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-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/Cargo.toml4
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/messages.ftl3
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/asm.rs27
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs4
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs22
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs64
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/format.rs9
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs247
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs60
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs80
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/path.rs9
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/stability.rs142
12 files changed, 370 insertions, 301 deletions
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/Cargo.toml
index 8cc4521e0a7..3215ce6b0cb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustc_ast_lowering"
 version = "0.0.0"
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
 
 [lib]
 doctest = false
 
 [dependencies]
 # tidy-alphabetical-start
+rustc_abi = { path = "../rustc_abi" }
 rustc_ast = { path = "../rustc_ast" }
 rustc_ast_pretty = { path = "../rustc_ast_pretty" }
 rustc_data_structures = { path = "../rustc_data_structures" }
 rustc_errors = { path = "../rustc_errors" }
+rustc_feature = { path = "../rustc_feature" }
 rustc_fluent_macro = { path = "../rustc_fluent_macro" }
 rustc_hir = { path = "../rustc_hir" }
 rustc_index = { path = "../rustc_index" }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/messages.ftl b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/messages.ftl
index f96c9fe8e32..1b91c33742d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/messages.ftl
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/messages.ftl
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ ast_lowering_invalid_register =
     invalid register `{$reg}`: {$error}
 
 ast_lowering_invalid_register_class =
-    invalid register class `{$reg_class}`: {$error}
+    invalid register class `{$reg_class}`: unknown register class
+    .note = the following register classes are supported on this target: {$supported_register_classes}
 
 ast_lowering_match_arm_with_no_body =
     `match` arm with no body
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/asm.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/asm.rs
index 2f1f1269ece..cfd32fc066f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/asm.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/asm.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 use std::fmt::Write;
 
-use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
 use rustc_ast::*;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet, FxIndexMap};
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def::{DefKind, Res};
 use rustc_session::parse::feature_err;
-use rustc_span::{Span, kw, sym};
+use rustc_span::{Span, sym};
 use rustc_target::asm;
 
 use super::LoweringContext;
@@ -152,11 +151,16 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
                     InlineAsmRegOrRegClass::RegClass(reg_class) => {
                         asm::InlineAsmRegOrRegClass::RegClass(if let Some(asm_arch) = asm_arch {
                             asm::InlineAsmRegClass::parse(asm_arch, reg_class).unwrap_or_else(
-                                |error| {
+                                |supported_register_classes| {
+                                    let mut register_classes =
+                                        format!("`{}`", supported_register_classes[0]);
+                                    for m in &supported_register_classes[1..] {
+                                        let _ = write!(register_classes, ", `{m}`");
+                                    }
                                     self.dcx().emit_err(InvalidRegisterClass {
                                         op_span: *op_sp,
                                         reg_class,
-                                        error,
+                                        supported_register_classes: register_classes,
                                     });
                                     asm::InlineAsmRegClass::Err
                                 },
@@ -225,20 +229,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
                                 tokens: None,
                             };
 
-                            // Wrap the expression in an AnonConst.
-                            let parent_def_id = self.current_hir_id_owner.def_id;
-                            let node_id = self.next_node_id();
-                            self.create_def(
-                                parent_def_id,
-                                node_id,
-                                kw::Empty,
-                                DefKind::AnonConst,
-                                *op_sp,
-                            );
-                            let anon_const = AnonConst { id: node_id, value: P(expr) };
-                            hir::InlineAsmOperand::SymFn {
-                                anon_const: self.lower_anon_const_to_anon_const(&anon_const),
-                            }
+                            hir::InlineAsmOperand::SymFn { expr: self.lower_expr(&expr) }
                         }
                     }
                     InlineAsmOperand::Label { block } => {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs
index f9fe4938ca8..d8b7cb0c322 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ use std::iter;
 use ast::visit::Visitor;
 use hir::def::{DefKind, PartialRes, Res};
 use hir::{BodyId, HirId};
+use rustc_abi::ExternAbi;
 use rustc_ast::*;
 use rustc_errors::ErrorGuaranteed;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_middle::span_bug;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{Asyncness, ResolverAstLowering};
 use rustc_span::{Ident, Span};
-use rustc_target::spec::abi;
 use {rustc_ast as ast, rustc_hir as hir};
 
 use super::{GenericArgsMode, ImplTraitContext, LoweringContext, ParamMode};
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
             safety: hir::Safety::Safe.into(),
             constness: hir::Constness::NotConst,
             asyncness: hir::IsAsync::NotAsync,
-            abi: abi::Abi::Rust,
+            abi: ExternAbi::Rust,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs
index f727691bf47..f31e2db051d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/errors.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+use rustc_errors::DiagArgFromDisplay;
 use rustc_errors::codes::*;
-use rustc_errors::{Diag, DiagArgFromDisplay, EmissionGuarantee, SubdiagMessageOp, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
 use rustc_span::{Ident, Span, Symbol};
 
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ pub(crate) struct InvalidAbi {
     pub abi: Symbol,
     pub command: String,
     #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub explain: Option<InvalidAbiReason>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
     pub suggestion: Option<InvalidAbiSuggestion>,
 }
 
@@ -45,19 +43,6 @@ pub(crate) struct TupleStructWithDefault {
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
-pub(crate) struct InvalidAbiReason(pub &'static str);
-
-impl Subdiagnostic for InvalidAbiReason {
-    fn add_to_diag_with<G: EmissionGuarantee, F: SubdiagMessageOp<G>>(
-        self,
-        diag: &mut Diag<'_, G>,
-        _: &F,
-    ) {
-        #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
-        diag.note(self.0);
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
 #[suggestion(
     ast_lowering_invalid_abi_suggestion,
@@ -212,12 +197,13 @@ pub(crate) struct InvalidRegister<'a> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[note]
 #[diag(ast_lowering_invalid_register_class)]
-pub(crate) struct InvalidRegisterClass<'a> {
+pub(crate) struct InvalidRegisterClass {
     #[primary_span]
     pub op_span: Span,
     pub reg_class: Symbol,
-    pub error: &'a str,
+    pub supported_register_classes: String,
 }
 
 #[derive(Diagnostic)]
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs
index 89d5b5a75a2..af53c7ec215 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use std::assert_matches::assert_matches;
 use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use rustc_ast::ptr::P as AstP;
 use rustc_ast::*;
 use rustc_ast_pretty::pprust::expr_to_string;
 use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
-use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::HirId;
 use rustc_hir::def::{DefKind, Res};
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 ExprKind::IncludedBytes(bytes) => {
                     let lit = self.arena.alloc(respan(
                         self.lower_span(e.span),
-                        LitKind::ByteStr(Lrc::clone(bytes), StrStyle::Cooked),
+                        LitKind::ByteStr(Arc::clone(bytes), StrStyle::Cooked),
                     ));
                     hir::ExprKind::Lit(lit)
                 }
@@ -379,16 +379,16 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Create an `ExprKind::Ret` that is preceded by a call to check contract ensures clause.
+    /// Create an `ExprKind::Ret` that is optionally wrapped by a call to check
+    /// a contract ensures clause, if it exists.
     fn checked_return(&mut self, opt_expr: Option<&'hir hir::Expr<'hir>>) -> hir::ExprKind<'hir> {
-        let checked_ret = if let Some(Some((span, fresh_ident))) =
-            self.contract.as_ref().map(|c| c.ensures.as_ref().map(|e| (e.expr.span, e.fresh_ident)))
-        {
-            let expr = opt_expr.unwrap_or_else(|| self.expr_unit(span));
-            Some(self.inject_ensures_check(expr, span, fresh_ident.0, fresh_ident.2))
-        } else {
-            opt_expr
-        };
+        let checked_ret =
+            if let Some((check_span, check_ident, check_hir_id)) = self.contract_ensures {
+                let expr = opt_expr.unwrap_or_else(|| self.expr_unit(check_span));
+                Some(self.inject_ensures_check(expr, check_span, check_ident, check_hir_id))
+            } else {
+                opt_expr
+            };
         hir::ExprKind::Ret(checked_ret)
     }
 
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                     this.mark_span_with_reason(
                         DesugaringKind::TryBlock,
                         expr.span,
-                        Some(Lrc::clone(&this.allow_try_trait)),
+                        Some(Arc::clone(&this.allow_try_trait)),
                     ),
                     expr,
                 )
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 let try_span = this.mark_span_with_reason(
                     DesugaringKind::TryBlock,
                     this.tcx.sess.source_map().end_point(body.span),
-                    Some(Lrc::clone(&this.allow_try_trait)),
+                    Some(Arc::clone(&this.allow_try_trait)),
                 );
 
                 (try_span, this.expr_unit(try_span))
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 let unstable_span = self.mark_span_with_reason(
                     DesugaringKind::Async,
                     self.lower_span(span),
-                    Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_gen_future)),
+                    Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_gen_future)),
                 );
                 let resume_ty =
                     self.make_lang_item_qpath(hir::LangItem::ResumeTy, unstable_span, None);
@@ -826,17 +826,20 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
             let unstable_span = self.mark_span_with_reason(
                 DesugaringKind::Async,
                 span,
-                Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_gen_future)),
+                Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_gen_future)),
+            );
+            self.lower_attrs(
+                inner_hir_id,
+                &[Attribute {
+                    kind: AttrKind::Normal(ptr::P(NormalAttr::from_ident(Ident::new(
+                        sym::track_caller,
+                        span,
+                    )))),
+                    id: self.tcx.sess.psess.attr_id_generator.mk_attr_id(),
+                    style: AttrStyle::Outer,
+                    span: unstable_span,
+                }],
             );
-            self.lower_attrs(inner_hir_id, &[Attribute {
-                kind: AttrKind::Normal(ptr::P(NormalAttr::from_ident(Ident::new(
-                    sym::track_caller,
-                    span,
-                )))),
-                id: self.tcx.sess.psess.attr_id_generator.mk_attr_id(),
-                style: AttrStyle::Outer,
-                span: unstable_span,
-            }]);
         }
     }
 
@@ -902,13 +905,13 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
 
         let features = match await_kind {
             FutureKind::Future => None,
-            FutureKind::AsyncIterator => Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_for_await)),
+            FutureKind::AsyncIterator => Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_for_await)),
         };
         let span = self.mark_span_with_reason(DesugaringKind::Await, await_kw_span, features);
         let gen_future_span = self.mark_span_with_reason(
             DesugaringKind::Await,
             full_span,
-            Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_gen_future)),
+            Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_gen_future)),
         );
         let expr_hir_id = expr.hir_id;
 
@@ -1087,7 +1090,8 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
             } else {
                 None
             };
-            let body_id = this.lower_fn_body(decl, |this| {
+            // FIXME(contracts): Support contracts on closures?
+            let body_id = this.lower_fn_body(decl, None, |this| {
                 this.coroutine_kind = coroutine_kind;
                 let e = this.lower_expr_mut(body);
                 coroutine_kind = this.coroutine_kind;
@@ -1952,13 +1956,13 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         let unstable_span = self.mark_span_with_reason(
             DesugaringKind::QuestionMark,
             span,
-            Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_try_trait)),
+            Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_try_trait)),
         );
         let try_span = self.tcx.sess.source_map().end_point(span);
         let try_span = self.mark_span_with_reason(
             DesugaringKind::QuestionMark,
             try_span,
-            Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_try_trait)),
+            Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_try_trait)),
         );
 
         // `Try::branch(<expr>)`
@@ -2053,7 +2057,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         let unstable_span = self.mark_span_with_reason(
             DesugaringKind::YeetExpr,
             span,
-            Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_try_trait)),
+            Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_try_trait)),
         );
 
         let from_yeet_expr = self.wrap_in_try_constructor(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/format.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/format.rs
index 22aa1e6fc20..07b94dbc2ae 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/format.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/format.rs
@@ -362,13 +362,16 @@ fn make_format_spec<'hir>(
         debug_hex,
     } = &placeholder.format_options;
     let fill = ctx.expr_char(sp, fill.unwrap_or(' '));
-    let align =
-        ctx.expr_lang_item_type_relative(sp, hir::LangItem::FormatAlignment, match alignment {
+    let align = ctx.expr_lang_item_type_relative(
+        sp,
+        hir::LangItem::FormatAlignment,
+        match alignment {
             Some(FormatAlignment::Left) => sym::Left,
             Some(FormatAlignment::Right) => sym::Right,
             Some(FormatAlignment::Center) => sym::Center,
             None => sym::Unknown,
-        });
+        },
+    );
     // This needs to match `Flag` in library/core/src/fmt/rt.rs.
     let flags: u32 = ((sign == Some(FormatSign::Plus)) as u32)
         | ((sign == Some(FormatSign::Minus)) as u32) << 1
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs
index c96110fee61..1d3db64b47e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use rustc_abi::ExternAbi;
 use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
 use rustc_ast::visit::AssocCtxt;
 use rustc_ast::*;
@@ -11,15 +12,14 @@ use rustc_middle::span_bug;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{ResolverAstLowering, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_span::edit_distance::find_best_match_for_name;
 use rustc_span::{DesugaringKind, Ident, Span, Symbol, kw, sym};
-use rustc_target::spec::abi;
 use smallvec::{SmallVec, smallvec};
 use thin_vec::ThinVec;
 use tracing::instrument;
 
 use super::errors::{
-    InvalidAbi, InvalidAbiReason, InvalidAbiSuggestion, MisplacedRelaxTraitBound,
-    TupleStructWithDefault,
+    InvalidAbi, InvalidAbiSuggestion, MisplacedRelaxTraitBound, TupleStructWithDefault,
 };
+use super::stability::{enabled_names, gate_unstable_abi};
 use super::{
     AstOwner, FnDeclKind, ImplTraitContext, ImplTraitPosition, LoweringContext, ParamMode,
     ResolverAstLoweringExt,
@@ -211,36 +211,6 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 ..
             }) => {
                 self.with_new_scopes(*fn_sig_span, |this| {
-                    assert!(this.contract.is_none());
-                    if let Some(contract) = contract {
-                        let requires = contract.requires.clone();
-                        let ensures = contract.ensures.clone();
-                        let ensures = ensures.map(|ens| {
-                            // FIXME: this needs to be a fresh (or illegal) identifier to prevent
-                            // accidental capture of a parameter or global variable.
-                            let checker_ident: Ident =
-                                Ident::from_str_and_span("__ensures_checker", ens.span);
-                            let (checker_pat, checker_hir_id) = this.pat_ident_binding_mode_mut(
-                                ens.span,
-                                checker_ident,
-                                hir::BindingMode::NONE,
-                            );
-
-                            crate::FnContractLoweringEnsures {
-                                expr: ens,
-                                fresh_ident: (checker_ident, checker_pat, checker_hir_id),
-                            }
-                        });
-
-                        // Note: `with_new_scopes` will reinstall the outer
-                        // item's contract (if any) after its callback finishes.
-                        this.contract.replace(crate::FnContractLoweringInfo {
-                            span,
-                            requires,
-                            ensures,
-                        });
-                    }
-
                     // Note: we don't need to change the return type from `T` to
                     // `impl Future<Output = T>` here because lower_body
                     // only cares about the input argument patterns in the function
@@ -254,6 +224,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                         coroutine_kind,
                         body.as_deref(),
                         attrs,
+                        contract.as_deref(),
                     );
 
                     let itctx = ImplTraitContext::Universal;
@@ -275,12 +246,17 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 ModKind::Unloaded => panic!("`mod` items should have been loaded by now"),
             },
             ItemKind::ForeignMod(fm) => hir::ItemKind::ForeignMod {
-                abi: fm.abi.map_or(abi::Abi::FALLBACK, |abi| self.lower_abi(abi)),
+                abi: fm.abi.map_or(ExternAbi::FALLBACK, |abi| self.lower_abi(abi)),
                 items: self
                     .arena
                     .alloc_from_iter(fm.items.iter().map(|x| self.lower_foreign_item_ref(x))),
             },
-            ItemKind::GlobalAsm(asm) => hir::ItemKind::GlobalAsm(self.lower_inline_asm(span, asm)),
+            ItemKind::GlobalAsm(asm) => {
+                let asm = self.lower_inline_asm(span, asm);
+                let fake_body =
+                    self.lower_body(|this| (&[], this.expr(span, hir::ExprKind::InlineAsm(asm))));
+                hir::ItemKind::GlobalAsm { asm, fake_body }
+            }
             ItemKind::TyAlias(box TyAlias { generics, where_clauses, ty, .. }) => {
                 // We lower
                 //
@@ -304,12 +280,15 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                             );
                             this.arena.alloc(this.ty(span, hir::TyKind::Err(guar)))
                         }
-                        Some(ty) => this.lower_ty(ty, ImplTraitContext::OpaqueTy {
-                            origin: hir::OpaqueTyOrigin::TyAlias {
-                                parent: this.local_def_id(id),
-                                in_assoc_ty: false,
+                        Some(ty) => this.lower_ty(
+                            ty,
+                            ImplTraitContext::OpaqueTy {
+                                origin: hir::OpaqueTyOrigin::TyAlias {
+                                    parent: this.local_def_id(id),
+                                    in_assoc_ty: false,
+                                },
                             },
-                        }),
+                        ),
                     },
                 );
                 hir::ItemKind::TyAlias(ty, generics)
@@ -800,6 +779,8 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 (generics, kind, expr.is_some())
             }
             AssocItemKind::Fn(box Fn { sig, generics, body: None, .. }) => {
+                // FIXME(contracts): Deny contract here since it won't apply to
+                // any impl method or callees.
                 let names = self.lower_fn_params_to_names(&sig.decl);
                 let (generics, sig) = self.lower_method_sig(
                     generics,
@@ -811,7 +792,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 );
                 (generics, hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(sig, hir::TraitFn::Required(names)), false)
             }
-            AssocItemKind::Fn(box Fn { sig, generics, body: Some(body), .. }) => {
+            AssocItemKind::Fn(box Fn { sig, generics, body: Some(body), contract, .. }) => {
                 let body_id = self.lower_maybe_coroutine_body(
                     sig.span,
                     i.span,
@@ -820,6 +801,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                     sig.header.coroutine_kind,
                     Some(body),
                     attrs,
+                    contract.as_deref(),
                 );
                 let (generics, sig) = self.lower_method_sig(
                     generics,
@@ -928,7 +910,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                     hir::ImplItemKind::Const(ty, body)
                 },
             ),
-            AssocItemKind::Fn(box Fn { sig, generics, body, .. }) => {
+            AssocItemKind::Fn(box Fn { sig, generics, body, contract, .. }) => {
                 let body_id = self.lower_maybe_coroutine_body(
                     sig.span,
                     i.span,
@@ -937,6 +919,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                     sig.header.coroutine_kind,
                     body.as_deref(),
                     attrs,
+                    contract.as_deref(),
                 );
                 let (generics, sig) = self.lower_method_sig(
                     generics,
@@ -966,12 +949,15 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                             hir::ImplItemKind::Type(ty)
                         }
                         Some(ty) => {
-                            let ty = this.lower_ty(ty, ImplTraitContext::OpaqueTy {
-                                origin: hir::OpaqueTyOrigin::TyAlias {
-                                    parent: this.local_def_id(i.id),
-                                    in_assoc_ty: true,
+                            let ty = this.lower_ty(
+                                ty,
+                                ImplTraitContext::OpaqueTy {
+                                    origin: hir::OpaqueTyOrigin::TyAlias {
+                                        parent: this.local_def_id(i.id),
+                                        in_assoc_ty: true,
+                                    },
                                 },
-                            });
+                            );
                             hir::ImplItemKind::Type(ty)
                         }
                     },
@@ -1082,80 +1068,100 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
     pub(super) fn lower_fn_body(
         &mut self,
         decl: &FnDecl,
+        contract: Option<&FnContract>,
         body: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> hir::Expr<'hir>,
     ) -> hir::BodyId {
         self.lower_body(|this| {
             let params =
                 this.arena.alloc_from_iter(decl.inputs.iter().map(|x| this.lower_param(x)));
-            let result = body(this);
-
-            let opt_contract = this.contract.take();
 
+            // Optionally lower the fn contract, which turns:
+            //
             // { body }
-            // ==>
-            // { contract_requires(PRECOND); { body } }
-            let Some(contract) = opt_contract else { return (params, result) };
-            let result_ref = this.arena.alloc(result);
-            let lit_unit = |this: &mut LoweringContext<'_, 'hir>| {
-                this.expr(contract.span, hir::ExprKind::Tup(&[]))
-            };
-
-            let precond: hir::Stmt<'hir> = if let Some(req) = contract.requires {
-                let lowered_req = this.lower_expr_mut(&req);
-                let precond = this.expr_call_lang_item_fn_mut(
-                    req.span,
-                    hir::LangItem::ContractCheckRequires,
-                    &*arena_vec![this; lowered_req],
-                );
-                this.stmt_expr(req.span, precond)
-            } else {
-                let u = lit_unit(this);
-                this.stmt_expr(contract.span, u)
-            };
-
-            let (postcond_checker, result) = if let Some(ens) = contract.ensures {
-                let crate::FnContractLoweringEnsures { expr: ens, fresh_ident } = ens;
-                let lowered_ens: hir::Expr<'hir> = this.lower_expr_mut(&ens);
-                let postcond_checker = this.expr_call_lang_item_fn(
-                    ens.span,
-                    hir::LangItem::ContractBuildCheckEnsures,
-                    &*arena_vec![this; lowered_ens],
-                );
-                let checker_binding_pat = fresh_ident.1;
-                (
-                    this.stmt_let_pat(
+            //
+            // into:
+            //
+            // { contract_requires(PRECOND); let __postcond = |ret_val| POSTCOND; postcond({ body }) }
+            if let Some(contract) = contract {
+                let precond = if let Some(req) = &contract.requires {
+                    // Lower the precondition check intrinsic.
+                    let lowered_req = this.lower_expr_mut(&req);
+                    let precond = this.expr_call_lang_item_fn_mut(
+                        req.span,
+                        hir::LangItem::ContractCheckRequires,
+                        &*arena_vec![this; lowered_req],
+                    );
+                    Some(this.stmt_expr(req.span, precond))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                let (postcond, body) = if let Some(ens) = &contract.ensures {
+                    let ens_span = this.lower_span(ens.span);
+                    // Set up the postcondition `let` statement.
+                    let check_ident: Ident =
+                        Ident::from_str_and_span("__ensures_checker", ens_span);
+                    let (checker_pat, check_hir_id) = this.pat_ident_binding_mode_mut(
+                        ens_span,
+                        check_ident,
+                        hir::BindingMode::NONE,
+                    );
+                    let lowered_ens = this.lower_expr_mut(&ens);
+                    let postcond_checker = this.expr_call_lang_item_fn(
+                        ens_span,
+                        hir::LangItem::ContractBuildCheckEnsures,
+                        &*arena_vec![this; lowered_ens],
+                    );
+                    let postcond = this.stmt_let_pat(
                         None,
-                        ens.span,
+                        ens_span,
                         Some(postcond_checker),
-                        this.arena.alloc(checker_binding_pat),
+                        this.arena.alloc(checker_pat),
                         hir::LocalSource::Contract,
-                    ),
-                    this.inject_ensures_check(result_ref, ens.span, fresh_ident.0, fresh_ident.2),
-                )
-            } else {
-                let u = lit_unit(this);
-                (this.stmt_expr(contract.span, u), &*result_ref)
-            };
+                    );
 
-            let block = this.block_all(
-                contract.span,
-                arena_vec![this; precond, postcond_checker],
-                Some(result),
-            );
-            (params, this.expr_block(block))
+                    // Install contract_ensures so we will intercept `return` statements,
+                    // then lower the body.
+                    this.contract_ensures = Some((ens_span, check_ident, check_hir_id));
+                    let body = this.arena.alloc(body(this));
+
+                    // Finally, inject an ensures check on the implicit return of the body.
+                    let body = this.inject_ensures_check(body, ens_span, check_ident, check_hir_id);
+                    (Some(postcond), body)
+                } else {
+                    let body = &*this.arena.alloc(body(this));
+                    (None, body)
+                };
+                // Flatten the body into precond, then postcond, then wrapped body.
+                let wrapped_body = this.block_all(
+                    body.span,
+                    this.arena.alloc_from_iter([precond, postcond].into_iter().flatten()),
+                    Some(body),
+                );
+                (params, this.expr_block(wrapped_body))
+            } else {
+                (params, body(this))
+            }
         })
     }
 
-    fn lower_fn_body_block(&mut self, decl: &FnDecl, body: &Block) -> hir::BodyId {
-        self.lower_fn_body(decl, |this| this.lower_block_expr(body))
+    fn lower_fn_body_block(
+        &mut self,
+        decl: &FnDecl,
+        body: &Block,
+        contract: Option<&FnContract>,
+    ) -> hir::BodyId {
+        self.lower_fn_body(decl, contract, |this| this.lower_block_expr(body))
     }
 
     pub(super) fn lower_const_body(&mut self, span: Span, expr: Option<&Expr>) -> hir::BodyId {
         self.lower_body(|this| {
-            (&[], match expr {
-                Some(expr) => this.lower_expr_mut(expr),
-                None => this.expr_err(span, this.dcx().span_delayed_bug(span, "no block")),
-            })
+            (
+                &[],
+                match expr {
+                    Some(expr) => this.lower_expr_mut(expr),
+                    None => this.expr_err(span, this.dcx().span_delayed_bug(span, "no block")),
+                },
+            )
         })
     }
 
@@ -1170,12 +1176,13 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         coroutine_kind: Option<CoroutineKind>,
         body: Option<&Block>,
         attrs: &'hir [hir::Attribute],
+        contract: Option<&FnContract>,
     ) -> hir::BodyId {
         let Some(body) = body else {
             // Functions without a body are an error, except if this is an intrinsic. For those we
             // create a fake body so that the entire rest of the compiler doesn't have to deal with
             // this as a special case.
-            return self.lower_fn_body(decl, |this| {
+            return self.lower_fn_body(decl, contract, |this| {
                 if attrs.iter().any(|a| a.name_or_empty() == sym::rustc_intrinsic) {
                     let span = this.lower_span(span);
                     let empty_block = hir::Block {
@@ -1200,8 +1207,9 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         };
         let Some(coroutine_kind) = coroutine_kind else {
             // Typical case: not a coroutine.
-            return self.lower_fn_body_block(decl, body);
+            return self.lower_fn_body_block(decl, body, contract);
         };
+        // FIXME(contracts): Support contracts on async fn.
         self.lower_body(|this| {
             let (parameters, expr) = this.lower_coroutine_body_with_moved_arguments(
                 decl,
@@ -1470,23 +1478,28 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn lower_abi(&mut self, abi: StrLit) -> abi::Abi {
-        abi::lookup(abi.symbol_unescaped.as_str()).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
-            self.error_on_invalid_abi(abi, err);
-            abi::Abi::Rust
-        })
+    pub(super) fn lower_abi(&mut self, abi_str: StrLit) -> ExternAbi {
+        let ast::StrLit { symbol_unescaped, span, .. } = abi_str;
+        let extern_abi = symbol_unescaped.as_str().parse().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+            self.error_on_invalid_abi(abi_str);
+            ExternAbi::Rust
+        });
+        let sess = self.tcx.sess;
+        let features = self.tcx.features();
+        gate_unstable_abi(sess, features, span, extern_abi);
+        extern_abi
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn lower_extern(&mut self, ext: Extern) -> abi::Abi {
+    pub(super) fn lower_extern(&mut self, ext: Extern) -> ExternAbi {
         match ext {
-            Extern::None => abi::Abi::Rust,
-            Extern::Implicit(_) => abi::Abi::FALLBACK,
+            Extern::None => ExternAbi::Rust,
+            Extern::Implicit(_) => ExternAbi::FALLBACK,
             Extern::Explicit(abi, _) => self.lower_abi(abi),
         }
     }
 
-    fn error_on_invalid_abi(&self, abi: StrLit, err: abi::AbiUnsupported) {
-        let abi_names = abi::enabled_names(self.tcx.features(), abi.span)
+    fn error_on_invalid_abi(&self, abi: StrLit) {
+        let abi_names = enabled_names(self.tcx.features(), abi.span)
             .iter()
             .map(|s| Symbol::intern(s))
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -1494,10 +1507,6 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         self.dcx().emit_err(InvalidAbi {
             abi: abi.symbol_unescaped,
             span: abi.span,
-            explain: match err {
-                abi::AbiUnsupported::Reason { explain } => Some(InvalidAbiReason(explain)),
-                _ => None,
-            },
             suggestion: suggested_name.map(|suggested_name| InvalidAbiSuggestion {
                 span: abi.span,
                 suggestion: format!("\"{suggested_name}\""),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
index bb7c66f6094..b865cbedbbb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@
 #![warn(unreachable_pub)]
 // tidy-alphabetical-end
 
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use rustc_ast::node_id::NodeMap;
 use rustc_ast::{self as ast, *};
-use rustc_data_structures::captures::Captures;
 use rustc_data_structures::fingerprint::Fingerprint;
 use rustc_data_structures::sorted_map::SortedMap;
 use rustc_data_structures::stable_hasher::{HashStable, StableHasher};
-use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_data_structures::tagged_ptr::TaggedRef;
 use rustc_errors::{DiagArgFromDisplay, DiagCtxtHandle, StashKey};
 use rustc_hir::def::{DefKind, LifetimeRes, Namespace, PartialRes, PerNS, Res};
@@ -83,22 +83,10 @@ mod index;
 mod item;
 mod pat;
 mod path;
+pub mod stability;
 
 rustc_fluent_macro::fluent_messages! { "../messages.ftl" }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct FnContractLoweringInfo<'hir> {
-    pub span: Span,
-    pub requires: Option<ast::ptr::P<ast::Expr>>,
-    pub ensures: Option<FnContractLoweringEnsures<'hir>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct FnContractLoweringEnsures<'hir> {
-    expr: ast::ptr::P<ast::Expr>,
-    fresh_ident: (Ident, hir::Pat<'hir>, HirId),
-}
-
 struct LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'hir>,
     resolver: &'a mut ResolverAstLowering,
@@ -113,7 +101,7 @@ struct LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
     /// Collect items that were created by lowering the current owner.
     children: Vec<(LocalDefId, hir::MaybeOwner<'hir>)>,
 
-    contract: Option<FnContractLoweringInfo<'hir>>,
+    contract_ensures: Option<(Span, Ident, HirId)>,
 
     coroutine_kind: Option<hir::CoroutineKind>,
 
@@ -144,11 +132,11 @@ struct LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
     #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
     node_id_to_local_id: NodeMap<hir::ItemLocalId>,
 
-    allow_try_trait: Lrc<[Symbol]>,
-    allow_gen_future: Lrc<[Symbol]>,
-    allow_async_iterator: Lrc<[Symbol]>,
-    allow_for_await: Lrc<[Symbol]>,
-    allow_async_fn_traits: Lrc<[Symbol]>,
+    allow_try_trait: Arc<[Symbol]>,
+    allow_gen_future: Arc<[Symbol]>,
+    allow_async_iterator: Arc<[Symbol]>,
+    allow_for_await: Arc<[Symbol]>,
+    allow_async_fn_traits: Arc<[Symbol]>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
@@ -163,7 +151,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
             bodies: Vec::new(),
             attrs: SortedMap::default(),
             children: Vec::default(),
-            contract: None,
+            contract_ensures: None,
             current_hir_id_owner: hir::CRATE_OWNER_ID,
             item_local_id_counter: hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO,
             ident_and_label_to_local_id: Default::default(),
@@ -418,7 +406,7 @@ fn compute_hir_hash(
         .iter_enumerated()
         .filter_map(|(def_id, info)| {
             let info = info.as_owner()?;
-            let def_path_hash = tcx.hir().def_path_hash(def_id);
+            let def_path_hash = tcx.hir_def_path_hash(def_id);
             Some((def_path_hash, info))
         })
         .collect();
@@ -508,7 +496,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
             "adding a def'n for node-id {:?} and def kind {:?} but a previous def'n exists: {:?}",
             node_id,
             def_kind,
-            self.tcx.hir().def_key(self.local_def_id(node_id)),
+            self.tcx.hir_def_key(self.local_def_id(node_id)),
         );
 
         let def_id = self.tcx.at(span).create_def(parent, name, def_kind).def_id();
@@ -738,7 +726,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         &self,
         reason: DesugaringKind,
         span: Span,
-        allow_internal_unstable: Option<Lrc<[Symbol]>>,
+        allow_internal_unstable: Option<Arc<[Symbol]>>,
     ) -> Span {
         self.tcx.with_stable_hashing_context(|hcx| {
             span.mark_with_reason(allow_internal_unstable, reason, span.edition(), hcx)
@@ -850,7 +838,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         let was_in_loop_condition = self.is_in_loop_condition;
         self.is_in_loop_condition = false;
 
-        let old_contract = self.contract.take();
+        let old_contract = self.contract_ensures.take();
 
         let catch_scope = self.catch_scope.take();
         let loop_scope = self.loop_scope.take();
@@ -858,7 +846,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         self.catch_scope = catch_scope;
         self.loop_scope = loop_scope;
 
-        self.contract = old_contract;
+        self.contract_ensures = old_contract;
 
         self.is_in_loop_condition = was_in_loop_condition;
 
@@ -1686,7 +1674,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
             CoroutineKind::Async { return_impl_trait_id, .. } => (return_impl_trait_id, None),
             CoroutineKind::Gen { return_impl_trait_id, .. } => (return_impl_trait_id, None),
             CoroutineKind::AsyncGen { return_impl_trait_id, .. } => {
-                (return_impl_trait_id, Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_async_iterator)))
+                (return_impl_trait_id, Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_async_iterator)))
             }
         };
 
@@ -1832,11 +1820,11 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         self.new_named_lifetime_with_res(new_id, ident, res)
     }
 
-    fn lower_generic_params_mut<'s>(
-        &'s mut self,
-        params: &'s [GenericParam],
+    fn lower_generic_params_mut(
+        &mut self,
+        params: &[GenericParam],
         source: hir::GenericParamSource,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = hir::GenericParam<'hir>> + Captures<'a> + Captures<'s> {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = hir::GenericParam<'hir>> {
         params.iter().map(move |param| self.lower_generic_param(param, source))
     }
 
@@ -1997,11 +1985,11 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         self.arena.alloc_from_iter(self.lower_param_bounds_mut(bounds, itctx))
     }
 
-    fn lower_param_bounds_mut<'s>(
-        &'s mut self,
-        bounds: &'s [GenericBound],
+    fn lower_param_bounds_mut(
+        &mut self,
+        bounds: &[GenericBound],
         itctx: ImplTraitContext,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = hir::GenericBound<'hir>> + Captures<'s> + Captures<'a> {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = hir::GenericBound<'hir>> {
         bounds.iter().map(move |bound| self.lower_param_bound(bound, itctx))
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs
index bb9b2a13185..e1f3afbcf59 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ use rustc_ast::ptr::P;
 use rustc_ast::*;
 use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
-use rustc_hir::def::{DefKind, Res};
+use rustc_hir::def::Res;
 use rustc_middle::span_bug;
 use rustc_span::source_map::{Spanned, respan};
-use rustc_span::{Ident, Span, kw};
+use rustc_span::{Ident, Span};
 
 use super::errors::{
     ArbitraryExpressionInPattern, ExtraDoubleDot, MisplacedDoubleDot, SubTupleBinding,
@@ -430,78 +430,20 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         self.arena.alloc(hir::PatExpr { hir_id: self.lower_node_id(expr.id), span, kind })
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn lower_ty_pat(&mut self, pattern: &Pat) -> &'hir hir::TyPat<'hir> {
+    pub(crate) fn lower_ty_pat(&mut self, pattern: &TyPat) -> &'hir hir::TyPat<'hir> {
         self.arena.alloc(self.lower_ty_pat_mut(pattern))
     }
 
-    fn lower_ty_pat_mut(&mut self, mut pattern: &Pat) -> hir::TyPat<'hir> {
+    fn lower_ty_pat_mut(&mut self, pattern: &TyPat) -> hir::TyPat<'hir> {
         // loop here to avoid recursion
         let pat_hir_id = self.lower_node_id(pattern.id);
-        let node = loop {
-            match &pattern.kind {
-                PatKind::Range(e1, e2, Spanned { node: end, .. }) => {
-                    // FIXME(pattern_types): remove this closure and call `lower_const_arg` instead.
-                    // That requires first modifying the AST to have const args here.
-                    let mut lower_expr = |e: &Expr| -> &_ {
-                        if let ExprKind::Path(None, path) = &e.kind
-                            && let Some(res) = self
-                                .resolver
-                                .get_partial_res(e.id)
-                                .and_then(|partial_res| partial_res.full_res())
-                        {
-                            self.lower_const_path_to_const_arg(path, res, e.id, e.span)
-                        } else {
-                            let node_id = self.next_node_id();
-                            let def_id = self.create_def(
-                                self.current_hir_id_owner.def_id,
-                                node_id,
-                                kw::Empty,
-                                DefKind::AnonConst,
-                                e.span,
-                            );
-                            let hir_id = self.lower_node_id(node_id);
-                            let ac = self.arena.alloc(hir::AnonConst {
-                                def_id,
-                                hir_id,
-                                body: self.lower_const_body(pattern.span, Some(e)),
-                                span: self.lower_span(pattern.span),
-                            });
-                            self.arena.alloc(hir::ConstArg {
-                                hir_id: self.next_id(),
-                                kind: hir::ConstArgKind::Anon(ac),
-                            })
-                        }
-                    };
-                    break hir::TyPatKind::Range(
-                        e1.as_deref().map(|e| lower_expr(e)),
-                        e2.as_deref().map(|e| lower_expr(e)),
-                        self.lower_range_end(end, e2.is_some()),
-                    );
-                }
-                // return inner to be processed in next loop
-                PatKind::Paren(inner) => pattern = inner,
-                PatKind::MacCall(_) => panic!("{:?} shouldn't exist here", pattern.span),
-                PatKind::Err(guar) => break hir::TyPatKind::Err(*guar),
-                PatKind::Deref(..)
-                | PatKind::Box(..)
-                | PatKind::Or(..)
-                | PatKind::Struct(..)
-                | PatKind::TupleStruct(..)
-                | PatKind::Tuple(..)
-                | PatKind::Ref(..)
-                | PatKind::Expr(..)
-                | PatKind::Guard(..)
-                | PatKind::Slice(_)
-                | PatKind::Ident(..)
-                | PatKind::Path(..)
-                | PatKind::Wild
-                | PatKind::Never
-                | PatKind::Rest => {
-                    break hir::TyPatKind::Err(
-                        self.dcx().span_err(pattern.span, "pattern not supported in pattern types"),
-                    );
-                }
-            }
+        let node = match &pattern.kind {
+            TyPatKind::Range(e1, e2, Spanned { node: end, .. }) => hir::TyPatKind::Range(
+                e1.as_deref().map(|e| self.lower_anon_const_to_const_arg(e)),
+                e2.as_deref().map(|e| self.lower_anon_const_to_const_arg(e)),
+                self.lower_range_end(end, e2.is_some()),
+            ),
+            TyPatKind::Err(guar) => hir::TyPatKind::Err(*guar),
         };
 
         hir::TyPat { hir_id: pat_hir_id, kind: node, span: self.lower_span(pattern.span) }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/path.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/path.rs
index 75abff7461b..55d06477313 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/path.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/path.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use rustc_ast::{self as ast, *};
-use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::GenericArg;
 use rustc_hir::def::{DefKind, PartialRes, Res};
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         let bound_modifier_allowed_features = if let Res::Def(DefKind::Trait, async_def_id) = res
             && self.tcx.async_fn_trait_kind_from_def_id(async_def_id).is_some()
         {
-            Some(Lrc::clone(&self.allow_async_fn_traits))
+            Some(Arc::clone(&self.allow_async_fn_traits))
         } else {
             None
         };
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         // Additional features ungated with a bound modifier like `async`.
         // This is passed down to the implicit associated type binding in
         // parenthesized bounds.
-        bound_modifier_allowed_features: Option<Lrc<[Symbol]>>,
+        bound_modifier_allowed_features: Option<Arc<[Symbol]>>,
     ) -> hir::PathSegment<'hir> {
         debug!("path_span: {:?}, lower_path_segment(segment: {:?})", path_span, segment);
         let (mut generic_args, infer_args) = if let Some(generic_args) = segment.args.as_deref() {
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         &mut self,
         data: &ParenthesizedArgs,
         itctx: ImplTraitContext,
-        bound_modifier_allowed_features: Option<Lrc<[Symbol]>>,
+        bound_modifier_allowed_features: Option<Arc<[Symbol]>>,
     ) -> (GenericArgsCtor<'hir>, bool) {
         // Switch to `PassThrough` mode for anonymous lifetimes; this
         // means that we permit things like `&Ref<T>`, where `Ref` has
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/stability.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/stability.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a2004bbb39f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/stability.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+use rustc_abi::ExternAbi;
+use rustc_feature::Features;
+use rustc_session::Session;
+use rustc_session::parse::feature_err;
+use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
+use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
+
+pub(crate) fn enabled_names(features: &rustc_feature::Features, span: Span) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+    ExternAbi::ALL_VARIANTS
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|abi| extern_abi_enabled(features, span, **abi).is_ok())
+        .map(|abi| abi.as_str())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn extern_abi_enabled(
+    features: &rustc_feature::Features,
+    span: Span,
+    abi: ExternAbi,
+) -> Result<(), UnstableAbi> {
+    extern_abi_stability(abi).or_else(|unstable @ UnstableAbi { feature, .. }| {
+        if features.enabled(feature) || span.allows_unstable(feature) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(unstable)
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+#[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
+pub(crate) fn gate_unstable_abi(sess: &Session, features: &Features, span: Span, abi: ExternAbi) {
+    match extern_abi_enabled(features, span, abi) {
+        Ok(_) => (),
+        Err(unstable_abi) => {
+            let explain = unstable_abi.to_string();
+            feature_err(sess, unstable_abi.feature, span, explain).emit();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct UnstableAbi {
+    abi: ExternAbi,
+    feature: Symbol,
+    explain: GateReason,
+}
+
+enum GateReason {
+    Experimental,
+    ImplDetail,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for UnstableAbi {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let Self { abi, .. } = self;
+        match self.explain {
+            GateReason::Experimental => {
+                write!(f, "the extern {abi} ABI is experimental and subject to change")
+            }
+            GateReason::ImplDetail => {
+                write!(f, "the extern {abi} ABI is an implementation detail and perma-unstable")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn extern_abi_stability(abi: ExternAbi) -> Result<(), UnstableAbi> {
+    match abi {
+        // stable ABIs
+        ExternAbi::Rust
+        | ExternAbi::C { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::Cdecl { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::Stdcall { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::Fastcall { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::Thiscall { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::Aapcs { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::Win64 { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::SysV64 { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::System { .. }
+        | ExternAbi::EfiApi => Ok(()),
+        // implementation details
+        ExternAbi::RustIntrinsic => {
+            Err(UnstableAbi { abi, feature: sym::intrinsics, explain: GateReason::ImplDetail })
+        }
+        ExternAbi::Unadjusted => {
+            Err(UnstableAbi { abi, feature: sym::abi_unadjusted, explain: GateReason::ImplDetail })
+        }
+        // experimental
+        ExternAbi::Vectorcall { .. } => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::abi_vectorcall,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::RustCall => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::unboxed_closures,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::RustCold => {
+            Err(UnstableAbi { abi, feature: sym::rust_cold_cc, explain: GateReason::Experimental })
+        }
+        ExternAbi::GpuKernel => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::abi_gpu_kernel,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::PtxKernel => {
+            Err(UnstableAbi { abi, feature: sym::abi_ptx, explain: GateReason::Experimental })
+        }
+        ExternAbi::Msp430Interrupt => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::abi_msp430_interrupt,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::X86Interrupt => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::abi_x86_interrupt,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::AvrInterrupt | ExternAbi::AvrNonBlockingInterrupt => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::abi_avr_interrupt,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::RiscvInterruptM | ExternAbi::RiscvInterruptS => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::abi_riscv_interrupt,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::CCmseNonSecureCall => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::abi_c_cmse_nonsecure_call,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+        ExternAbi::CCmseNonSecureEntry => Err(UnstableAbi {
+            abi,
+            feature: sym::cmse_nonsecure_entry,
+            explain: GateReason::Experimental,
+        }),
+    }
+}