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+//! This crate is responsible for the part of name resolution that doesn't require type checker.
+//!
+//! Module structure of the crate is built here.
+//! Paths in macros, imports, expressions, types, patterns are resolved here.
+//! Label and lifetime names are resolved here as well.
+//!
+//! Type-relative name resolution (methods, fields, associated items) happens in `rustc_hir_analysis`.
+
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/")]
+#![doc(rust_logo)]
+#![feature(rustdoc_internals)]
+#![feature(assert_matches)]
+#![feature(box_patterns)]
+#![feature(extract_if)]
+#![feature(if_let_guard)]
+#![feature(iter_intersperse)]
+#![feature(let_chains)]
+#![feature(never_type)]
+#![feature(rustc_attrs)]
+#![recursion_limit = "256"]
+#![allow(rustdoc::private_intra_doc_links)]
+#![allow(rustc::potential_query_instability)]
+#![allow(internal_features)]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate tracing;
+
+use errors::{
+    ParamKindInEnumDiscriminant, ParamKindInNonTrivialAnonConst, ParamKindInTyOfConstParam,
+};
+use rustc_arena::{DroplessArena, TypedArena};
+use rustc_ast::expand::StrippedCfgItem;
+use rustc_ast::node_id::NodeMap;
+use rustc_ast::{self as ast, attr, NodeId, CRATE_NODE_ID};
+use rustc_ast::{AngleBracketedArg, Crate, Expr, ExprKind, GenericArg, GenericArgs, LitKind, Path};
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet, FxIndexMap, FxIndexSet};
+use rustc_data_structures::intern::Interned;
+use rustc_data_structures::steal::Steal;
+use rustc_data_structures::sync::{FreezeReadGuard, Lrc};
+use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder};
+use rustc_expand::base::{DeriveResolutions, SyntaxExtension, SyntaxExtensionKind};
+use rustc_feature::BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTES;
+use rustc_hir::def::Namespace::{self, *};
+use rustc_hir::def::NonMacroAttrKind;
+use rustc_hir::def::{self, CtorOf, DefKind, DocLinkResMap, LifetimeRes, PartialRes, PerNS};
+use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, DefId, LocalDefId, LocalDefIdMap, LocalDefIdSet};
+use rustc_hir::def_id::{CRATE_DEF_ID, LOCAL_CRATE};
+use rustc_hir::{PrimTy, TraitCandidate};
+use rustc_index::IndexVec;
+use rustc_metadata::creader::{CStore, CrateLoader};
+use rustc_middle::metadata::ModChild;
+use rustc_middle::middle::privacy::EffectiveVisibilities;
+use rustc_middle::query::Providers;
+use rustc_middle::span_bug;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, MainDefinition, RegisteredTools, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ResolverGlobalCtxt, ResolverOutputs};
+use rustc_query_system::ich::StableHashingContext;
+use rustc_session::lint::LintBuffer;
+use rustc_span::hygiene::{ExpnId, LocalExpnId, MacroKind, SyntaxContext, Transparency};
+use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym, Ident, Symbol};
+use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
+
+use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use diagnostics::{ImportSuggestion, LabelSuggestion, Suggestion};
+use imports::{Import, ImportData, ImportKind, NameResolution};
+use late::{HasGenericParams, PathSource, PatternSource};
+use macros::{MacroRulesBinding, MacroRulesScope, MacroRulesScopeRef};
+
+use crate::effective_visibilities::EffectiveVisibilitiesVisitor;
+
+type Res = def::Res<NodeId>;
+
+mod build_reduced_graph;
+mod check_unused;
+mod def_collector;
+mod diagnostics;
+mod effective_visibilities;
+mod errors;
+mod ident;
+mod imports;
+mod late;
+mod macros;
+pub mod rustdoc;
+
+rustc_fluent_macro::fluent_messages! { "../messages.ftl" }
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Weak {
+    Yes,
+    No,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum Determinacy {
+    Determined,
+    Undetermined,
+}
+
+impl Determinacy {
+    fn determined(determined: bool) -> Determinacy {
+        if determined { Determinacy::Determined } else { Determinacy::Undetermined }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A specific scope in which a name can be looked up.
+/// This enum is currently used only for early resolution (imports and macros),
+/// but not for late resolution yet.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum Scope<'a> {
+    DeriveHelpers(LocalExpnId),
+    DeriveHelpersCompat,
+    MacroRules(MacroRulesScopeRef<'a>),
+    CrateRoot,
+    // The node ID is for reporting the `PROC_MACRO_DERIVE_RESOLUTION_FALLBACK`
+    // lint if it should be reported.
+    Module(Module<'a>, Option<NodeId>),
+    MacroUsePrelude,
+    BuiltinAttrs,
+    ExternPrelude,
+    ToolPrelude,
+    StdLibPrelude,
+    BuiltinTypes,
+}
+
+/// Names from different contexts may want to visit different subsets of all specific scopes
+/// with different restrictions when looking up the resolution.
+/// This enum is currently used only for early resolution (imports and macros),
+/// but not for late resolution yet.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum ScopeSet<'a> {
+    /// All scopes with the given namespace.
+    All(Namespace),
+    /// Crate root, then extern prelude (used for mixed 2015-2018 mode in macros).
+    AbsolutePath(Namespace),
+    /// All scopes with macro namespace and the given macro kind restriction.
+    Macro(MacroKind),
+    /// All scopes with the given namespace, used for partially performing late resolution.
+    /// The node id enables lints and is used for reporting them.
+    Late(Namespace, Module<'a>, Option<NodeId>),
+}
+
+/// Everything you need to know about a name's location to resolve it.
+/// Serves as a starting point for the scope visitor.
+/// This struct is currently used only for early resolution (imports and macros),
+/// but not for late resolution yet.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct ParentScope<'a> {
+    module: Module<'a>,
+    expansion: LocalExpnId,
+    macro_rules: MacroRulesScopeRef<'a>,
+    derives: &'a [ast::Path],
+}
+
+impl<'a> ParentScope<'a> {
+    /// Creates a parent scope with the passed argument used as the module scope component,
+    /// and other scope components set to default empty values.
+    fn module(module: Module<'a>, resolver: &Resolver<'a, '_>) -> ParentScope<'a> {
+        ParentScope {
+            module,
+            expansion: LocalExpnId::ROOT,
+            macro_rules: resolver.arenas.alloc_macro_rules_scope(MacroRulesScope::Empty),
+            derives: &[],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Debug, Clone)]
+enum ImplTraitContext {
+    Existential,
+    Universal,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BindingError {
+    name: Symbol,
+    origin: BTreeSet<Span>,
+    target: BTreeSet<Span>,
+    could_be_path: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum ResolutionError<'a> {
+    /// Error E0401: can't use type or const parameters from outer item.
+    GenericParamsFromOuterItem(Res, HasGenericParams),
+    /// Error E0403: the name is already used for a type or const parameter in this generic
+    /// parameter list.
+    NameAlreadyUsedInParameterList(Symbol, Span),
+    /// Error E0407: method is not a member of trait.
+    MethodNotMemberOfTrait(Ident, String, Option<Symbol>),
+    /// Error E0437: type is not a member of trait.
+    TypeNotMemberOfTrait(Ident, String, Option<Symbol>),
+    /// Error E0438: const is not a member of trait.
+    ConstNotMemberOfTrait(Ident, String, Option<Symbol>),
+    /// Error E0408: variable `{}` is not bound in all patterns.
+    VariableNotBoundInPattern(BindingError, ParentScope<'a>),
+    /// Error E0409: variable `{}` is bound in inconsistent ways within the same match arm.
+    VariableBoundWithDifferentMode(Symbol, Span),
+    /// Error E0415: identifier is bound more than once in this parameter list.
+    IdentifierBoundMoreThanOnceInParameterList(Symbol),
+    /// Error E0416: identifier is bound more than once in the same pattern.
+    IdentifierBoundMoreThanOnceInSamePattern(Symbol),
+    /// Error E0426: use of undeclared label.
+    UndeclaredLabel { name: Symbol, suggestion: Option<LabelSuggestion> },
+    /// Error E0429: `self` imports are only allowed within a `{ }` list.
+    SelfImportsOnlyAllowedWithin { root: bool, span_with_rename: Span },
+    /// Error E0430: `self` import can only appear once in the list.
+    SelfImportCanOnlyAppearOnceInTheList,
+    /// Error E0431: `self` import can only appear in an import list with a non-empty prefix.
+    SelfImportOnlyInImportListWithNonEmptyPrefix,
+    /// Error E0433: failed to resolve.
+    FailedToResolve {
+        segment: Option<Symbol>,
+        label: String,
+        suggestion: Option<Suggestion>,
+        module: Option<ModuleOrUniformRoot<'a>>,
+    },
+    /// Error E0434: can't capture dynamic environment in a fn item.
+    CannotCaptureDynamicEnvironmentInFnItem,
+    /// Error E0435: attempt to use a non-constant value in a constant.
+    AttemptToUseNonConstantValueInConstant(
+        Ident,
+        /* suggestion */ &'static str,
+        /* current */ &'static str,
+    ),
+    /// Error E0530: `X` bindings cannot shadow `Y`s.
+    BindingShadowsSomethingUnacceptable {
+        shadowing_binding: PatternSource,
+        name: Symbol,
+        participle: &'static str,
+        article: &'static str,
+        shadowed_binding: Res,
+        shadowed_binding_span: Span,
+    },
+    /// Error E0128: generic parameters with a default cannot use forward-declared identifiers.
+    ForwardDeclaredGenericParam,
+    /// ERROR E0770: the type of const parameters must not depend on other generic parameters.
+    ParamInTyOfConstParam { name: Symbol, param_kind: Option<ParamKindInTyOfConstParam> },
+    /// generic parameters must not be used inside const evaluations.
+    ///
+    /// This error is only emitted when using `min_const_generics`.
+    ParamInNonTrivialAnonConst { name: Symbol, param_kind: ParamKindInNonTrivialAnonConst },
+    /// generic parameters must not be used inside enum discriminants.
+    ///
+    /// This error is emitted even with `generic_const_exprs`.
+    ParamInEnumDiscriminant { name: Symbol, param_kind: ParamKindInEnumDiscriminant },
+    /// Error E0735: generic parameters with a default cannot use `Self`
+    SelfInGenericParamDefault,
+    /// Error E0767: use of unreachable label
+    UnreachableLabel { name: Symbol, definition_span: Span, suggestion: Option<LabelSuggestion> },
+    /// Error E0323, E0324, E0325: mismatch between trait item and impl item.
+    TraitImplMismatch {
+        name: Symbol,
+        kind: &'static str,
+        trait_path: String,
+        trait_item_span: Span,
+        code: rustc_errors::DiagnosticId,
+    },
+    /// Error E0201: multiple impl items for the same trait item.
+    TraitImplDuplicate { name: Symbol, trait_item_span: Span, old_span: Span },
+    /// Inline asm `sym` operand must refer to a `fn` or `static`.
+    InvalidAsmSym,
+    /// `self` used instead of `Self` in a generic parameter
+    LowercaseSelf,
+}
+
+enum VisResolutionError<'a> {
+    Relative2018(Span, &'a ast::Path),
+    AncestorOnly(Span),
+    FailedToResolve(Span, String, Option<Suggestion>),
+    ExpectedFound(Span, String, Res),
+    Indeterminate(Span),
+    ModuleOnly(Span),
+}
+
+/// A minimal representation of a path segment. We use this in resolve because we synthesize 'path
+/// segments' which don't have the rest of an AST or HIR `PathSegment`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct Segment {
+    ident: Ident,
+    id: Option<NodeId>,
+    /// Signals whether this `PathSegment` has generic arguments. Used to avoid providing
+    /// nonsensical suggestions.
+    has_generic_args: bool,
+    /// Signals whether this `PathSegment` has lifetime arguments.
+    has_lifetime_args: bool,
+    args_span: Span,
+}
+
+impl Segment {
+    fn from_path(path: &Path) -> Vec<Segment> {
+        path.segments.iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn from_ident(ident: Ident) -> Segment {
+        Segment {
+            ident,
+            id: None,
+            has_generic_args: false,
+            has_lifetime_args: false,
+            args_span: DUMMY_SP,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_ident_and_id(ident: Ident, id: NodeId) -> Segment {
+        Segment {
+            ident,
+            id: Some(id),
+            has_generic_args: false,
+            has_lifetime_args: false,
+            args_span: DUMMY_SP,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn names_to_string(segments: &[Segment]) -> String {
+        names_to_string(&segments.iter().map(|seg| seg.ident.name).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a ast::PathSegment> for Segment {
+    fn from(seg: &'a ast::PathSegment) -> Segment {
+        let has_generic_args = seg.args.is_some();
+        let (args_span, has_lifetime_args) = if let Some(args) = seg.args.as_deref() {
+            match args {
+                GenericArgs::AngleBracketed(args) => {
+                    let found_lifetimes = args
+                        .args
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|arg| matches!(arg, AngleBracketedArg::Arg(GenericArg::Lifetime(_))));
+                    (args.span, found_lifetimes)
+                }
+                GenericArgs::Parenthesized(args) => (args.span, true),
+            }
+        } else {
+            (DUMMY_SP, false)
+        };
+        Segment {
+            ident: seg.ident,
+            id: Some(seg.id),
+            has_generic_args,
+            has_lifetime_args,
+            args_span,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An intermediate resolution result.
+///
+/// This refers to the thing referred by a name. The difference between `Res` and `Item` is that
+/// items are visible in their whole block, while `Res`es only from the place they are defined
+/// forward.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum LexicalScopeBinding<'a> {
+    Item(NameBinding<'a>),
+    Res(Res),
+}
+
+impl<'a> LexicalScopeBinding<'a> {
+    fn res(self) -> Res {
+        match self {
+            LexicalScopeBinding::Item(binding) => binding.res(),
+            LexicalScopeBinding::Res(res) => res,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum ModuleOrUniformRoot<'a> {
+    /// Regular module.
+    Module(Module<'a>),
+
+    /// Virtual module that denotes resolution in crate root with fallback to extern prelude.
+    CrateRootAndExternPrelude,
+
+    /// Virtual module that denotes resolution in extern prelude.
+    /// Used for paths starting with `::` on 2018 edition.
+    ExternPrelude,
+
+    /// Virtual module that denotes resolution in current scope.
+    /// Used only for resolving single-segment imports. The reason it exists is that import paths
+    /// are always split into two parts, the first of which should be some kind of module.
+    CurrentScope,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum PathResult<'a> {
+    Module(ModuleOrUniformRoot<'a>),
+    NonModule(PartialRes),
+    Indeterminate,
+    Failed {
+        span: Span,
+        label: String,
+        suggestion: Option<Suggestion>,
+        is_error_from_last_segment: bool,
+        module: Option<ModuleOrUniformRoot<'a>>,
+        /// The segment name of target
+        segment_name: Symbol,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<'a> PathResult<'a> {
+    fn failed(
+        ident: Ident,
+        is_error_from_last_segment: bool,
+        finalize: bool,
+        module: Option<ModuleOrUniformRoot<'a>>,
+        label_and_suggestion: impl FnOnce() -> (String, Option<Suggestion>),
+    ) -> PathResult<'a> {
+        let (label, suggestion) =
+            if finalize { label_and_suggestion() } else { (String::new(), None) };
+        PathResult::Failed {
+            span: ident.span,
+            segment_name: ident.name,
+            label,
+            suggestion,
+            is_error_from_last_segment,
+            module,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum ModuleKind {
+    /// An anonymous module; e.g., just a block.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// fn main() {
+    ///     fn f() {} // (1)
+    ///     { // This is an anonymous module
+    ///         f(); // This resolves to (2) as we are inside the block.
+    ///         fn f() {} // (2)
+    ///     }
+    ///     f(); // Resolves to (1)
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    Block,
+    /// Any module with a name.
+    ///
+    /// This could be:
+    ///
+    /// * A normal module – either `mod from_file;` or `mod from_block { }` –
+    ///   or the crate root (which is conceptually a top-level module).
+    ///   Note that the crate root's [name][Self::name] will be [`kw::Empty`].
+    /// * A trait or an enum (it implicitly contains associated types, methods and variant
+    ///   constructors).
+    Def(DefKind, DefId, Symbol),
+}
+
+impl ModuleKind {
+    /// Get name of the module.
+    fn name(&self) -> Option<Symbol> {
+        match self {
+            ModuleKind::Block => None,
+            ModuleKind::Def(.., name) => Some(*name),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A key that identifies a binding in a given `Module`.
+///
+/// Multiple bindings in the same module can have the same key (in a valid
+/// program) if all but one of them come from glob imports.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+struct BindingKey {
+    /// The identifier for the binding, always the `normalize_to_macros_2_0` version of the
+    /// identifier.
+    ident: Ident,
+    ns: Namespace,
+    /// 0 if ident is not `_`, otherwise a value that's unique to the specific
+    /// `_` in the expanded AST that introduced this binding.
+    disambiguator: u32,
+}
+
+impl BindingKey {
+    fn new(ident: Ident, ns: Namespace) -> Self {
+        let ident = ident.normalize_to_macros_2_0();
+        BindingKey { ident, ns, disambiguator: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+type Resolutions<'a> = RefCell<FxIndexMap<BindingKey, &'a RefCell<NameResolution<'a>>>>;
+
+/// One node in the tree of modules.
+///
+/// Note that a "module" in resolve is broader than a `mod` that you declare in Rust code. It may be one of these:
+///
+/// * `mod`
+/// * crate root (aka, top-level anonymous module)
+/// * `enum`
+/// * `trait`
+/// * curly-braced block with statements
+///
+/// You can use [`ModuleData::kind`] to determine the kind of module this is.
+struct ModuleData<'a> {
+    /// The direct parent module (it may not be a `mod`, however).
+    parent: Option<Module<'a>>,
+    /// What kind of module this is, because this may not be a `mod`.
+    kind: ModuleKind,
+
+    /// Mapping between names and their (possibly in-progress) resolutions in this module.
+    /// Resolutions in modules from other crates are not populated until accessed.
+    lazy_resolutions: Resolutions<'a>,
+    /// True if this is a module from other crate that needs to be populated on access.
+    populate_on_access: Cell<bool>,
+
+    /// Macro invocations that can expand into items in this module.
+    unexpanded_invocations: RefCell<FxHashSet<LocalExpnId>>,
+
+    /// Whether `#[no_implicit_prelude]` is active.
+    no_implicit_prelude: bool,
+
+    glob_importers: RefCell<Vec<Import<'a>>>,
+    globs: RefCell<Vec<Import<'a>>>,
+
+    /// Used to memoize the traits in this module for faster searches through all traits in scope.
+    traits: RefCell<Option<Box<[(Ident, NameBinding<'a>)]>>>,
+
+    /// Span of the module itself. Used for error reporting.
+    span: Span,
+
+    expansion: ExpnId,
+}
+
+/// All modules are unique and allocated on a same arena,
+/// so we can use referential equality to compare them.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+#[rustc_pass_by_value]
+struct Module<'a>(Interned<'a, ModuleData<'a>>);
+
+impl<'a> ModuleData<'a> {
+    fn new(
+        parent: Option<Module<'a>>,
+        kind: ModuleKind,
+        expansion: ExpnId,
+        span: Span,
+        no_implicit_prelude: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let is_foreign = match kind {
+            ModuleKind::Def(_, def_id, _) => !def_id.is_local(),
+            ModuleKind::Block => false,
+        };
+        ModuleData {
+            parent,
+            kind,
+            lazy_resolutions: Default::default(),
+            populate_on_access: Cell::new(is_foreign),
+            unexpanded_invocations: Default::default(),
+            no_implicit_prelude,
+            glob_importers: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
+            globs: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
+            traits: RefCell::new(None),
+            span,
+            expansion,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Module<'a> {
+    fn for_each_child<'tcx, R, F>(self, resolver: &mut R, mut f: F)
+    where
+        R: AsMut<Resolver<'a, 'tcx>>,
+        F: FnMut(&mut R, Ident, Namespace, NameBinding<'a>),
+    {
+        for (key, name_resolution) in resolver.as_mut().resolutions(self).borrow().iter() {
+            if let Some(binding) = name_resolution.borrow().binding {
+                f(resolver, key.ident, key.ns, binding);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This modifies `self` in place. The traits will be stored in `self.traits`.
+    fn ensure_traits<'tcx, R>(self, resolver: &mut R)
+    where
+        R: AsMut<Resolver<'a, 'tcx>>,
+    {
+        let mut traits = self.traits.borrow_mut();
+        if traits.is_none() {
+            let mut collected_traits = Vec::new();
+            self.for_each_child(resolver, |_, name, ns, binding| {
+                if ns != TypeNS {
+                    return;
+                }
+                if let Res::Def(DefKind::Trait | DefKind::TraitAlias, _) = binding.res() {
+                    collected_traits.push((name, binding))
+                }
+            });
+            *traits = Some(collected_traits.into_boxed_slice());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn res(self) -> Option<Res> {
+        match self.kind {
+            ModuleKind::Def(kind, def_id, _) => Some(Res::Def(kind, def_id)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Public for rustdoc.
+    fn def_id(self) -> DefId {
+        self.opt_def_id().expect("`ModuleData::def_id` is called on a block module")
+    }
+
+    fn opt_def_id(self) -> Option<DefId> {
+        match self.kind {
+            ModuleKind::Def(_, def_id, _) => Some(def_id),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // `self` resolves to the first module ancestor that `is_normal`.
+    fn is_normal(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.kind, ModuleKind::Def(DefKind::Mod, _, _))
+    }
+
+    fn is_trait(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.kind, ModuleKind::Def(DefKind::Trait, _, _))
+    }
+
+    fn nearest_item_scope(self) -> Module<'a> {
+        match self.kind {
+            ModuleKind::Def(DefKind::Enum | DefKind::Trait, ..) => {
+                self.parent.expect("enum or trait module without a parent")
+            }
+            _ => self,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The [`DefId`] of the nearest `mod` item ancestor (which may be this module).
+    /// This may be the crate root.
+    fn nearest_parent_mod(self) -> DefId {
+        match self.kind {
+            ModuleKind::Def(DefKind::Mod, def_id, _) => def_id,
+            _ => self.parent.expect("non-root module without parent").nearest_parent_mod(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_ancestor_of(self, mut other: Self) -> bool {
+        while self != other {
+            if let Some(parent) = other.parent {
+                other = parent;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> std::ops::Deref for Module<'a> {
+    type Target = ModuleData<'a>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Debug for Module<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{:?}", self.res())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Records a possibly-private value, type, or module definition.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct NameBindingData<'a> {
+    kind: NameBindingKind<'a>,
+    ambiguity: Option<(NameBinding<'a>, AmbiguityKind)>,
+    warn_ambiguity: bool,
+    expansion: LocalExpnId,
+    span: Span,
+    vis: ty::Visibility<DefId>,
+}
+
+/// All name bindings are unique and allocated on a same arena,
+/// so we can use referential equality to compare them.
+type NameBinding<'a> = Interned<'a, NameBindingData<'a>>;
+
+trait ToNameBinding<'a> {
+    fn to_name_binding(self, arenas: &'a ResolverArenas<'a>) -> NameBinding<'a>;
+}
+
+impl<'a> ToNameBinding<'a> for NameBinding<'a> {
+    fn to_name_binding(self, _: &'a ResolverArenas<'a>) -> NameBinding<'a> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum NameBindingKind<'a> {
+    Res(Res),
+    Module(Module<'a>),
+    Import { binding: NameBinding<'a>, import: Import<'a>, used: Cell<bool> },
+}
+
+impl<'a> NameBindingKind<'a> {
+    /// Is this a name binding of an import?
+    fn is_import(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(*self, NameBindingKind::Import { .. })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct PrivacyError<'a> {
+    ident: Ident,
+    binding: NameBinding<'a>,
+    dedup_span: Span,
+    outermost_res: Option<(Res, Ident)>,
+    parent_scope: ParentScope<'a>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct UseError<'a> {
+    err: DiagnosticBuilder<'a>,
+    /// Candidates which user could `use` to access the missing type.
+    candidates: Vec<ImportSuggestion>,
+    /// The `DefId` of the module to place the use-statements in.
+    def_id: DefId,
+    /// Whether the diagnostic should say "instead" (as in `consider importing ... instead`).
+    instead: bool,
+    /// Extra free-form suggestion.
+    suggestion: Option<(Span, &'static str, String, Applicability)>,
+    /// Path `Segment`s at the place of use that failed. Used for accurate suggestion after telling
+    /// the user to import the item directly.
+    path: Vec<Segment>,
+    /// Whether the expected source is a call
+    is_call: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum AmbiguityKind {
+    BuiltinAttr,
+    DeriveHelper,
+    MacroRulesVsModularized,
+    GlobVsOuter,
+    GlobVsGlob,
+    GlobVsExpanded,
+    MoreExpandedVsOuter,
+}
+
+impl AmbiguityKind {
+    fn descr(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            AmbiguityKind::BuiltinAttr => "a name conflict with a builtin attribute",
+            AmbiguityKind::DeriveHelper => "a name conflict with a derive helper attribute",
+            AmbiguityKind::MacroRulesVsModularized => {
+                "a conflict between a `macro_rules` name and a non-`macro_rules` name from another module"
+            }
+            AmbiguityKind::GlobVsOuter => {
+                "a conflict between a name from a glob import and an outer scope during import or macro resolution"
+            }
+            AmbiguityKind::GlobVsGlob => "multiple glob imports of a name in the same module",
+            AmbiguityKind::GlobVsExpanded => {
+                "a conflict between a name from a glob import and a macro-expanded name in the same module during import or macro resolution"
+            }
+            AmbiguityKind::MoreExpandedVsOuter => {
+                "a conflict between a macro-expanded name and a less macro-expanded name from outer scope during import or macro resolution"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Miscellaneous bits of metadata for better ambiguity error reporting.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+enum AmbiguityErrorMisc {
+    SuggestCrate,
+    SuggestSelf,
+    FromPrelude,
+    None,
+}
+
+struct AmbiguityError<'a> {
+    kind: AmbiguityKind,
+    ident: Ident,
+    b1: NameBinding<'a>,
+    b2: NameBinding<'a>,
+    misc1: AmbiguityErrorMisc,
+    misc2: AmbiguityErrorMisc,
+    warning: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> NameBindingData<'a> {
+    fn module(&self) -> Option<Module<'a>> {
+        match self.kind {
+            NameBindingKind::Module(module) => Some(module),
+            NameBindingKind::Import { binding, .. } => binding.module(),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn res(&self) -> Res {
+        match self.kind {
+            NameBindingKind::Res(res) => res,
+            NameBindingKind::Module(module) => module.res().unwrap(),
+            NameBindingKind::Import { binding, .. } => binding.res(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_ambiguity(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ambiguity.is_some()
+            || match self.kind {
+                NameBindingKind::Import { binding, .. } => binding.is_ambiguity(),
+                _ => false,
+            }
+    }
+
+    fn is_warn_ambiguity(&self) -> bool {
+        self.warn_ambiguity
+            || match self.kind {
+                NameBindingKind::Import { binding, .. } => binding.is_warn_ambiguity(),
+                _ => false,
+            }
+    }
+
+    fn is_possibly_imported_variant(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            NameBindingKind::Import { binding, .. } => binding.is_possibly_imported_variant(),
+            NameBindingKind::Res(Res::Def(
+                DefKind::Variant | DefKind::Ctor(CtorOf::Variant, ..),
+                _,
+            )) => true,
+            NameBindingKind::Res(..) | NameBindingKind::Module(..) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_extern_crate(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            NameBindingKind::Import { import, .. } => {
+                matches!(import.kind, ImportKind::ExternCrate { .. })
+            }
+            NameBindingKind::Module(module)
+                if let ModuleKind::Def(DefKind::Mod, def_id, _) = module.kind =>
+            {
+                def_id.is_crate_root()
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_import(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.kind, NameBindingKind::Import { .. })
+    }
+
+    /// The binding introduced by `#[macro_export] macro_rules` is a public import, but it might
+    /// not be perceived as such by users, so treat it as a non-import in some diagnostics.
+    fn is_import_user_facing(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.kind, NameBindingKind::Import { import, .. }
+            if !matches!(import.kind, ImportKind::MacroExport))
+    }
+
+    fn is_glob_import(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.kind {
+            NameBindingKind::Import { import, .. } => import.is_glob(),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_importable(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(
+            self.res(),
+            Res::Def(DefKind::AssocConst | DefKind::AssocFn | DefKind::AssocTy, _)
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn macro_kind(&self) -> Option<MacroKind> {
+        self.res().macro_kind()
+    }
+
+    // Suppose that we resolved macro invocation with `invoc_parent_expansion` to binding `binding`
+    // at some expansion round `max(invoc, binding)` when they both emerged from macros.
+    // Then this function returns `true` if `self` may emerge from a macro *after* that
+    // in some later round and screw up our previously found resolution.
+    // See more detailed explanation in
+    // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/53778#issuecomment-419224049
+    fn may_appear_after(
+        &self,
+        invoc_parent_expansion: LocalExpnId,
+        binding: NameBinding<'_>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // self > max(invoc, binding) => !(self <= invoc || self <= binding)
+        // Expansions are partially ordered, so "may appear after" is an inversion of
+        // "certainly appears before or simultaneously" and includes unordered cases.
+        let self_parent_expansion = self.expansion;
+        let other_parent_expansion = binding.expansion;
+        let certainly_before_other_or_simultaneously =
+            other_parent_expansion.is_descendant_of(self_parent_expansion);
+        let certainly_before_invoc_or_simultaneously =
+            invoc_parent_expansion.is_descendant_of(self_parent_expansion);
+        !(certainly_before_other_or_simultaneously || certainly_before_invoc_or_simultaneously)
+    }
+
+    // Its purpose is to postpone the determination of a single binding because
+    // we can't predict whether it will be overwritten by recently expanded macros.
+    // FIXME: How can we integrate it with the `update_resolution`?
+    fn determined(&self) -> bool {
+        match &self.kind {
+            NameBindingKind::Import { binding, import, .. } if import.is_glob() => {
+                import.parent_scope.module.unexpanded_invocations.borrow().is_empty()
+                    && binding.determined()
+            }
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct ExternPreludeEntry<'a> {
+    binding: Option<NameBinding<'a>>,
+    introduced_by_item: bool,
+}
+
+impl ExternPreludeEntry<'_> {
+    fn is_import(&self) -> bool {
+        self.binding.is_some_and(|binding| binding.is_import())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Used for better errors for E0773
+enum BuiltinMacroState {
+    NotYetSeen(SyntaxExtensionKind),
+    AlreadySeen(Span),
+}
+
+struct DeriveData {
+    resolutions: DeriveResolutions,
+    helper_attrs: Vec<(usize, Ident)>,
+    has_derive_copy: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct MacroData {
+    ext: Lrc<SyntaxExtension>,
+    rule_spans: Vec<(usize, Span)>,
+    macro_rules: bool,
+}
+
+impl MacroData {
+    fn new(ext: Lrc<SyntaxExtension>) -> MacroData {
+        MacroData { ext, rule_spans: Vec::new(), macro_rules: false }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The main resolver class.
+///
+/// This is the visitor that walks the whole crate.
+pub struct Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+
+    /// Item with a given `LocalDefId` was defined during macro expansion with ID `ExpnId`.
+    expn_that_defined: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, ExpnId>,
+
+    graph_root: Module<'a>,
+
+    prelude: Option<Module<'a>>,
+    extern_prelude: FxHashMap<Ident, ExternPreludeEntry<'a>>,
+
+    /// N.B., this is used only for better diagnostics, not name resolution itself.
+    has_self: LocalDefIdSet,
+    field_def_ids: LocalDefIdMap<&'tcx [DefId]>,
+
+    /// Span of the privacy modifier in fields of an item `DefId` accessible with dot syntax.
+    /// Used for hints during error reporting.
+    field_visibility_spans: FxHashMap<DefId, Vec<Span>>,
+
+    /// All imports known to succeed or fail.
+    determined_imports: Vec<Import<'a>>,
+
+    /// All non-determined imports.
+    indeterminate_imports: Vec<Import<'a>>,
+
+    // Spans for local variables found during pattern resolution.
+    // Used for suggestions during error reporting.
+    pat_span_map: NodeMap<Span>,
+
+    /// Resolutions for nodes that have a single resolution.
+    partial_res_map: NodeMap<PartialRes>,
+    /// Resolutions for import nodes, which have multiple resolutions in different namespaces.
+    import_res_map: NodeMap<PerNS<Option<Res>>>,
+    /// Resolutions for labels (node IDs of their corresponding blocks or loops).
+    label_res_map: NodeMap<NodeId>,
+    /// Resolutions for lifetimes.
+    lifetimes_res_map: NodeMap<LifetimeRes>,
+    /// Lifetime parameters that lowering will have to introduce.
+    extra_lifetime_params_map: NodeMap<Vec<(Ident, NodeId, LifetimeRes)>>,
+
+    /// `CrateNum` resolutions of `extern crate` items.
+    extern_crate_map: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, CrateNum>,
+    module_children: LocalDefIdMap<Vec<ModChild>>,
+    trait_map: NodeMap<Vec<TraitCandidate>>,
+
+    /// A map from nodes to anonymous modules.
+    /// Anonymous modules are pseudo-modules that are implicitly created around items
+    /// contained within blocks.
+    ///
+    /// For example, if we have this:
+    ///
+    ///  fn f() {
+    ///      fn g() {
+    ///          ...
+    ///      }
+    ///  }
+    ///
+    /// There will be an anonymous module created around `g` with the ID of the
+    /// entry block for `f`.
+    block_map: NodeMap<Module<'a>>,
+    /// A fake module that contains no definition and no prelude. Used so that
+    /// some AST passes can generate identifiers that only resolve to local or
+    /// language items.
+    empty_module: Module<'a>,
+    module_map: FxHashMap<DefId, Module<'a>>,
+    binding_parent_modules: FxHashMap<NameBinding<'a>, Module<'a>>,
+
+    underscore_disambiguator: u32,
+
+    /// Maps glob imports to the names of items actually imported.
+    glob_map: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, FxHashSet<Symbol>>,
+    visibilities_for_hashing: Vec<(LocalDefId, ty::Visibility)>,
+    used_imports: FxHashSet<NodeId>,
+    maybe_unused_trait_imports: FxIndexSet<LocalDefId>,
+
+    /// Privacy errors are delayed until the end in order to deduplicate them.
+    privacy_errors: Vec<PrivacyError<'a>>,
+    /// Ambiguity errors are delayed for deduplication.
+    ambiguity_errors: Vec<AmbiguityError<'a>>,
+    /// `use` injections are delayed for better placement and deduplication.
+    use_injections: Vec<UseError<'tcx>>,
+    /// Crate-local macro expanded `macro_export` referred to by a module-relative path.
+    macro_expanded_macro_export_errors: BTreeSet<(Span, Span)>,
+
+    arenas: &'a ResolverArenas<'a>,
+    dummy_binding: NameBinding<'a>,
+    builtin_types_bindings: FxHashMap<Symbol, NameBinding<'a>>,
+    builtin_attrs_bindings: FxHashMap<Symbol, NameBinding<'a>>,
+    registered_tool_bindings: FxHashMap<Ident, NameBinding<'a>>,
+    /// Binding for implicitly declared names that come with a module,
+    /// like `self` (not yet used), or `crate`/`$crate` (for root modules).
+    module_self_bindings: FxHashMap<Module<'a>, NameBinding<'a>>,
+
+    used_extern_options: FxHashSet<Symbol>,
+    macro_names: FxHashSet<Ident>,
+    builtin_macros: FxHashMap<Symbol, BuiltinMacroState>,
+    registered_tools: &'tcx RegisteredTools,
+    macro_use_prelude: FxHashMap<Symbol, NameBinding<'a>>,
+    macro_map: FxHashMap<DefId, MacroData>,
+    dummy_ext_bang: Lrc<SyntaxExtension>,
+    dummy_ext_derive: Lrc<SyntaxExtension>,
+    non_macro_attr: MacroData,
+    local_macro_def_scopes: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, Module<'a>>,
+    ast_transform_scopes: FxHashMap<LocalExpnId, Module<'a>>,
+    unused_macros: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, (NodeId, Ident)>,
+    unused_macro_rules: FxHashMap<(LocalDefId, usize), (Ident, Span)>,
+    proc_macro_stubs: FxHashSet<LocalDefId>,
+    /// Traces collected during macro resolution and validated when it's complete.
+    single_segment_macro_resolutions:
+        Vec<(Ident, MacroKind, ParentScope<'a>, Option<NameBinding<'a>>)>,
+    multi_segment_macro_resolutions:
+        Vec<(Vec<Segment>, Span, MacroKind, ParentScope<'a>, Option<Res>)>,
+    builtin_attrs: Vec<(Ident, ParentScope<'a>)>,
+    /// `derive(Copy)` marks items they are applied to so they are treated specially later.
+    /// Derive macros cannot modify the item themselves and have to store the markers in the global
+    /// context, so they attach the markers to derive container IDs using this resolver table.
+    containers_deriving_copy: FxHashSet<LocalExpnId>,
+    /// Parent scopes in which the macros were invoked.
+    /// FIXME: `derives` are missing in these parent scopes and need to be taken from elsewhere.
+    invocation_parent_scopes: FxHashMap<LocalExpnId, ParentScope<'a>>,
+    /// `macro_rules` scopes *produced* by expanding the macro invocations,
+    /// include all the `macro_rules` items and other invocations generated by them.
+    output_macro_rules_scopes: FxHashMap<LocalExpnId, MacroRulesScopeRef<'a>>,
+    /// `macro_rules` scopes produced by `macro_rules` item definitions.
+    macro_rules_scopes: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, MacroRulesScopeRef<'a>>,
+    /// Helper attributes that are in scope for the given expansion.
+    helper_attrs: FxHashMap<LocalExpnId, Vec<(Ident, NameBinding<'a>)>>,
+    /// Ready or in-progress results of resolving paths inside the `#[derive(...)]` attribute
+    /// with the given `ExpnId`.
+    derive_data: FxHashMap<LocalExpnId, DeriveData>,
+
+    /// Avoid duplicated errors for "name already defined".
+    name_already_seen: FxHashMap<Symbol, Span>,
+
+    potentially_unused_imports: Vec<Import<'a>>,
+
+    /// Table for mapping struct IDs into struct constructor IDs,
+    /// it's not used during normal resolution, only for better error reporting.
+    /// Also includes of list of each fields visibility
+    struct_constructors: LocalDefIdMap<(Res, ty::Visibility<DefId>, Vec<ty::Visibility<DefId>>)>,
+
+    /// Features declared for this crate.
+    declared_features: FxHashSet<Symbol>,
+
+    lint_buffer: LintBuffer,
+
+    next_node_id: NodeId,
+
+    node_id_to_def_id: NodeMap<LocalDefId>,
+    def_id_to_node_id: IndexVec<LocalDefId, ast::NodeId>,
+
+    /// Indices of unnamed struct or variant fields with unresolved attributes.
+    placeholder_field_indices: FxHashMap<NodeId, usize>,
+    /// When collecting definitions from an AST fragment produced by a macro invocation `ExpnId`
+    /// we know what parent node that fragment should be attached to thanks to this table,
+    /// and how the `impl Trait` fragments were introduced.
+    invocation_parents: FxHashMap<LocalExpnId, (LocalDefId, ImplTraitContext)>,
+
+    /// Some way to know that we are in a *trait* impl in `visit_assoc_item`.
+    /// FIXME: Replace with a more general AST map (together with some other fields).
+    trait_impl_items: FxHashSet<LocalDefId>,
+
+    legacy_const_generic_args: FxHashMap<DefId, Option<Vec<usize>>>,
+    /// Amount of lifetime parameters for each item in the crate.
+    item_generics_num_lifetimes: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, usize>,
+    /// Amount of parameters for each function in the crate.
+    fn_parameter_counts: LocalDefIdMap<usize>,
+
+    main_def: Option<MainDefinition>,
+    trait_impls: FxIndexMap<DefId, Vec<LocalDefId>>,
+    /// A list of proc macro LocalDefIds, written out in the order in which
+    /// they are declared in the static array generated by proc_macro_harness.
+    proc_macros: Vec<NodeId>,
+    confused_type_with_std_module: FxHashMap<Span, Span>,
+    /// Whether lifetime elision was successful.
+    lifetime_elision_allowed: FxHashSet<NodeId>,
+
+    /// Names of items that were stripped out via cfg with their corresponding cfg meta item.
+    stripped_cfg_items: Vec<StrippedCfgItem<NodeId>>,
+
+    effective_visibilities: EffectiveVisibilities,
+    doc_link_resolutions: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, DocLinkResMap>,
+    doc_link_traits_in_scope: FxHashMap<LocalDefId, Vec<DefId>>,
+    all_macro_rules: FxHashMap<Symbol, Res>,
+}
+
+/// Nothing really interesting here; it just provides memory for the rest of the crate.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ResolverArenas<'a> {
+    modules: TypedArena<ModuleData<'a>>,
+    local_modules: RefCell<Vec<Module<'a>>>,
+    imports: TypedArena<ImportData<'a>>,
+    name_resolutions: TypedArena<RefCell<NameResolution<'a>>>,
+    ast_paths: TypedArena<ast::Path>,
+    dropless: DroplessArena,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ResolverArenas<'a> {
+    fn new_module(
+        &'a self,
+        parent: Option<Module<'a>>,
+        kind: ModuleKind,
+        expn_id: ExpnId,
+        span: Span,
+        no_implicit_prelude: bool,
+        module_map: &mut FxHashMap<DefId, Module<'a>>,
+        module_self_bindings: &mut FxHashMap<Module<'a>, NameBinding<'a>>,
+    ) -> Module<'a> {
+        let module = Module(Interned::new_unchecked(self.modules.alloc(ModuleData::new(
+            parent,
+            kind,
+            expn_id,
+            span,
+            no_implicit_prelude,
+        ))));
+        let def_id = module.opt_def_id();
+        if def_id.map_or(true, |def_id| def_id.is_local()) {
+            self.local_modules.borrow_mut().push(module);
+        }
+        if let Some(def_id) = def_id {
+            module_map.insert(def_id, module);
+            let vis = ty::Visibility::<DefId>::Public;
+            let binding = (module, vis, module.span, LocalExpnId::ROOT).to_name_binding(self);
+            module_self_bindings.insert(module, binding);
+        }
+        module
+    }
+    fn local_modules(&'a self) -> std::cell::Ref<'a, Vec<Module<'a>>> {
+        self.local_modules.borrow()
+    }
+    fn alloc_name_binding(&'a self, name_binding: NameBindingData<'a>) -> NameBinding<'a> {
+        Interned::new_unchecked(self.dropless.alloc(name_binding))
+    }
+    fn alloc_import(&'a self, import: ImportData<'a>) -> Import<'a> {
+        Interned::new_unchecked(self.imports.alloc(import))
+    }
+    fn alloc_name_resolution(&'a self) -> &'a RefCell<NameResolution<'a>> {
+        self.name_resolutions.alloc(Default::default())
+    }
+    fn alloc_macro_rules_scope(&'a self, scope: MacroRulesScope<'a>) -> MacroRulesScopeRef<'a> {
+        Interned::new_unchecked(self.dropless.alloc(Cell::new(scope)))
+    }
+    fn alloc_macro_rules_binding(
+        &'a self,
+        binding: MacroRulesBinding<'a>,
+    ) -> &'a MacroRulesBinding<'a> {
+        self.dropless.alloc(binding)
+    }
+    fn alloc_ast_paths(&'a self, paths: &[ast::Path]) -> &'a [ast::Path] {
+        self.ast_paths.alloc_from_iter(paths.iter().cloned())
+    }
+    fn alloc_pattern_spans(&'a self, spans: impl Iterator<Item = Span>) -> &'a [Span] {
+        self.dropless.alloc_from_iter(spans)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> AsMut<Resolver<'a, 'tcx>> for Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Resolver<'_, 'tcx> {
+    fn opt_local_def_id(&self, node: NodeId) -> Option<LocalDefId> {
+        self.node_id_to_def_id.get(&node).copied()
+    }
+
+    fn local_def_id(&self, node: NodeId) -> LocalDefId {
+        self.opt_local_def_id(node).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no entry for node id: `{node:?}`"))
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a definition with a parent definition.
+    fn create_def(
+        &mut self,
+        parent: LocalDefId,
+        node_id: ast::NodeId,
+        name: Symbol,
+        def_kind: DefKind,
+        expn_id: ExpnId,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> LocalDefId {
+        let data = def_kind.def_path_data(name);
+        assert!(
+            !self.node_id_to_def_id.contains_key(&node_id),
+            "adding a def'n for node-id {:?} and data {:?} but a previous def'n exists: {:?}",
+            node_id,
+            data,
+            self.tcx.definitions_untracked().def_key(self.node_id_to_def_id[&node_id]),
+        );
+
+        // FIXME: remove `def_span` body, pass in the right spans here and call `tcx.at().create_def()`
+        let def_id = self.tcx.create_def(parent, name, def_kind);
+
+        // Create the definition.
+        if expn_id != ExpnId::root() {
+            self.expn_that_defined.insert(def_id, expn_id);
+        }
+
+        // A relative span's parent must be an absolute span.
+        debug_assert_eq!(span.data_untracked().parent, None);
+        let _id = self.tcx.untracked().source_span.push(span);
+        debug_assert_eq!(_id, def_id);
+
+        // Some things for which we allocate `LocalDefId`s don't correspond to
+        // anything in the AST, so they don't have a `NodeId`. For these cases
+        // we don't need a mapping from `NodeId` to `LocalDefId`.
+        if node_id != ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID {
+            debug!("create_def: def_id_to_node_id[{:?}] <-> {:?}", def_id, node_id);
+            self.node_id_to_def_id.insert(node_id, def_id);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(self.def_id_to_node_id.push(node_id), def_id);
+
+        def_id
+    }
+
+    fn item_generics_num_lifetimes(&self, def_id: DefId) -> usize {
+        if let Some(def_id) = def_id.as_local() {
+            self.item_generics_num_lifetimes[&def_id]
+        } else {
+            self.tcx.generics_of(def_id).own_counts().lifetimes
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.tcx
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+    pub fn new(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        attrs: &[ast::Attribute],
+        crate_span: Span,
+        arenas: &'a ResolverArenas<'a>,
+    ) -> Resolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+        let root_def_id = CRATE_DEF_ID.to_def_id();
+        let mut module_map = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut module_self_bindings = FxHashMap::default();
+        let graph_root = arenas.new_module(
+            None,
+            ModuleKind::Def(DefKind::Mod, root_def_id, kw::Empty),
+            ExpnId::root(),
+            crate_span,
+            attr::contains_name(attrs, sym::no_implicit_prelude),
+            &mut module_map,
+            &mut module_self_bindings,
+        );
+        let empty_module = arenas.new_module(
+            None,
+            ModuleKind::Def(DefKind::Mod, root_def_id, kw::Empty),
+            ExpnId::root(),
+            DUMMY_SP,
+            true,
+            &mut FxHashMap::default(),
+            &mut FxHashMap::default(),
+        );
+
+        let mut def_id_to_node_id = IndexVec::default();
+        assert_eq!(def_id_to_node_id.push(CRATE_NODE_ID), CRATE_DEF_ID);
+        let mut node_id_to_def_id = NodeMap::default();
+        node_id_to_def_id.insert(CRATE_NODE_ID, CRATE_DEF_ID);
+
+        let mut invocation_parents = FxHashMap::default();
+        invocation_parents.insert(LocalExpnId::ROOT, (CRATE_DEF_ID, ImplTraitContext::Existential));
+
+        let mut extern_prelude: FxHashMap<Ident, ExternPreludeEntry<'_>> = tcx
+            .sess
+            .opts
+            .externs
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, entry)| entry.add_prelude)
+            .map(|(name, _)| (Ident::from_str(name), Default::default()))
+            .collect();
+
+        if !attr::contains_name(attrs, sym::no_core) {
+            extern_prelude.insert(Ident::with_dummy_span(sym::core), Default::default());
+            if !attr::contains_name(attrs, sym::no_std) {
+                extern_prelude.insert(Ident::with_dummy_span(sym::std), Default::default());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let registered_tools = tcx.registered_tools(());
+
+        let features = tcx.features();
+        let pub_vis = ty::Visibility::<DefId>::Public;
+        let edition = tcx.sess.edition();
+
+        let mut resolver = Resolver {
+            tcx,
+
+            expn_that_defined: Default::default(),
+
+            // The outermost module has def ID 0; this is not reflected in the
+            // AST.
+            graph_root,
+            prelude: None,
+            extern_prelude,
+
+            has_self: Default::default(),
+            field_def_ids: Default::default(),
+            field_visibility_spans: FxHashMap::default(),
+
+            determined_imports: Vec::new(),
+            indeterminate_imports: Vec::new(),
+
+            pat_span_map: Default::default(),
+            partial_res_map: Default::default(),
+            import_res_map: Default::default(),
+            label_res_map: Default::default(),
+            lifetimes_res_map: Default::default(),
+            extra_lifetime_params_map: Default::default(),
+            extern_crate_map: Default::default(),
+            module_children: Default::default(),
+            trait_map: NodeMap::default(),
+            underscore_disambiguator: 0,
+            empty_module,
+            module_map,
+            block_map: Default::default(),
+            binding_parent_modules: FxHashMap::default(),
+            ast_transform_scopes: FxHashMap::default(),
+
+            glob_map: Default::default(),
+            visibilities_for_hashing: Default::default(),
+            used_imports: FxHashSet::default(),
+            maybe_unused_trait_imports: Default::default(),
+
+            privacy_errors: Vec::new(),
+            ambiguity_errors: Vec::new(),
+            use_injections: Vec::new(),
+            macro_expanded_macro_export_errors: BTreeSet::new(),
+
+            arenas,
+            dummy_binding: (Res::Err, pub_vis, DUMMY_SP, LocalExpnId::ROOT).to_name_binding(arenas),
+            builtin_types_bindings: PrimTy::ALL
+                .iter()
+                .map(|prim_ty| {
+                    let binding = (Res::PrimTy(*prim_ty), pub_vis, DUMMY_SP, LocalExpnId::ROOT)
+                        .to_name_binding(arenas);
+                    (prim_ty.name(), binding)
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            builtin_attrs_bindings: BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTES
+                .iter()
+                .map(|builtin_attr| {
+                    let res = Res::NonMacroAttr(NonMacroAttrKind::Builtin(builtin_attr.name));
+                    let binding =
+                        (res, pub_vis, DUMMY_SP, LocalExpnId::ROOT).to_name_binding(arenas);
+                    (builtin_attr.name, binding)
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            registered_tool_bindings: registered_tools
+                .iter()
+                .map(|ident| {
+                    let binding = (Res::ToolMod, pub_vis, ident.span, LocalExpnId::ROOT)
+                        .to_name_binding(arenas);
+                    (*ident, binding)
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            module_self_bindings,
+
+            used_extern_options: Default::default(),
+            macro_names: FxHashSet::default(),
+            builtin_macros: Default::default(),
+            registered_tools,
+            macro_use_prelude: FxHashMap::default(),
+            macro_map: FxHashMap::default(),
+            dummy_ext_bang: Lrc::new(SyntaxExtension::dummy_bang(edition)),
+            dummy_ext_derive: Lrc::new(SyntaxExtension::dummy_derive(edition)),
+            non_macro_attr: MacroData::new(Lrc::new(SyntaxExtension::non_macro_attr(edition))),
+            invocation_parent_scopes: Default::default(),
+            output_macro_rules_scopes: Default::default(),
+            macro_rules_scopes: Default::default(),
+            helper_attrs: Default::default(),
+            derive_data: Default::default(),
+            local_macro_def_scopes: FxHashMap::default(),
+            name_already_seen: FxHashMap::default(),
+            potentially_unused_imports: Vec::new(),
+            struct_constructors: Default::default(),
+            unused_macros: Default::default(),
+            unused_macro_rules: Default::default(),
+            proc_macro_stubs: Default::default(),
+            single_segment_macro_resolutions: Default::default(),
+            multi_segment_macro_resolutions: Default::default(),
+            builtin_attrs: Default::default(),
+            containers_deriving_copy: Default::default(),
+            declared_features: features.declared_features.clone(),
+            lint_buffer: LintBuffer::default(),
+            next_node_id: CRATE_NODE_ID,
+            node_id_to_def_id,
+            def_id_to_node_id,
+            placeholder_field_indices: Default::default(),
+            invocation_parents,
+            trait_impl_items: Default::default(),
+            legacy_const_generic_args: Default::default(),
+            item_generics_num_lifetimes: Default::default(),
+            main_def: Default::default(),
+            trait_impls: Default::default(),
+            proc_macros: Default::default(),
+            confused_type_with_std_module: Default::default(),
+            lifetime_elision_allowed: Default::default(),
+            stripped_cfg_items: Default::default(),
+            effective_visibilities: Default::default(),
+            doc_link_resolutions: Default::default(),
+            doc_link_traits_in_scope: Default::default(),
+            all_macro_rules: Default::default(),
+            fn_parameter_counts: Default::default(),
+        };
+
+        let root_parent_scope = ParentScope::module(graph_root, &resolver);
+        resolver.invocation_parent_scopes.insert(LocalExpnId::ROOT, root_parent_scope);
+        resolver.feed_visibility(CRATE_DEF_ID, ty::Visibility::Public);
+
+        resolver
+    }
+
+    fn new_module(
+        &mut self,
+        parent: Option<Module<'a>>,
+        kind: ModuleKind,
+        expn_id: ExpnId,
+        span: Span,
+        no_implicit_prelude: bool,
+    ) -> Module<'a> {
+        let module_map = &mut self.module_map;
+        let module_self_bindings = &mut self.module_self_bindings;
+        self.arenas.new_module(
+            parent,
+            kind,
+            expn_id,
+            span,
+            no_implicit_prelude,
+            module_map,
+            module_self_bindings,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn next_node_id(&mut self) -> NodeId {
+        let start = self.next_node_id;
+        let next = start.as_u32().checked_add(1).expect("input too large; ran out of NodeIds");
+        self.next_node_id = ast::NodeId::from_u32(next);
+        start
+    }
+
+    fn next_node_ids(&mut self, count: usize) -> std::ops::Range<NodeId> {
+        let start = self.next_node_id;
+        let end = start.as_usize().checked_add(count).expect("input too large; ran out of NodeIds");
+        self.next_node_id = ast::NodeId::from_usize(end);
+        start..self.next_node_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn lint_buffer(&mut self) -> &mut LintBuffer {
+        &mut self.lint_buffer
+    }
+
+    pub fn arenas() -> ResolverArenas<'a> {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+
+    fn feed_visibility(&mut self, def_id: LocalDefId, vis: ty::Visibility) {
+        self.tcx.feed_local_def_id(def_id).visibility(vis.to_def_id());
+        self.visibilities_for_hashing.push((def_id, vis));
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_outputs(self) -> ResolverOutputs {
+        let proc_macros = self.proc_macros.iter().map(|id| self.local_def_id(*id)).collect();
+        let expn_that_defined = self.expn_that_defined;
+        let extern_crate_map = self.extern_crate_map;
+        let maybe_unused_trait_imports = self.maybe_unused_trait_imports;
+        let glob_map = self.glob_map;
+        let main_def = self.main_def;
+        let confused_type_with_std_module = self.confused_type_with_std_module;
+        let effective_visibilities = self.effective_visibilities;
+
+        self.tcx.feed_local_crate().stripped_cfg_items(self.tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(
+            self.stripped_cfg_items.into_iter().filter_map(|item| {
+                let parent_module = self.node_id_to_def_id.get(&item.parent_module)?.to_def_id();
+                Some(StrippedCfgItem { parent_module, name: item.name, cfg: item.cfg })
+            }),
+        ));
+
+        let global_ctxt = ResolverGlobalCtxt {
+            expn_that_defined,
+            visibilities_for_hashing: self.visibilities_for_hashing,
+            effective_visibilities,
+            extern_crate_map,
+            module_children: self.module_children,
+            glob_map,
+            maybe_unused_trait_imports,
+            main_def,
+            trait_impls: self.trait_impls,
+            proc_macros,
+            confused_type_with_std_module,
+            doc_link_resolutions: self.doc_link_resolutions,
+            doc_link_traits_in_scope: self.doc_link_traits_in_scope,
+            all_macro_rules: self.all_macro_rules,
+        };
+        let ast_lowering = ty::ResolverAstLowering {
+            legacy_const_generic_args: self.legacy_const_generic_args,
+            partial_res_map: self.partial_res_map,
+            import_res_map: self.import_res_map,
+            label_res_map: self.label_res_map,
+            lifetimes_res_map: self.lifetimes_res_map,
+            extra_lifetime_params_map: self.extra_lifetime_params_map,
+            next_node_id: self.next_node_id,
+            node_id_to_def_id: self.node_id_to_def_id,
+            def_id_to_node_id: self.def_id_to_node_id,
+            trait_map: self.trait_map,
+            lifetime_elision_allowed: self.lifetime_elision_allowed,
+            lint_buffer: Steal::new(self.lint_buffer),
+            has_self: self.has_self,
+            fn_parameter_counts: self.fn_parameter_counts,
+        };
+        ResolverOutputs { global_ctxt, ast_lowering }
+    }
+
+    fn create_stable_hashing_context(&self) -> StableHashingContext<'_> {
+        StableHashingContext::new(self.tcx.sess, self.tcx.untracked())
+    }
+
+    fn crate_loader<T>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut CrateLoader<'_, '_>) -> T) -> T {
+        f(&mut CrateLoader::new(
+            self.tcx,
+            &mut CStore::from_tcx_mut(self.tcx),
+            &mut self.used_extern_options,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn cstore(&self) -> FreezeReadGuard<'_, CStore> {
+        CStore::from_tcx(self.tcx)
+    }
+
+    fn dummy_ext(&self, macro_kind: MacroKind) -> Lrc<SyntaxExtension> {
+        match macro_kind {
+            MacroKind::Bang => self.dummy_ext_bang.clone(),
+            MacroKind::Derive => self.dummy_ext_derive.clone(),
+            MacroKind::Attr => self.non_macro_attr.ext.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the function on each namespace.
+    fn per_ns<F: FnMut(&mut Self, Namespace)>(&mut self, mut f: F) {
+        f(self, TypeNS);
+        f(self, ValueNS);
+        f(self, MacroNS);
+    }
+
+    fn is_builtin_macro(&mut self, res: Res) -> bool {
+        self.get_macro(res).is_some_and(|macro_data| macro_data.ext.builtin_name.is_some())
+    }
+
+    fn macro_def(&self, mut ctxt: SyntaxContext) -> DefId {
+        loop {
+            match ctxt.outer_expn_data().macro_def_id {
+                Some(def_id) => return def_id,
+                None => ctxt.remove_mark(),
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Entry point to crate resolution.
+    pub fn resolve_crate(&mut self, krate: &Crate) {
+        self.tcx.sess.time("resolve_crate", || {
+            self.tcx.sess.time("finalize_imports", || self.finalize_imports());
+            let exported_ambiguities = self.tcx.sess.time("compute_effective_visibilities", || {
+                EffectiveVisibilitiesVisitor::compute_effective_visibilities(self, krate)
+            });
+            self.tcx.sess.time("check_hidden_glob_reexports", || {
+                self.check_hidden_glob_reexports(exported_ambiguities)
+            });
+            self.tcx
+                .sess
+                .time("finalize_macro_resolutions", || self.finalize_macro_resolutions(krate));
+            self.tcx.sess.time("late_resolve_crate", || self.late_resolve_crate(krate));
+            self.tcx.sess.time("resolve_main", || self.resolve_main());
+            self.tcx.sess.time("resolve_check_unused", || self.check_unused(krate));
+            self.tcx.sess.time("resolve_report_errors", || self.report_errors(krate));
+            self.tcx
+                .sess
+                .time("resolve_postprocess", || self.crate_loader(|c| c.postprocess(krate)));
+        });
+
+        // Make sure we don't mutate the cstore from here on.
+        self.tcx.untracked().cstore.freeze();
+    }
+
+    fn traits_in_scope(
+        &mut self,
+        current_trait: Option<Module<'a>>,
+        parent_scope: &ParentScope<'a>,
+        ctxt: SyntaxContext,
+        assoc_item: Option<(Symbol, Namespace)>,
+    ) -> Vec<TraitCandidate> {
+        let mut found_traits = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Some(module) = current_trait {
+            if self.trait_may_have_item(Some(module), assoc_item) {
+                let def_id = module.def_id();
+                found_traits.push(TraitCandidate { def_id, import_ids: smallvec![] });
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.visit_scopes(ScopeSet::All(TypeNS), parent_scope, ctxt, |this, scope, _, _| {
+            match scope {
+                Scope::Module(module, _) => {
+                    this.traits_in_module(module, assoc_item, &mut found_traits);
+                }
+                Scope::StdLibPrelude => {
+                    if let Some(module) = this.prelude {
+                        this.traits_in_module(module, assoc_item, &mut found_traits);
+                    }
+                }
+                Scope::ExternPrelude | Scope::ToolPrelude | Scope::BuiltinTypes => {}
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            }
+            None::<()>
+        });
+
+        found_traits
+    }
+
+    fn traits_in_module(
+        &mut self,
+        module: Module<'a>,
+        assoc_item: Option<(Symbol, Namespace)>,
+        found_traits: &mut Vec<TraitCandidate>,
+    ) {
+        module.ensure_traits(self);
+        let traits = module.traits.borrow();
+        for (trait_name, trait_binding) in traits.as_ref().unwrap().iter() {
+            if self.trait_may_have_item(trait_binding.module(), assoc_item) {
+                let def_id = trait_binding.res().def_id();
+                let import_ids = self.find_transitive_imports(&trait_binding.kind, *trait_name);
+                found_traits.push(TraitCandidate { def_id, import_ids });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // List of traits in scope is pruned on best effort basis. We reject traits not having an
+    // associated item with the given name and namespace (if specified). This is a conservative
+    // optimization, proper hygienic type-based resolution of associated items is done in typeck.
+    // We don't reject trait aliases (`trait_module == None`) because we don't have access to their
+    // associated items.
+    fn trait_may_have_item(
+        &mut self,
+        trait_module: Option<Module<'a>>,
+        assoc_item: Option<(Symbol, Namespace)>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        match (trait_module, assoc_item) {
+            (Some(trait_module), Some((name, ns))) => {
+                self.resolutions(trait_module).borrow().iter().any(|resolution| {
+                    let (&BindingKey { ident: assoc_ident, ns: assoc_ns, .. }, _) = resolution;
+                    assoc_ns == ns && assoc_ident.name == name
+                })
+            }
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn find_transitive_imports(
+        &mut self,
+        mut kind: &NameBindingKind<'_>,
+        trait_name: Ident,
+    ) -> SmallVec<[LocalDefId; 1]> {
+        let mut import_ids = smallvec![];
+        while let NameBindingKind::Import { import, binding, .. } = kind {
+            if let Some(node_id) = import.id() {
+                let def_id = self.local_def_id(node_id);
+                self.maybe_unused_trait_imports.insert(def_id);
+                import_ids.push(def_id);
+            }
+            self.add_to_glob_map(*import, trait_name);
+            kind = &binding.kind;
+        }
+        import_ids
+    }
+
+    fn new_disambiguated_key(&mut self, ident: Ident, ns: Namespace) -> BindingKey {
+        let ident = ident.normalize_to_macros_2_0();
+        let disambiguator = if ident.name == kw::Underscore {
+            self.underscore_disambiguator += 1;
+            self.underscore_disambiguator
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        BindingKey { ident, ns, disambiguator }
+    }
+
+    fn resolutions(&mut self, module: Module<'a>) -> &'a Resolutions<'a> {
+        if module.populate_on_access.get() {
+            module.populate_on_access.set(false);
+            self.build_reduced_graph_external(module);
+        }
+        &module.0.0.lazy_resolutions
+    }
+
+    fn resolution(
+        &mut self,
+        module: Module<'a>,
+        key: BindingKey,
+    ) -> &'a RefCell<NameResolution<'a>> {
+        *self
+            .resolutions(module)
+            .borrow_mut()
+            .entry(key)
+            .or_insert_with(|| self.arenas.alloc_name_resolution())
+    }
+
+    /// Test if AmbiguityError ambi is any identical to any one inside ambiguity_errors
+    fn matches_previous_ambiguity_error(&mut self, ambi: &AmbiguityError<'_>) -> bool {
+        for ambiguity_error in &self.ambiguity_errors {
+            // if the span location and ident as well as its span are the same
+            if ambiguity_error.kind == ambi.kind
+                && ambiguity_error.ident == ambi.ident
+                && ambiguity_error.ident.span == ambi.ident.span
+                && ambiguity_error.b1.span == ambi.b1.span
+                && ambiguity_error.b2.span == ambi.b2.span
+                && ambiguity_error.misc1 == ambi.misc1
+                && ambiguity_error.misc2 == ambi.misc2
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn record_use(&mut self, ident: Ident, used_binding: NameBinding<'a>, is_lexical_scope: bool) {
+        self.record_use_inner(ident, used_binding, is_lexical_scope, used_binding.warn_ambiguity);
+    }
+
+    fn record_use_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        ident: Ident,
+        used_binding: NameBinding<'a>,
+        is_lexical_scope: bool,
+        warn_ambiguity: bool,
+    ) {
+        if let Some((b2, kind)) = used_binding.ambiguity {
+            let ambiguity_error = AmbiguityError {
+                kind,
+                ident,
+                b1: used_binding,
+                b2,
+                misc1: AmbiguityErrorMisc::None,
+                misc2: AmbiguityErrorMisc::None,
+                warning: warn_ambiguity,
+            };
+            if !self.matches_previous_ambiguity_error(&ambiguity_error) {
+                // avoid duplicated span information to be emit out
+                self.ambiguity_errors.push(ambiguity_error);
+            }
+        }
+        if let NameBindingKind::Import { import, binding, ref used } = used_binding.kind {
+            // Avoid marking `extern crate` items that refer to a name from extern prelude,
+            // but not introduce it, as used if they are accessed from lexical scope.
+            if is_lexical_scope {
+                if let Some(entry) = self.extern_prelude.get(&ident.normalize_to_macros_2_0()) {
+                    if !entry.introduced_by_item && entry.binding == Some(used_binding) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            used.set(true);
+            import.used.set(true);
+            if let Some(id) = import.id() {
+                self.used_imports.insert(id);
+            }
+            self.add_to_glob_map(import, ident);
+            self.record_use_inner(ident, binding, false, warn_ambiguity || binding.warn_ambiguity);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn add_to_glob_map(&mut self, import: Import<'_>, ident: Ident) {
+        if let ImportKind::Glob { id, .. } = import.kind {
+            let def_id = self.local_def_id(id);
+            self.glob_map.entry(def_id).or_default().insert(ident.name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_crate_root(&mut self, ident: Ident) -> Module<'a> {
+        debug!("resolve_crate_root({:?})", ident);
+        let mut ctxt = ident.span.ctxt();
+        let mark = if ident.name == kw::DollarCrate {
+            // When resolving `$crate` from a `macro_rules!` invoked in a `macro`,
+            // we don't want to pretend that the `macro_rules!` definition is in the `macro`
+            // as described in `SyntaxContext::apply_mark`, so we ignore prepended opaque marks.
+            // FIXME: This is only a guess and it doesn't work correctly for `macro_rules!`
+            // definitions actually produced by `macro` and `macro` definitions produced by
+            // `macro_rules!`, but at least such configurations are not stable yet.
+            ctxt = ctxt.normalize_to_macro_rules();
+            debug!(
+                "resolve_crate_root: marks={:?}",
+                ctxt.marks().into_iter().map(|(i, t)| (i.expn_data(), t)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            );
+            let mut iter = ctxt.marks().into_iter().rev().peekable();
+            let mut result = None;
+            // Find the last opaque mark from the end if it exists.
+            while let Some(&(mark, transparency)) = iter.peek() {
+                if transparency == Transparency::Opaque {
+                    result = Some(mark);
+                    iter.next();
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            debug!(
+                "resolve_crate_root: found opaque mark {:?} {:?}",
+                result,
+                result.map(|r| r.expn_data())
+            );
+            // Then find the last semi-transparent mark from the end if it exists.
+            for (mark, transparency) in iter {
+                if transparency == Transparency::SemiTransparent {
+                    result = Some(mark);
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            debug!(
+                "resolve_crate_root: found semi-transparent mark {:?} {:?}",
+                result,
+                result.map(|r| r.expn_data())
+            );
+            result
+        } else {
+            debug!("resolve_crate_root: not DollarCrate");
+            ctxt = ctxt.normalize_to_macros_2_0();
+            ctxt.adjust(ExpnId::root())
+        };
+        let module = match mark {
+            Some(def) => self.expn_def_scope(def),
+            None => {
+                debug!(
+                    "resolve_crate_root({:?}): found no mark (ident.span = {:?})",
+                    ident, ident.span
+                );
+                return self.graph_root;
+            }
+        };
+        let module = self.expect_module(
+            module.opt_def_id().map_or(LOCAL_CRATE, |def_id| def_id.krate).as_def_id(),
+        );
+        debug!(
+            "resolve_crate_root({:?}): got module {:?} ({:?}) (ident.span = {:?})",
+            ident,
+            module,
+            module.kind.name(),
+            ident.span
+        );
+        module
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_self(&mut self, ctxt: &mut SyntaxContext, module: Module<'a>) -> Module<'a> {
+        let mut module = self.expect_module(module.nearest_parent_mod());
+        while module.span.ctxt().normalize_to_macros_2_0() != *ctxt {
+            let parent = module.parent.unwrap_or_else(|| self.expn_def_scope(ctxt.remove_mark()));
+            module = self.expect_module(parent.nearest_parent_mod());
+        }
+        module
+    }
+
+    fn record_partial_res(&mut self, node_id: NodeId, resolution: PartialRes) {
+        debug!("(recording res) recording {:?} for {}", resolution, node_id);
+        if let Some(prev_res) = self.partial_res_map.insert(node_id, resolution) {
+            panic!("path resolved multiple times ({prev_res:?} before, {resolution:?} now)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn record_pat_span(&mut self, node: NodeId, span: Span) {
+        debug!("(recording pat) recording {:?} for {:?}", node, span);
+        self.pat_span_map.insert(node, span);
+    }
+
+    fn is_accessible_from(
+        &self,
+        vis: ty::Visibility<impl Into<DefId>>,
+        module: Module<'a>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        vis.is_accessible_from(module.nearest_parent_mod(), self.tcx)
+    }
+
+    fn set_binding_parent_module(&mut self, binding: NameBinding<'a>, module: Module<'a>) {
+        if let Some(old_module) = self.binding_parent_modules.insert(binding, module) {
+            if module != old_module {
+                span_bug!(binding.span, "parent module is reset for binding");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn disambiguate_macro_rules_vs_modularized(
+        &self,
+        macro_rules: NameBinding<'a>,
+        modularized: NameBinding<'a>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Some non-controversial subset of ambiguities "modularized macro name" vs "macro_rules"
+        // is disambiguated to mitigate regressions from macro modularization.
+        // Scoping for `macro_rules` behaves like scoping for `let` at module level, in general.
+        match (
+            self.binding_parent_modules.get(&macro_rules),
+            self.binding_parent_modules.get(&modularized),
+        ) {
+            (Some(macro_rules), Some(modularized)) => {
+                macro_rules.nearest_parent_mod() == modularized.nearest_parent_mod()
+                    && modularized.is_ancestor_of(*macro_rules)
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn extern_prelude_get(&mut self, ident: Ident, finalize: bool) -> Option<NameBinding<'a>> {
+        if ident.is_path_segment_keyword() {
+            // Make sure `self`, `super` etc produce an error when passed to here.
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let norm_ident = ident.normalize_to_macros_2_0();
+        let binding = self.extern_prelude.get(&norm_ident).cloned().and_then(|entry| {
+            Some(if let Some(binding) = entry.binding {
+                if finalize {
+                    if !entry.is_import() {
+                        self.crate_loader(|c| c.process_path_extern(ident.name, ident.span));
+                    } else if entry.introduced_by_item {
+                        self.record_use(ident, binding, false);
+                    }
+                }
+                binding
+            } else {
+                let crate_id = if finalize {
+                    let Some(crate_id) =
+                        self.crate_loader(|c| c.process_path_extern(ident.name, ident.span))
+                    else {
+                        return Some(self.dummy_binding);
+                    };
+                    crate_id
+                } else {
+                    self.crate_loader(|c| c.maybe_process_path_extern(ident.name))?
+                };
+                let crate_root = self.expect_module(crate_id.as_def_id());
+                let vis = ty::Visibility::<DefId>::Public;
+                (crate_root, vis, DUMMY_SP, LocalExpnId::ROOT).to_name_binding(self.arenas)
+            })
+        });
+
+        if let Some(entry) = self.extern_prelude.get_mut(&norm_ident) {
+            entry.binding = binding;
+        }
+
+        binding
+    }
+
+    /// Rustdoc uses this to resolve doc link paths in a recoverable way. `PathResult<'a>`
+    /// isn't something that can be returned because it can't be made to live that long,
+    /// and also it's a private type. Fortunately rustdoc doesn't need to know the error,
+    /// just that an error occurred.
+    fn resolve_rustdoc_path(
+        &mut self,
+        path_str: &str,
+        ns: Namespace,
+        parent_scope: ParentScope<'a>,
+    ) -> Option<Res> {
+        let mut segments =
+            Vec::from_iter(path_str.split("::").map(Ident::from_str).map(Segment::from_ident));
+        if let Some(segment) = segments.first_mut() {
+            if segment.ident.name == kw::Empty {
+                segment.ident.name = kw::PathRoot;
+            }
+        }
+
+        match self.maybe_resolve_path(&segments, Some(ns), &parent_scope) {
+            PathResult::Module(ModuleOrUniformRoot::Module(module)) => Some(module.res().unwrap()),
+            PathResult::NonModule(path_res) => path_res.full_res(),
+            PathResult::Module(ModuleOrUniformRoot::ExternPrelude) | PathResult::Failed { .. } => {
+                None
+            }
+            PathResult::Module(..) | PathResult::Indeterminate => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieves definition span of the given `DefId`.
+    fn def_span(&self, def_id: DefId) -> Span {
+        match def_id.as_local() {
+            Some(def_id) => self.tcx.source_span(def_id),
+            // Query `def_span` is not used because hashing its result span is expensive.
+            None => self.cstore().def_span_untracked(def_id, self.tcx.sess),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn field_def_ids(&self, def_id: DefId) -> Option<&'tcx [DefId]> {
+        match def_id.as_local() {
+            Some(def_id) => self.field_def_ids.get(&def_id).copied(),
+            None => Some(self.tcx.associated_item_def_ids(def_id)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if an expression refers to a function marked with
+    /// `#[rustc_legacy_const_generics]` and returns the argument index list
+    /// from the attribute.
+    fn legacy_const_generic_args(&mut self, expr: &Expr) -> Option<Vec<usize>> {
+        if let ExprKind::Path(None, path) = &expr.kind {
+            // Don't perform legacy const generics rewriting if the path already
+            // has generic arguments.
+            if path.segments.last().unwrap().args.is_some() {
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            let res = self.partial_res_map.get(&expr.id)?.full_res()?;
+            if let Res::Def(def::DefKind::Fn, def_id) = res {
+                // We only support cross-crate argument rewriting. Uses
+                // within the same crate should be updated to use the new
+                // const generics style.
+                if def_id.is_local() {
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                if let Some(v) = self.legacy_const_generic_args.get(&def_id) {
+                    return v.clone();
+                }
+
+                let attr = self.tcx.get_attr(def_id, sym::rustc_legacy_const_generics)?;
+                let mut ret = Vec::new();
+                for meta in attr.meta_item_list()? {
+                    match meta.lit()?.kind {
+                        LitKind::Int(a, _) => ret.push(a as usize),
+                        _ => panic!("invalid arg index"),
+                    }
+                }
+                // Cache the lookup to avoid parsing attributes for an item multiple times.
+                self.legacy_const_generic_args.insert(def_id, Some(ret.clone()));
+                return Some(ret);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_main(&mut self) {
+        let module = self.graph_root;
+        let ident = Ident::with_dummy_span(sym::main);
+        let parent_scope = &ParentScope::module(module, self);
+
+        let Ok(name_binding) = self.maybe_resolve_ident_in_module(
+            ModuleOrUniformRoot::Module(module),
+            ident,
+            ValueNS,
+            parent_scope,
+        ) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let res = name_binding.res();
+        let is_import = name_binding.is_import();
+        let span = name_binding.span;
+        if let Res::Def(DefKind::Fn, _) = res {
+            self.record_use(ident, name_binding, false);
+        }
+        self.main_def = Some(MainDefinition { res, is_import, span });
+    }
+}
+
+fn names_to_string(names: &[Symbol]) -> String {
+    let mut result = String::new();
+    for (i, name) in names.iter().filter(|name| **name != kw::PathRoot).enumerate() {
+        if i > 0 {
+            result.push_str("::");
+        }
+        if Ident::with_dummy_span(*name).is_raw_guess() {
+            result.push_str("r#");
+        }
+        result.push_str(name.as_str());
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+fn path_names_to_string(path: &Path) -> String {
+    names_to_string(&path.segments.iter().map(|seg| seg.ident.name).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+}
+
+/// A somewhat inefficient routine to obtain the name of a module.
+fn module_to_string(module: Module<'_>) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut names = Vec::new();
+
+    fn collect_mod(names: &mut Vec<Symbol>, module: Module<'_>) {
+        if let ModuleKind::Def(.., name) = module.kind {
+            if let Some(parent) = module.parent {
+                names.push(name);
+                collect_mod(names, parent);
+            }
+        } else {
+            names.push(Symbol::intern("<opaque>"));
+            collect_mod(names, module.parent.unwrap());
+        }
+    }
+    collect_mod(&mut names, module);
+
+    if names.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    names.reverse();
+    Some(names_to_string(&names))
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+struct Finalize {
+    /// Node ID for linting.
+    node_id: NodeId,
+    /// Span of the whole path or some its characteristic fragment.
+    /// E.g. span of `b` in `foo::{a, b, c}`, or full span for regular paths.
+    path_span: Span,
+    /// Span of the path start, suitable for prepending something to it.
+    /// E.g. span of `foo` in `foo::{a, b, c}`, or full span for regular paths.
+    root_span: Span,
+    /// Whether to report privacy errors or silently return "no resolution" for them,
+    /// similarly to speculative resolution.
+    report_private: bool,
+}
+
+impl Finalize {
+    fn new(node_id: NodeId, path_span: Span) -> Finalize {
+        Finalize::with_root_span(node_id, path_span, path_span)
+    }
+
+    fn with_root_span(node_id: NodeId, path_span: Span, root_span: Span) -> Finalize {
+        Finalize { node_id, path_span, root_span, report_private: true }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
+    providers.registered_tools = macros::registered_tools;
+}