what if the data stored here does not
-                    // actually encode this variant? That would be bad! So let's double-check...
-                    let actual_variant = self.read_discriminant(&dest.to_op(self)?)?;
-                    if actual_variant != variant_index {
-                        throw_ub!(InvalidNichedEnumVariantWritten { enum_ty: dest.layout().ty });
-                    }
+            None => {
+                // No need to write the tag here, because an untagged variant is
+                // implicitly encoded. For `Niche`-optimized enums, it's by
+                // simply by having a value that is outside the niche variants.
+                // But what if the data stored here does not actually encode
+                // this variant? That would be bad! So let's double-check...
+                let actual_variant = self.read_discriminant(&dest.to_op(self)?)?;
+                if actual_variant != variant_index {
+                    throw_ub!(InvalidNichedEnumVariantWritten { enum_ty: dest.layout().ty });
                 }
+                Ok(())
             }
         }
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Read discriminant, return the runtime value as well as the variant index.
@@ -277,4 +226,77 @@ impl<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir, M: Machine<'mir, 'tcx>> InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, M> {
         };
         Ok(ImmTy::from_scalar(discr_value, discr_layout))
     }
+
+    /// Computes the tag value and its field number (if any) of a given variant
+    /// of type `ty`.
+    pub(crate) fn tag_for_variant(
+        &self,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        variant_index: VariantIdx,
+    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Option<(ScalarInt, usize)>> {
+        match self.layout_of(ty)?.variants {
+            abi::Variants::Single { index } => {
+                assert_eq!(index, variant_index);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+
+            abi::Variants::Multiple {
+                tag_encoding: TagEncoding::Direct,
+                tag: tag_layout,
+                tag_field,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                // raw discriminants for enums are isize or bigger during
+                // their computation, but the in-memory tag is the smallest possible
+                // representation
+                let discr = self.discriminant_for_variant(ty, variant_index)?;
+                let discr_size = discr.layout.size;
+                let discr_val = discr.to_scalar().to_bits(discr_size)?;
+                let tag_size = tag_layout.size(self);
+                let tag_val = tag_size.truncate(discr_val);
+                let tag = ScalarInt::try_from_uint(tag_val, tag_size).unwrap();
+                Ok(Some((tag, tag_field)))
+            }
+
+            abi::Variants::Multiple {
+                tag_encoding: TagEncoding::Niche { untagged_variant, .. },
+                ..
+            } if untagged_variant == variant_index => {
+                // The untagged variant is implicitly encoded simply by having a
+                // value that is outside the niche variants.
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+
+            abi::Variants::Multiple {
+                tag_encoding:
+                    TagEncoding::Niche { untagged_variant, ref niche_variants, niche_start },
+                tag: tag_layout,
+                tag_field,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                assert!(variant_index != untagged_variant);
+                let variants_start = niche_variants.start().as_u32();
+                let variant_index_relative = variant_index
+                    .as_u32()
+                    .checked_sub(variants_start)
+                    .expect("overflow computing relative variant idx");
+                // We need to use machine arithmetic when taking into account `niche_start`:
+                // tag_val = variant_index_relative + niche_start_val
+                let tag_layout = self.layout_of(tag_layout.primitive().to_int_ty(*self.tcx))?;
+                let niche_start_val = ImmTy::from_uint(niche_start, tag_layout);
+                let variant_index_relative_val =
+                    ImmTy::from_uint(variant_index_relative, tag_layout);
+                let tag = self
+                    .wrapping_binary_op(
+                        mir::BinOp::Add,
+                        &variant_index_relative_val,
+                        &niche_start_val,
+                    )?
+                    .to_scalar()
+                    .try_to_int()
+                    .unwrap();
+                Ok(Some((tag, tag_field)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/lib.rs
index 1e7ee208af1..633caf8d092 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ rustc_fluent_macro::fluent_messages! { "../messages.ftl" }
 
 pub fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
     const_eval::provide(providers);
+    providers.tag_for_variant = const_eval::tag_for_variant_provider;
     providers.eval_to_const_value_raw = const_eval::eval_to_const_value_raw_provider;
     providers.eval_to_allocation_raw = const_eval::eval_to_allocation_raw_provider;
     providers.eval_static_initializer = const_eval::eval_static_initializer_provider;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/structured_errors/wrong_number_of_generic_args.rs b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/structured_errors/wrong_number_of_generic_args.rs
index 0f5ba26337a..dcab571eedf 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/structured_errors/wrong_number_of_generic_args.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/structured_errors/wrong_number_of_generic_args.rs
@@ -435,6 +435,22 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> WrongNumberOfGenericArgs<'a, 'tcx> {
         &self,
         num_params_to_take: usize,
     ) -> String {
+        let is_in_a_method_call = self
+            .tcx
+            .hir()
+            .parent_iter(self.path_segment.hir_id)
+            .skip(1)
+            .find_map(|(_, node)| match node {
+                hir::Node::Expr(expr) => Some(expr),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .is_some_and(|expr| {
+                matches!(
+                    expr.kind,
+                    hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(hir::PathSegment { args: Some(_), .. }, ..)
+                )
+            });
+
         let fn_sig = self.tcx.hir().get_if_local(self.def_id).and_then(hir::Node::fn_sig);
         let is_used_in_input = |def_id| {
             fn_sig.is_some_and(|fn_sig| {
@@ -453,14 +469,17 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> WrongNumberOfGenericArgs<'a, 'tcx> {
             .skip(self.params_offset + self.num_provided_type_or_const_args())
             .take(num_params_to_take)
             .map(|param| match param.kind {
-                // This is being inferred from the item's inputs, no need to set it.
-                ty::GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } if is_used_in_input(param.def_id) => {
-                    "_".to_string()
+                // If it's in method call (turbofish), it might be inferred from the expression (e.g. `.collect::<Vec<_>>()`)
+                // If it is being inferred from the item's inputs, no need to set it.
+                ty::GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. }
+                    if is_in_a_method_call || is_used_in_input(param.def_id) =>
+                {
+                    "_"
                 }
-                _ => param.name.to_string(),
+                _ => param.name.as_str(),
             })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-            .join(", ")
+            .intersperse(", ")
+            .collect()
     }
 
     fn get_unbound_associated_types(&self) -> Vec<String> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/messages.ftl b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/messages.ftl
index 220da19a29d..0ca958302f7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/messages.ftl
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/messages.ftl
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ hir_typeck_no_associated_item = no {$item_kind} named `{$item_name}` found for {
     *[other] {" "}in the current scope
 }
 
+hir_typeck_note_caller_chooses_ty_for_ty_param = the caller chooses a type for `{$ty_param_name}` which can be different from `{$found_ty}`
+
 hir_typeck_note_edition_guide = for more on editions, read https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide
 
 hir_typeck_option_result_asref = use `{$def_path}::as_ref` to convert `{$expected_ty}` to `{$expr_ty}`
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/errors.rs
index df21b84f92e..eee4ac5ad23 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/errors.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::Ty;
 use rustc_span::{
     edition::{Edition, LATEST_STABLE_EDITION},
     symbol::Ident,
-    Span,
+    Span, Symbol,
 };
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
@@ -614,3 +614,10 @@ pub struct SuggestConvertViaMethod<'tcx> {
     pub expected: Ty<'tcx>,
     pub found: Ty<'tcx>,
 }
+
+#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
+#[note(hir_typeck_note_caller_chooses_ty_for_ty_param)]
+pub struct NoteCallerChoosesTyForTyParam<'tcx> {
+    pub ty_param_name: Symbol,
+    pub found_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/suggestions.rs b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/suggestions.rs
index 21f52f72080..e4ff7317f2e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/suggestions.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/fn_ctxt/suggestions.rs
@@ -889,7 +889,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                             self.dcx(),
                             errors::ExpectedReturnTypeLabel::Other { span: hir_ty.span, expected },
                         );
-                        self.try_suggest_return_impl_trait(err, expected, ty, fn_id);
+                        self.try_suggest_return_impl_trait(err, expected, found, fn_id);
+                        self.note_caller_chooses_ty_for_ty_param(err, expected, found);
                         return true;
                     }
                 }
@@ -899,6 +900,23 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         false
     }
 
+    fn note_caller_chooses_ty_for_ty_param(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diag<'_>,
+        expected: Ty<'tcx>,
+        found: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        if let ty::Param(expected_ty_as_param) = expected.kind() {
+            diag.subdiagnostic(
+                self.dcx(),
+                errors::NoteCallerChoosesTyForTyParam {
+                    ty_param_name: expected_ty_as_param.name,
+                    found_ty: found,
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     /// check whether the return type is a generic type with a trait bound
     /// only suggest this if the generic param is not present in the arguments
     /// if this is true, hint them towards changing the return type to `impl Trait`
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/erase.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/erase.rs
index 33ee3371605..d3da49c26a2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/erase.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/erase.rs
@@ -234,6 +234,7 @@ trivial! {
     Option<rustc_middle::middle::stability::DeprecationEntry>,
     Option<rustc_middle::ty::Destructor>,
     Option<rustc_middle::ty::ImplTraitInTraitData>,
+    Option<rustc_middle::ty::ScalarInt>,
     Option<rustc_span::def_id::CrateNum>,
     Option<rustc_span::def_id::DefId>,
     Option<rustc_span::def_id::LocalDefId>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/keys.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/keys.rs
index 69d3974184d..3b1d1a04d6f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/keys.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/keys.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use rustc_query_system::query::DefIdCacheSelector;
 use rustc_query_system::query::{DefaultCacheSelector, SingleCacheSelector, VecCacheSelector};
 use rustc_span::symbol::{Ident, Symbol};
 use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
+use rustc_target::abi;
 
 /// Placeholder for `CrateNum`'s "local" counterpart
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
@@ -502,6 +503,14 @@ impl<'tcx> Key for (DefId, Ty<'tcx>, GenericArgsRef<'tcx>, ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>) {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> Key for (Ty<'tcx>, abi::VariantIdx) {
+    type CacheSelector = DefaultCacheSelector<Self>;
+
+    fn default_span(&self, _tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> Span {
+        DUMMY_SP
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'tcx> Key for (ty::Predicate<'tcx>, traits::WellFormedLoc) {
     type CacheSelector = DefaultCacheSelector<Self>;
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
index 10d92583a55..3984b3b61c2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
@@ -1062,6 +1062,13 @@ rustc_queries! {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Computes the tag (if any) for a given type and variant.
+    query tag_for_variant(
+        key: (Ty<'tcx>, abi::VariantIdx)
+    ) -> Option<ty::ScalarInt> {
+        desc { "computing variant tag for enum" }
+    }
+
     /// Evaluates a constant and returns the computed allocation.
     ///
     /// **Do not use this** directly, use the `eval_to_const_value` or `eval_to_valtree` instead.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/instance.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/instance.rs
index 4748e961019..65574f5702b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/instance.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/instance.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
 use rustc_index::bit_set::FiniteBitSet;
 use rustc_macros::HashStable;
 use rustc_middle::ty::normalize_erasing_regions::NormalizationError;
+use rustc_span::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
 use rustc_span::Symbol;
 
 use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
@@ -172,6 +173,11 @@ impl<'tcx> Instance<'tcx> {
         // If this a non-generic instance, it cannot be a shared monomorphization.
         self.args.non_erasable_generics(tcx, self.def_id()).next()?;
 
+        // compiler_builtins cannot use upstream monomorphizations.
+        if tcx.is_compiler_builtins(LOCAL_CRATE) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
         match self.def {
             InstanceDef::Item(def) => tcx
                 .upstream_monomorphizations_for(def)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs
index 595ef71cc32..8997caee152 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/layout.rs
@@ -345,11 +345,16 @@ impl<'tcx> SizeSkeleton<'tcx> {
             ty::Array(inner, len)
                 if len.ty() == tcx.types.usize && tcx.features().transmute_generic_consts =>
             {
+                let len_eval = len.try_eval_target_usize(tcx, param_env);
+                if len_eval == Some(0) {
+                    return Ok(SizeSkeleton::Known(Size::from_bytes(0)));
+                }
+
                 match SizeSkeleton::compute(inner, tcx, param_env)? {
                     // This may succeed because the multiplication of two types may overflow
                     // but a single size of a nested array will not.
                     SizeSkeleton::Known(s) => {
-                        if let Some(c) = len.try_eval_target_usize(tcx, param_env) {
+                        if let Some(c) = len_eval {
                             let size = s
                                 .bytes()
                                 .checked_mul(c)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/dataflow_const_prop.rs b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/dataflow_const_prop.rs
index 3389305e7ee..3e9c1459f1c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/dataflow_const_prop.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/dataflow_const_prop.rs
@@ -2,52 +2,22 @@
 //!
 //! Currently, this pass only propagates scalar values.
 
-use rustc_const_eval::interpret::{
-    HasStaticRootDefId, ImmTy, Immediate, InterpCx, OpTy, PlaceTy, PointerArithmetic, Projectable,
-};
+use rustc_const_eval::const_eval::{throw_machine_stop_str, DummyMachine};
+use rustc_const_eval::interpret::{ImmTy, Immediate, InterpCx, OpTy, PlaceTy, Projectable};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
-use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::{AllocId, ConstAllocation, InterpResult, Scalar};
+use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::{InterpResult, Scalar};
 use rustc_middle::mir::visit::{MutVisitor, PlaceContext, Visitor};
 use rustc_middle::mir::*;
-use rustc_middle::query::TyCtxtAt;
-use rustc_middle::ty::layout::{LayoutOf, TyAndLayout};
+use rustc_middle::ty::layout::LayoutOf;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_mir_dataflow::value_analysis::{
     Map, PlaceIndex, State, TrackElem, ValueAnalysis, ValueAnalysisWrapper, ValueOrPlace,
 };
 use rustc_mir_dataflow::{lattice::FlatSet, Analysis, Results, ResultsVisitor};
-use rustc_span::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_span::DUMMY_SP;
 use rustc_target::abi::{Abi, FieldIdx, Size, VariantIdx, FIRST_VARIANT};
 
-/// Macro for machine-specific `InterpError` without allocation.
-/// (These will never be shown to the user, but they help diagnose ICEs.)
-pub(crate) macro throw_machine_stop_str($($tt:tt)*) {{
-    // We make a new local type for it. The type itself does not carry any information,
-    // but its vtable (for the `MachineStopType` trait) does.
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    struct Zst;
-    // Printing this type shows the desired string.
-    impl std::fmt::Display for Zst {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-            write!(f, $($tt)*)
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl rustc_middle::mir::interpret::MachineStopType for Zst {
-        fn diagnostic_message(&self) -> rustc_errors::DiagMessage {
-            self.to_string().into()
-        }
-
-        fn add_args(
-            self: Box<Self>,
-            _: &mut dyn FnMut(rustc_errors::DiagArgName, rustc_errors::DiagArgValue),
-        ) {}
-    }
-    throw_machine_stop!(Zst)
-}}
-
 // These constants are somewhat random guesses and have not been optimized.
 // If `tcx.sess.mir_opt_level() >= 4`, we ignore the limits (this can become very expensive).
 const BLOCK_LIMIT: usize = 100;
@@ -888,165 +858,3 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for OperandCollector<'tcx, '_, '_, '_> {
         }
     }
 }
-
-pub(crate) struct DummyMachine;
-
-impl HasStaticRootDefId for DummyMachine {
-    fn static_def_id(&self) -> Option<rustc_hir::def_id::LocalDefId> {
-        None
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'mir, 'tcx: 'mir> rustc_const_eval::interpret::Machine<'mir, 'tcx> for DummyMachine {
-    rustc_const_eval::interpret::compile_time_machine!(<'mir, 'tcx>);
-    type MemoryKind = !;
-    const PANIC_ON_ALLOC_FAIL: bool = true;
-
-    #[inline(always)]
-    fn enforce_alignment(_ecx: &InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>) -> bool {
-        false // no reason to enforce alignment
-    }
-
-    fn enforce_validity(_ecx: &InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>, _layout: TyAndLayout<'tcx>) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-
-    fn before_access_global(
-        _tcx: TyCtxtAt<'tcx>,
-        _machine: &Self,
-        _alloc_id: AllocId,
-        alloc: ConstAllocation<'tcx>,
-        _static_def_id: Option<DefId>,
-        is_write: bool,
-    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx> {
-        if is_write {
-            throw_machine_stop_str!("can't write to global");
-        }
-
-        // If the static allocation is mutable, then we can't const prop it as its content
-        // might be different at runtime.
-        if alloc.inner().mutability.is_mut() {
-            throw_machine_stop_str!("can't access mutable globals in ConstProp");
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn find_mir_or_eval_fn(
-        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-        _instance: ty::Instance<'tcx>,
-        _abi: rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi,
-        _args: &[rustc_const_eval::interpret::FnArg<'tcx, Self::Provenance>],
-        _destination: &rustc_const_eval::interpret::MPlaceTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
-        _target: Option<BasicBlock>,
-        _unwind: UnwindAction,
-    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx, Option<(&'mir Body<'tcx>, ty::Instance<'tcx>)>> {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
-
-    fn panic_nounwind(
-        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-        _msg: &str,
-    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
-
-    fn call_intrinsic(
-        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-        _instance: ty::Instance<'tcx>,
-        _args: &[rustc_const_eval::interpret::OpTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>],
-        _destination: &rustc_const_eval::interpret::MPlaceTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
-        _target: Option<BasicBlock>,
-        _unwind: UnwindAction,
-    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
-
-    fn assert_panic(
-        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-        _msg: &rustc_middle::mir::AssertMessage<'tcx>,
-        _unwind: UnwindAction,
-    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
-
-    fn binary_ptr_op(
-        ecx: &InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-        bin_op: BinOp,
-        left: &rustc_const_eval::interpret::ImmTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
-        right: &rustc_const_eval::interpret::ImmTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
-    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx, (ImmTy<'tcx, Self::Provenance>, bool)> {
-        use rustc_middle::mir::BinOp::*;
-        Ok(match bin_op {
-            Eq | Ne | Lt | Le | Gt | Ge => {
-                // Types can differ, e.g. fn ptrs with different `for`.
-                assert_eq!(left.layout.abi, right.layout.abi);
-                let size = ecx.pointer_size();
-                // Just compare the bits. ScalarPairs are compared lexicographically.
-                // We thus always compare pairs and simply fill scalars up with 0.
-                // If the pointer has provenance, `to_bits` will return `Err` and we bail out.
-                let left = match **left {
-                    Immediate::Scalar(l) => (l.to_bits(size)?, 0),
-                    Immediate::ScalarPair(l1, l2) => (l1.to_bits(size)?, l2.to_bits(size)?),
-                    Immediate::Uninit => panic!("we should never see uninit data here"),
-                };
-                let right = match **right {
-                    Immediate::Scalar(r) => (r.to_bits(size)?, 0),
-                    Immediate::ScalarPair(r1, r2) => (r1.to_bits(size)?, r2.to_bits(size)?),
-                    Immediate::Uninit => panic!("we should never see uninit data here"),
-                };
-                let res = match bin_op {
-                    Eq => left == right,
-                    Ne => left != right,
-                    Lt => left < right,
-                    Le => left <= right,
-                    Gt => left > right,
-                    Ge => left >= right,
-                    _ => bug!(),
-                };
-                (ImmTy::from_bool(res, *ecx.tcx), false)
-            }
-
-            // Some more operations are possible with atomics.
-            // The return value always has the provenance of the *left* operand.
-            Add | Sub | BitOr | BitAnd | BitXor => {
-                throw_machine_stop_str!("pointer arithmetic is not handled")
-            }
-
-            _ => span_bug!(ecx.cur_span(), "Invalid operator on pointers: {:?}", bin_op),
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn expose_ptr(
-        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-        _ptr: interpret::Pointer<Self::Provenance>,
-    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<'tcx> {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
-
-    fn init_frame_extra(
-        _ecx: &mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-        _frame: rustc_const_eval::interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance>,
-    ) -> interpret::InterpResult<
-        'tcx,
-        rustc_const_eval::interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance, Self::FrameExtra>,
-    > {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
-
-    fn stack<'a>(
-        _ecx: &'a InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-    ) -> &'a [rustc_const_eval::interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance, Self::FrameExtra>]
-    {
-        // Return an empty stack instead of panicking, as `cur_span` uses it to evaluate constants.
-        &[]
-    }
-
-    fn stack_mut<'a>(
-        _ecx: &'a mut InterpCx<'mir, 'tcx, Self>,
-    ) -> &'a mut Vec<
-        rustc_const_eval::interpret::Frame<'mir, 'tcx, Self::Provenance, Self::FrameExtra>,
-    > {
-        unimplemented!()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/gvn.rs b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/gvn.rs
index 87dff49e0be..36c13b48ce9 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/gvn.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/gvn.rs
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@
 //! Second, when writing constants in MIR, we do not write `Const::Slice` or `Const`
 //! that contain `AllocId`s.
 
+use rustc_const_eval::const_eval::DummyMachine;
 use rustc_const_eval::interpret::{intern_const_alloc_for_constprop, MemoryKind};
 use rustc_const_eval::interpret::{ImmTy, InterpCx, OpTy, Projectable, Scalar};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexSet;
@@ -101,7 +102,6 @@ use rustc_target::abi::{self, Abi, Size, VariantIdx, FIRST_VARIANT};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
-use crate::dataflow_const_prop::DummyMachine;
 use crate::ssa::{AssignedValue, SsaLocals};
 use either::Either;
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/jump_threading.rs b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/jump_threading.rs
index 116d6f48456..a458297210d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/jump_threading.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/jump_threading.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 //! cost by `MAX_COST`.
 
 use rustc_arena::DroplessArena;
+use rustc_const_eval::const_eval::DummyMachine;
 use rustc_const_eval::interpret::{ImmTy, Immediate, InterpCx, OpTy, Projectable};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
 use rustc_index::bit_set::BitSet;
@@ -50,7 +51,6 @@ use rustc_span::DUMMY_SP;
 use rustc_target::abi::{TagEncoding, Variants};
 
 use crate::cost_checker::CostChecker;
-use crate::dataflow_const_prop::DummyMachine;
 
 pub struct JumpThreading;
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/known_panics_lint.rs b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/known_panics_lint.rs
index f19b78a3a5c..6b13725b386 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/known_panics_lint.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/known_panics_lint.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 
+use rustc_const_eval::const_eval::DummyMachine;
 use rustc_const_eval::interpret::{
     format_interp_error, ImmTy, InterpCx, InterpResult, Projectable, Scalar,
 };
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ConstInt, ParamEnv, ScalarInt, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisi
 use rustc_span::Span;
 use rustc_target::abi::{Abi, FieldIdx, HasDataLayout, Size, TargetDataLayout, VariantIdx};
 
-use crate::dataflow_const_prop::DummyMachine;
 use crate::errors::{AssertLint, AssertLintKind};
 use crate::MirLint;
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/collector.rs b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/collector.rs
index 1a18a84b358..673cd968e28 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/collector.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/collector.rs
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ fn visit_instance_use<'tcx>(
 
 /// Returns `true` if we should codegen an instance in the local crate, or returns `false` if we
 /// can just link to the upstream crate and therefore don't need a mono item.
-fn should_codegen_locally<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, instance: &Instance<'tcx>) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn should_codegen_locally<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, instance: &Instance<'tcx>) -> bool {
     let Some(def_id) = instance.def.def_id_if_not_guaranteed_local_codegen() else {
         return true;
     };
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/lib.rs
index 7f36ae91f1a..4ec842e8f85 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_monomorphize/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
 use rustc_middle::query::{Providers, TyCtxtAt};
 use rustc_middle::traits;
 use rustc_middle::ty::adjustment::CustomCoerceUnsized;
+use rustc_middle::ty::Instance;
+use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty};
+use rustc_span::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
 use rustc_span::ErrorGuaranteed;
 
 mod collector;
@@ -20,6 +23,8 @@ mod partitioning;
 mod polymorphize;
 mod util;
 
+use collector::should_codegen_locally;
+
 rustc_fluent_macro::fluent_messages! { "../messages.ftl" }
 
 fn custom_coerce_unsize_info<'tcx>(
@@ -45,6 +50,23 @@ fn custom_coerce_unsize_info<'tcx>(
     }
 }
 
+/// Returns whether a call from the current crate to the [`Instance`] would produce a call
+/// from `compiler_builtins` to a symbol the linker must resolve.
+///
+/// Such calls from `compiler_bultins` are effectively impossible for the linker to handle. Some
+/// linkers will optimize such that dead calls to unresolved symbols are not an error, but this is
+/// not guaranteed. So we used this function in codegen backends to ensure we do not generate any
+/// unlinkable calls.
+pub fn is_call_from_compiler_builtins_to_upstream_monomorphization<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    instance: Instance<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    !instance.def_id().is_local()
+        && tcx.is_compiler_builtins(LOCAL_CRATE)
+        && tcx.codegen_fn_attrs(instance.def_id()).link_name.is_none()
+        && !should_codegen_locally(tcx, &instance)
+}
+
 pub fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
     partitioning::provide(providers);
     polymorphize::provide(providers);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_transmute/src/layout/tree.rs b/compiler/rustc_transmute/src/layout/tree.rs
index 9a43d67d435..f6bc224c7e7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_transmute/src/layout/tree.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_transmute/src/layout/tree.rs
@@ -174,10 +174,10 @@ pub(crate) mod rustc {
     use crate::layout::rustc::{Def, Ref};
 
     use rustc_middle::ty::layout::LayoutError;
-    use rustc_middle::ty::util::Discr;
     use rustc_middle::ty::AdtDef;
     use rustc_middle::ty::GenericArgsRef;
     use rustc_middle::ty::ParamEnv;
+    use rustc_middle::ty::ScalarInt;
     use rustc_middle::ty::VariantDef;
     use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitableExt};
     use rustc_span::ErrorGuaranteed;
@@ -331,14 +331,15 @@ pub(crate) mod rustc {
                             trace!(?adt_def, "treeifying enum");
                             let mut tree = Tree::uninhabited();
 
-                            for (idx, discr) in adt_def.discriminants(tcx) {
+                            for (idx, variant) in adt_def.variants().iter_enumerated() {
+                                let tag = tcx.tag_for_variant((ty, idx));
                                 tree = tree.or(Self::from_repr_c_variant(
                                     ty,
                                     *adt_def,
                                     args_ref,
                                     &layout_summary,
-                                    Some(discr),
-                                    adt_def.variant(idx),
+                                    tag,
+                                    variant,
                                     tcx,
                                 )?);
                             }
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ pub(crate) mod rustc {
             adt_def: AdtDef<'tcx>,
             args_ref: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
             layout_summary: &LayoutSummary,
-            discr: Option<Discr<'tcx>>,
+            tag: Option<ScalarInt>,
             variant_def: &'tcx VariantDef,
             tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
         ) -> Result<Self, Err> {
@@ -403,9 +404,6 @@ pub(crate) mod rustc {
             let min_align = repr.align.unwrap_or(Align::ONE);
             let max_align = repr.pack.unwrap_or(Align::MAX);
 
-            let clamp =
-                |align: Align| align.clamp(min_align, max_align).bytes().try_into().unwrap();
-
             let variant_span = trace_span!(
                 "treeifying variant",
                 min_align = ?min_align,
@@ -419,17 +417,12 @@ pub(crate) mod rustc {
             )
             .unwrap();
 
-            // The layout of the variant is prefixed by the discriminant, if any.
-            if let Some(discr) = discr {
-                trace!(?discr, "treeifying discriminant");
-                let discr_layout = alloc::Layout::from_size_align(
-                    layout_summary.discriminant_size,
-                    clamp(layout_summary.discriminant_align),
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-                trace!(?discr_layout, "computed discriminant layout");
-                variant_layout = variant_layout.extend(discr_layout).unwrap().0;
-                tree = tree.then(Self::from_discr(discr, tcx, layout_summary.discriminant_size));
+            // The layout of the variant is prefixed by the tag, if any.
+            if let Some(tag) = tag {
+                let tag_layout =
+                    alloc::Layout::from_size_align(tag.size().bytes_usize(), 1).unwrap();
+                tree = tree.then(Self::from_tag(tag, tcx));
+                variant_layout = variant_layout.extend(tag_layout).unwrap().0;
             }
 
             // Next come fields.
@@ -469,18 +462,19 @@ pub(crate) mod rustc {
             Ok(tree)
         }
 
-        pub fn from_discr(discr: Discr<'tcx>, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, size: usize) -> Self {
+        pub fn from_tag(tag: ScalarInt, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Self {
             use rustc_target::abi::Endian;
-
+            let size = tag.size();
+            let bits = tag.to_bits(size).unwrap();
             let bytes: [u8; 16];
             let bytes = match tcx.data_layout.endian {
                 Endian::Little => {
-                    bytes = discr.val.to_le_bytes();
-                    &bytes[..size]
+                    bytes = bits.to_le_bytes();
+                    &bytes[..size.bytes_usize()]
                 }
                 Endian::Big => {
-                    bytes = discr.val.to_be_bytes();
-                    &bytes[bytes.len() - size..]
+                    bytes = bits.to_be_bytes();
+                    &bytes[bytes.len() - size.bytes_usize()..]
                 }
             };
             Self::Seq(bytes.iter().map(|&b| Self::from_bits(b)).collect())
diff --git a/src/tools/clippy/tests/ui/builtin_type_shadow.stderr b/src/tools/clippy/tests/ui/builtin_type_shadow.stderr
index 1e15cdee772..033204af925 100644
--- a/src/tools/clippy/tests/ui/builtin_type_shadow.stderr
+++ b/src/tools/clippy/tests/ui/builtin_type_shadow.stderr
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ LL |     42
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `u32`
                         found type `{integer}`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `u32` which can be different from `i32`
 
 error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
 
diff --git a/src/tools/run-make-support/Cargo.toml b/src/tools/run-make-support/Cargo.toml
index 958aef69572..d8bb8c643d1 100644
--- a/src/tools/run-make-support/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/tools/run-make-support/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 edition = "2021"
 
 [dependencies]
+object = "0.34.0"
 wasmparser = "0.118.2"
diff --git a/src/tools/run-make-support/src/lib.rs b/src/tools/run-make-support/src/lib.rs
index 674860f8413..e5e7b559c92 100644
--- a/src/tools/run-make-support/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/tools/run-make-support/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::env;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::{Command, Output};
 
+pub use object;
 pub use wasmparser;
 
 pub fn out_dir() -> PathBuf {
diff --git a/tests/run-make/compiler-builtins/rmake.rs b/tests/run-make/compiler-builtins/rmake.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e7a5e8addbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/run-make/compiler-builtins/rmake.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//! The compiler_builtins library is special. It can call functions in core, but it must not
+//! require linkage against a build of core. If it ever does, building the standard library *may*
+//! result in linker errors, depending on whether the linker in use applies optimizations first or
+//! resolves symbols first. So the portable and safe approach is to forbid such a linkage
+//! requirement entirely.
+//!
+//! In addition, whether compiler_builtins requires linkage against core can depend on optimization
+//! settings. Turning off optimizations and enabling debug assertions tends to produce the most
+//! dependence on core that is possible, so that is the configuration we test here.
+
+#![deny(warnings)]
+
+extern crate run_make_support;
+
+use run_make_support::object;
+use run_make_support::object::read::archive::ArchiveFile;
+use run_make_support::object::read::Object;
+use run_make_support::object::ObjectSection;
+use run_make_support::object::ObjectSymbol;
+use run_make_support::object::RelocationTarget;
+use run_make_support::out_dir;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+const MANIFEST: &str = r#"
+[package]
+name = "scratch"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+path = "lib.rs""#;
+
+fn main() {
+    let target_dir = out_dir().join("target");
+    let target = std::env::var("TARGET").unwrap();
+    if target.starts_with("wasm") || target.starts_with("nvptx") {
+        // wasm and nvptx targets don't produce rlib files that object can parse.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    println!("Testing compiler_builtins for {}", target);
+
+    // Set up the tiniest Cargo project: An empty no_std library. Just enough to run -Zbuild-std.
+    let manifest_path = out_dir().join("Cargo.toml");
+    std::fs::write(&manifest_path, MANIFEST.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(out_dir().join("lib.rs"), b"#![no_std]").unwrap();
+
+    let path = std::env::var("PATH").unwrap();
+    let rustc = std::env::var("RUSTC").unwrap();
+    let bootstrap_cargo = std::env::var("BOOTSTRAP_CARGO").unwrap();
+    let status = std::process::Command::new(bootstrap_cargo)
+        .args([
+            "build",
+            "--manifest-path",
+            manifest_path.to_str().unwrap(),
+            "-Zbuild-std=core",
+            "--target",
+            &target,
+        ])
+        .env_clear()
+        .env("PATH", path)
+        .env("RUSTC", rustc)
+        .env("RUSTFLAGS", "-Copt-level=0 -Cdebug-assertions=yes")
+        .env("CARGO_TARGET_DIR", &target_dir)
+        .env("RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP", "1")
+        .status()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert!(status.success());
+
+    let rlibs_path = target_dir.join(target).join("debug").join("deps");
+    let compiler_builtins_rlib = std::fs::read_dir(rlibs_path)
+        .unwrap()
+        .find_map(|e| {
+            let path = e.unwrap().path();
+            let file_name = path.file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
+            if file_name.starts_with("libcompiler_builtins") && file_name.ends_with(".rlib") {
+                Some(path)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // rlib files are archives, where the archive members each a CGU, and we also have one called
+    // lib.rmeta which is the encoded metadata. Each of the CGUs is an object file.
+    let data = std::fs::read(compiler_builtins_rlib).unwrap();
+
+    let mut defined_symbols = HashSet::new();
+    let mut undefined_relocations = HashSet::new();
+
+    let archive = ArchiveFile::parse(&*data).unwrap();
+    for member in archive.members() {
+        let member = member.unwrap();
+        if member.name() == b"lib.rmeta" {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let data = member.data(&*data).unwrap();
+        let object = object::File::parse(&*data).unwrap();
+
+        // Record all defined symbols in this CGU.
+        for symbol in object.symbols() {
+            if !symbol.is_undefined() {
+                let name = symbol.name().unwrap();
+                defined_symbols.insert(name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Find any relocations against undefined symbols. Calls within this CGU are relocations
+        // against a defined symbol.
+        for (_offset, relocation) in object.sections().flat_map(|section| section.relocations()) {
+            let RelocationTarget::Symbol(symbol_index) = relocation.target() else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let symbol = object.symbol_by_index(symbol_index).unwrap();
+            if symbol.is_undefined() {
+                let name = symbol.name().unwrap();
+                undefined_relocations.insert(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // We can have symbols in the compiler_builtins rlib that are actually from core, if they were
+    // monomorphized in the compiler_builtins crate. This is totally fine, because though the call
+    // is to a function in core, it's resolved internally.
+    //
+    // It is normal to have relocations against symbols not defined in the rlib for things like
+    // unwinding, or math functions provided the target's platform libraries. Finding these is not
+    // a problem, we want to specifically ban relocations against core which are not resolved
+    // internally.
+    undefined_relocations
+        .retain(|symbol| !defined_symbols.contains(symbol) && symbol.contains("core"));
+
+    if !undefined_relocations.is_empty() {
+        panic!(
+            "compiler_builtins must not link against core, but it does. \n\
+            These symbols may be undefined in a debug build of compiler_builtins:\n\
+            {:?}",
+            undefined_relocations
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs b/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs
index 6b877ab8aee..d04b1c80d34 100644
--- a/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,23 @@ struct Heap;
 struct Vec<T, A = Heap>(
     marker::PhantomData<(T,A)>);
 
+struct HashMap<K, V, S = ()>(marker::PhantomData<(K,V,S)>);
+
 fn main() {
     let _: Vec;
     //~^ ERROR missing generics for struct `Vec`
+    //~| SUGGESTION <T>
+
+    let _x = (1..10).collect::<HashMap>();
+    //~^ ERROR missing generics for struct `HashMap`
+    //~| SUGGESTION <_, _>
+
+    ().extend::<[(); 0]>({
+        fn not_the_extend() {
+            let _: Vec;
+            //~^ ERROR missing generics for struct `Vec`
+            //~| SUGGESTION <T>
+        }
+        []
+    });
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.stderr b/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.stderr
index 6f79b09f6cd..a6771a6d5c8 100644
--- a/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/generics/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.stderr
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 error[E0107]: missing generics for struct `Vec`
-  --> $DIR/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs:9:12
+  --> $DIR/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs:11:12
    |
 LL |     let _: Vec;
    |            ^^^ expected at least 1 generic argument
@@ -14,6 +14,38 @@ help: add missing generic argument
 LL |     let _: Vec<T>;
    |               +++
 
-error: aborting due to 1 previous error
+error[E0107]: missing generics for struct `HashMap`
+  --> $DIR/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs:15:32
+   |
+LL |     let _x = (1..10).collect::<HashMap>();
+   |                                ^^^^^^^ expected at least 2 generic arguments
+   |
+note: struct defined here, with at least 2 generic parameters: `K`, `V`
+  --> $DIR/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs:8:8
+   |
+LL | struct HashMap<K, V, S = ()>(marker::PhantomData<(K,V,S)>);
+   |        ^^^^^^^ -  -
+help: add missing generic arguments
+   |
+LL |     let _x = (1..10).collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+   |                                       ++++++
+
+error[E0107]: missing generics for struct `Vec`
+  --> $DIR/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs:21:20
+   |
+LL |             let _: Vec;
+   |                    ^^^ expected at least 1 generic argument
+   |
+note: struct defined here, with at least 1 generic parameter: `T`
+  --> $DIR/generic-type-less-params-with-defaults.rs:5:8
+   |
+LL | struct Vec<T, A = Heap>(
+   |        ^^^ -
+help: add missing generic argument
+   |
+LL |             let _: Vec<T>;
+   |                       +++
+
+error: aborting due to 3 previous errors
 
 For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0107`.
diff --git a/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait-bad.stderr b/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait-bad.stderr
index a015b9f53af..6277c5feb20 100644
--- a/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait-bad.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait-bad.stderr
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ LL |     "this should not suggest impl Trait"
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `T`
                    found reference `&'static str`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `T` which can be different from `&'static str`
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/return-impl-trait-bad.rs:9:5
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ LL |     "this will not suggest it, because that would probably be wrong"
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `T`
                    found reference `&'static str`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `T` which can be different from `&'static str`
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/return-impl-trait-bad.rs:17:5
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ LL |     "don't suggest this, because Option<T> places additional constraints"
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `T`
                    found reference `&'static str`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `T` which can be different from `&'static str`
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/return-impl-trait-bad.rs:28:5
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ LL |     "don't suggest this, because the generic param is used in the bound."
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `T`
                    found reference `&'static str`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `T` which can be different from `&'static str`
 
 error: aborting due to 4 previous errors
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait.stderr b/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait.stderr
index 707f014a16f..114ae0c2445 100644
--- a/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/return/return-impl-trait.stderr
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ LL |     ()
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `T`
                    found unit type `()`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `T` which can be different from `()`
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/return-impl-trait.rs:23:5
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ LL |     ()
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `T`
                    found unit type `()`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `T` which can be different from `()`
 
 error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.rs b/tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..352bc2a1637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Checks existence of a note for "a caller chooses ty for ty param" upon return ty mismatch.
+
+fn f<T>() -> (T,) {
+    (0,) //~ ERROR mismatched types
+}
+
+fn g<U, V>() -> (U, V) {
+    (0, "foo")
+    //~^ ERROR mismatched types
+    //~| ERROR mismatched types
+}
+
+fn h() -> u8 {
+    0u8
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    f::<()>();
+    g::<(), ()>;
+    let _ = h();
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.stderr b/tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..135903da5c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/return/return-ty-mismatch-note.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/return-ty-mismatch-note.rs:4:6
+   |
+LL | fn f<T>() -> (T,) {
+   |      - expected this type parameter
+LL |     (0,)
+   |      ^ expected type parameter `T`, found integer
+   |
+   = note: expected type parameter `T`
+                        found type `{integer}`
+
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/return-ty-mismatch-note.rs:8:6
+   |
+LL | fn g<U, V>() -> (U, V) {
+   |      - expected this type parameter
+LL |     (0, "foo")
+   |      ^ expected type parameter `U`, found integer
+   |
+   = note: expected type parameter `U`
+                        found type `{integer}`
+
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/return-ty-mismatch-note.rs:8:9
+   |
+LL | fn g<U, V>() -> (U, V) {
+   |         - expected this type parameter
+LL |     (0, "foo")
+   |         ^^^^^ expected type parameter `V`, found `&str`
+   |
+   = note: expected type parameter `V`
+                   found reference `&'static str`
+
+error: aborting due to 3 previous errors
+
+For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0308`.
diff --git a/tests/ui/suggestions/clone-on-unconstrained-borrowed-type-param.stderr b/tests/ui/suggestions/clone-on-unconstrained-borrowed-type-param.stderr
index afbb9c32d51..2c4be26a82b 100644
--- a/tests/ui/suggestions/clone-on-unconstrained-borrowed-type-param.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/suggestions/clone-on-unconstrained-borrowed-type-param.stderr
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ LL |     t.clone()
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `_`
                    found reference `&_`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `T` which can be different from `&T`
 note: `T` does not implement `Clone`, so `&T` was cloned instead
   --> $DIR/clone-on-unconstrained-borrowed-type-param.rs:3:5
    |
diff --git a/tests/ui/trait-bounds/restrict-assoc-type-of-generic-bound.stderr b/tests/ui/trait-bounds/restrict-assoc-type-of-generic-bound.stderr
index 5024ad21892..7aa32557af2 100644
--- a/tests/ui/trait-bounds/restrict-assoc-type-of-generic-bound.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/trait-bounds/restrict-assoc-type-of-generic-bound.stderr
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ LL |     return a.bar();
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `B`
              found associated type `<A as MyTrait>::T`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `B` which can be different from `<A as MyTrait>::T`
 help: consider further restricting this bound
    |
 LL | pub fn foo<A: MyTrait<T = B>, B>(a: A) -> B {
diff --git a/tests/ui/transmute/transmute-zst-generics.rs b/tests/ui/transmute/transmute-zst-generics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9aeb21923ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/ui/transmute/transmute-zst-generics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//@ run-pass
+
+// Transmuting to/from ZSTs that contain generics.
+
+#![feature(transmute_generic_consts)]
+
+// Verify non-generic ZST -> generic ZST transmute
+unsafe fn cast_zst0<T>(from: ()) -> [T; 0] {
+    ::std::mem::transmute::<(), [T; 0]>(from)
+}
+
+// Verify generic ZST -> non-generic ZST transmute
+unsafe fn cast_zst1<T>(from: [T; 0]) -> () {
+    ::std::mem::transmute::<[T; 0], ()>(from)
+}
+
+// Verify transmute with generic compound types
+unsafe fn cast_zst2<T>(from: ()) -> [(T, T); 0] {
+    ::std::mem::transmute::<(), [(T, T); 0]>(from)
+}
+
+// Verify transmute with ZST propagation through arrays
+unsafe fn cast_zst3<T>(from: ()) -> [[T; 0]; 8] {
+    ::std::mem::transmute::<(), [[T; 0]; 8]>(from)
+}
+
+pub fn main() {
+    unsafe {
+        let _: [u32; 0] = cast_zst0(());
+        let _ = cast_zst1::<u32>([]);
+        let _: [(u32, u32); 0] = cast_zst2(());
+        let _: [[u32; 0]; 8] = cast_zst3(());
+    };
+}
diff --git a/tests/ui/type/type-parameter-names.stderr b/tests/ui/type/type-parameter-names.stderr
index 8e3e2388c6c..be9000a99e4 100644
--- a/tests/ui/type/type-parameter-names.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/type/type-parameter-names.stderr
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ LL |     x
               found type parameter `Foo`
    = note: a type parameter was expected, but a different one was found; you might be missing a type parameter or trait bound
    = note: for more information, visit https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html#traits-as-parameters
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `Bar` which can be different from `Foo`
 
 error: aborting due to 1 previous error
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/type/type-params-in-different-spaces-3.stderr b/tests/ui/type/type-params-in-different-spaces-3.stderr
index 58783fe1ff0..3c0c022f112 100644
--- a/tests/ui/type/type-params-in-different-spaces-3.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/type/type-params-in-different-spaces-3.stderr
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ LL |         u
               found type parameter `X`
    = note: a type parameter was expected, but a different one was found; you might be missing a type parameter or trait bound
    = note: for more information, visit https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html#traits-as-parameters
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `Self` which can be different from `X`
 
 error: aborting due to 1 previous error
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/typeck/issue-13853.stderr b/tests/ui/typeck/issue-13853.stderr
index 0683c782933..45363c87d29 100644
--- a/tests/ui/typeck/issue-13853.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/typeck/issue-13853.stderr
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ LL |         self.iter()
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `I`
                       found struct `std::slice::Iter<'_, N>`
+   = note: the caller chooses a type for `I` which can be different from `std::slice::Iter<'_, N>`
 
 error[E0599]: no method named `iter` found for reference `&G` in the current scope
   --> $DIR/issue-13853.rs:27:23