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-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs95
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs20
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs175
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs144
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs111
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/region_infer/mod.rs12
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/llvm_util.rs35
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/collect.rs12
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/outlives/mod.rs26
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_lint/src/builtin.rs20
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/codec.rs8
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs9
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/parameterized.rs3
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs11
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/on_disk_cache.rs6
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs21
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs10
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/mod.rs4
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs213
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs211
22 files changed, 584 insertions, 566 deletions
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
index acd7eb69ffc..e47c4344546 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
 
     // Mirrors `visit::walk_ty`, but tracks relevant state.
     fn walk_ty(&mut self, t: &'a Ty) {
-        match t.kind {
+        match &t.kind {
             TyKind::ImplTrait(..) => {
                 self.with_impl_trait(Some(t.span), |this| visit::walk_ty(this, t))
             }
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
                 .with_banned_tilde_const(DisallowTildeConstContext::TraitObject, |this| {
                     visit::walk_ty(this, t)
                 }),
-            TyKind::Path(ref qself, ref path) => {
+            TyKind::Path(qself, path) => {
                 // We allow these:
                 //  - `Option<impl Trait>`
                 //  - `option::Option<impl Trait>`
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
                 // (for cases like `<impl Trait>::Foo>`)
                 // but we allow `impl Trait` in `GenericArgs`
                 // iff there are no more PathSegments.
-                if let Some(ref qself) = *qself {
+                if let Some(qself) = qself {
                     // `impl Trait` in `qself` is always illegal
                     self.with_banned_impl_trait(|this| this.visit_ty(&qself.ty));
                 }
@@ -738,8 +738,8 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
     }
 
     fn visit_ty_common(&mut self, ty: &'a Ty) {
-        match ty.kind {
-            TyKind::BareFn(ref bfty) => {
+        match &ty.kind {
+            TyKind::BareFn(bfty) => {
                 self.check_fn_decl(&bfty.decl, SelfSemantic::No);
                 Self::check_decl_no_pat(&bfty.decl, |span, _, _| {
                     struct_span_err!(
@@ -756,10 +756,10 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
                     self.maybe_lint_missing_abi(sig_span, ty.id);
                 }
             }
-            TyKind::TraitObject(ref bounds, ..) => {
+            TyKind::TraitObject(bounds, ..) => {
                 let mut any_lifetime_bounds = false;
                 for bound in bounds {
-                    if let GenericBound::Outlives(ref lifetime) = *bound {
+                    if let GenericBound::Outlives(lifetime) = bound {
                         if any_lifetime_bounds {
                             struct_span_err!(
                                 self.session,
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ impl<'a> AstValidator<'a> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            TyKind::ImplTrait(_, ref bounds) => {
+            TyKind::ImplTrait(_, bounds) => {
                 if self.is_impl_trait_banned {
                     struct_span_err!(
                         self.session,
@@ -842,8 +842,8 @@ fn validate_generic_param_order(
         let (kind, bounds, span) = (&param.kind, &param.bounds, ident.span);
         let (ord_kind, ident) = match &param.kind {
             GenericParamKind::Lifetime => (ParamKindOrd::Lifetime, ident.to_string()),
-            GenericParamKind::Type { default: _ } => (ParamKindOrd::TypeOrConst, ident.to_string()),
-            GenericParamKind::Const { ref ty, kw_span: _, default: _ } => {
+            GenericParamKind::Type { .. } => (ParamKindOrd::TypeOrConst, ident.to_string()),
+            GenericParamKind::Const { ty, .. } => {
                 let ty = pprust::ty_to_string(ty);
                 (ParamKindOrd::TypeOrConst, format!("const {}: {}", ident, ty))
             }
@@ -948,8 +948,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                 }
                 ExprKind::Paren(local_expr) => {
                     fn has_let_expr(expr: &Expr) -> bool {
-                        match expr.kind {
-                            ExprKind::Binary(_, ref lhs, ref rhs) => has_let_expr(lhs) || has_let_expr(rhs),
+                        match &expr.kind {
+                            ExprKind::Binary(_, lhs, rhs) => has_let_expr(lhs) || has_let_expr(rhs),
                             ExprKind::Let(..) => true,
                             _ => false,
                         }
@@ -1005,18 +1005,18 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
             self.check_nomangle_item_asciionly(item.ident, item.span);
         }
 
-        match item.kind {
+        match &item.kind {
             ItemKind::Impl(box Impl {
                 unsafety,
                 polarity,
                 defaultness: _,
                 constness,
-                ref generics,
-                of_trait: Some(ref t),
-                ref self_ty,
-                ref items,
+                generics,
+                of_trait: Some(t),
+                self_ty,
+                items,
             }) => {
-                self.with_in_trait_impl(true, Some(constness), |this| {
+                self.with_in_trait_impl(true, Some(*constness), |this| {
                     this.invalid_visibility(&item.vis, None);
                     if let TyKind::Err = self_ty.kind {
                         this.err_handler()
@@ -1027,7 +1027,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                             .help("use `auto trait Trait {}` instead")
                             .emit();
                     }
-                    if let (Unsafe::Yes(span), ImplPolarity::Negative(sp)) = (unsafety, polarity) {
+                    if let (&Unsafe::Yes(span), &ImplPolarity::Negative(sp)) = (unsafety, polarity)
+                    {
                         struct_span_err!(
                             this.session,
                             sp.to(t.path.span),
@@ -1061,7 +1062,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                 constness,
                 generics: _,
                 of_trait: None,
-                ref self_ty,
+                self_ty,
                 items: _,
             }) => {
                 let error = |annotation_span, annotation| {
@@ -1078,25 +1079,25 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                     &item.vis,
                     Some(InvalidVisibilityNote::IndividualImplItems),
                 );
-                if let Unsafe::Yes(span) = unsafety {
+                if let &Unsafe::Yes(span) = unsafety {
                     error(span, "unsafe").code(error_code!(E0197)).emit();
                 }
-                if let ImplPolarity::Negative(span) = polarity {
+                if let &ImplPolarity::Negative(span) = polarity {
                     error(span, "negative").emit();
                 }
-                if let Defaultness::Default(def_span) = defaultness {
+                if let &Defaultness::Default(def_span) = defaultness {
                     error(def_span, "`default`")
                         .note("only trait implementations may be annotated with `default`")
                         .emit();
                 }
-                if let Const::Yes(span) = constness {
+                if let &Const::Yes(span) = constness {
                     error(span, "`const`")
                         .note("only trait implementations may be annotated with `const`")
                         .emit();
                 }
             }
-            ItemKind::Fn(box Fn { defaultness, ref sig, ref generics, ref body }) => {
-                self.check_defaultness(item.span, defaultness);
+            ItemKind::Fn(box Fn { defaultness, sig, generics, body }) => {
+                self.check_defaultness(item.span, *defaultness);
 
                 if body.is_none() {
                     self.session.emit_err(FnWithoutBody {
@@ -1132,7 +1133,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                     &item.vis,
                     Some(InvalidVisibilityNote::IndividualForeignItems),
                 );
-                if let Unsafe::Yes(span) = unsafety {
+                if let &Unsafe::Yes(span) = unsafety {
                     self.err_handler().span_err(span, "extern block cannot be declared unsafe");
                 }
                 if abi.is_none() {
@@ -1142,7 +1143,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                 self.extern_mod = old_item;
                 return; // Avoid visiting again.
             }
-            ItemKind::Enum(ref def, _) => {
+            ItemKind::Enum(def, _) => {
                 for variant in &def.variants {
                     self.invalid_visibility(&variant.vis, None);
                     for field in variant.data.fields() {
@@ -1150,8 +1151,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            ItemKind::Trait(box Trait { is_auto, ref generics, ref bounds, ref items, .. }) => {
-                if is_auto == IsAuto::Yes {
+            ItemKind::Trait(box Trait { is_auto, generics, bounds, items, .. }) => {
+                if *is_auto == IsAuto::Yes {
                     // Auto traits cannot have generics, super traits nor contain items.
                     self.deny_generic_params(generics, item.ident.span);
                     self.deny_super_traits(bounds, item.ident.span);
@@ -1171,8 +1172,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                 walk_list!(self, visit_attribute, &item.attrs);
                 return; // Avoid visiting again
             }
-            ItemKind::Mod(unsafety, ref mod_kind) => {
-                if let Unsafe::Yes(span) = unsafety {
+            ItemKind::Mod(unsafety, mod_kind) => {
+                if let &Unsafe::Yes(span) = unsafety {
                     self.err_handler().span_err(span, "module cannot be declared unsafe");
                 }
                 // Ensure that `path` attributes on modules are recorded as used (cf. issue #35584).
@@ -1182,13 +1183,13 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                     self.check_mod_file_item_asciionly(item.ident);
                 }
             }
-            ItemKind::Union(ref vdata, ..) => {
+            ItemKind::Union(vdata, ..) => {
                 if vdata.fields().is_empty() {
                     self.err_handler().span_err(item.span, "unions cannot have zero fields");
                 }
             }
             ItemKind::Const(def, .., None) => {
-                self.check_defaultness(item.span, def);
+                self.check_defaultness(item.span, *def);
                 self.session.emit_err(ConstWithoutBody {
                     span: item.span,
                     replace_span: self.ending_semi_or_hi(item.span),
@@ -1200,14 +1201,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                     replace_span: self.ending_semi_or_hi(item.span),
                 });
             }
-            ItemKind::TyAlias(box TyAlias {
-                defaultness,
-                where_clauses,
-                ref bounds,
-                ref ty,
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                self.check_defaultness(item.span, defaultness);
+            ItemKind::TyAlias(box TyAlias { defaultness, where_clauses, bounds, ty, .. }) => {
+                self.check_defaultness(item.span, *defaultness);
                 if ty.is_none() {
                     self.session.emit_err(TyAliasWithoutBody {
                         span: item.span,
@@ -1266,8 +1261,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
 
     // Mirrors `visit::walk_generic_args`, but tracks relevant state.
     fn visit_generic_args(&mut self, generic_args: &'a GenericArgs) {
-        match *generic_args {
-            GenericArgs::AngleBracketed(ref data) => {
+        match generic_args {
+            GenericArgs::AngleBracketed(data) => {
                 self.check_generic_args_before_constraints(data);
 
                 for arg in &data.args {
@@ -1283,7 +1278,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            GenericArgs::Parenthesized(ref data) => {
+            GenericArgs::Parenthesized(data) => {
                 walk_list!(self, visit_ty, &data.inputs);
                 if let FnRetTy::Ty(ty) = &data.output {
                     // `-> Foo` syntax is essentially an associated type binding,
@@ -1319,7 +1314,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
         validate_generic_param_order(self.err_handler(), &generics.params, generics.span);
 
         for predicate in &generics.where_clause.predicates {
-            if let WherePredicate::EqPredicate(ref predicate) = *predicate {
+            if let WherePredicate::EqPredicate(predicate) = predicate {
                 deny_equality_constraints(self, predicate, generics);
             }
         }
@@ -1368,7 +1363,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
     }
 
     fn visit_param_bound(&mut self, bound: &'a GenericBound, ctxt: BoundKind) {
-        if let GenericBound::Trait(ref poly, modify) = *bound {
+        if let GenericBound::Trait(poly, modify) = bound {
             match (ctxt, modify) {
                 (BoundKind::SuperTraits, TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) => {
                     let mut err = self
@@ -1573,8 +1568,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
             self.check_item_named(item.ident, "const");
         }
 
-        match item.kind {
-            AssocItemKind::Type(box TyAlias { ref generics, ref bounds, ref ty, .. })
+        match &item.kind {
+            AssocItemKind::Type(box TyAlias { generics, bounds, ty, .. })
                 if ctxt == AssocCtxt::Trait =>
             {
                 self.visit_vis(&item.vis);
@@ -1586,7 +1581,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                 });
                 walk_list!(self, visit_ty, ty);
             }
-            AssocItemKind::Fn(box Fn { ref sig, ref generics, ref body, .. })
+            AssocItemKind::Fn(box Fn { sig, generics, body, .. })
                 if self.in_const_trait_impl
                     || ctxt == AssocCtxt::Trait
                     || matches!(sig.header.constness, Const::Yes(_)) =>
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs
index 546010135a7..32f45f8b59e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
     }
 
     fn visit_item(&mut self, i: &'a ast::Item) {
-        match i.kind {
-            ast::ItemKind::ForeignMod(ref foreign_module) => {
+        match &i.kind {
+            ast::ItemKind::ForeignMod(foreign_module) => {
                 if let Some(abi) = foreign_module.abi {
                     self.check_abi(abi, ast::Const::No);
                 }
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
                 }
             }
 
-            ast::ItemKind::Impl(box ast::Impl { polarity, defaultness, ref of_trait, .. }) => {
-                if let ast::ImplPolarity::Negative(span) = polarity {
+            ast::ItemKind::Impl(box ast::Impl { polarity, defaultness, of_trait, .. }) => {
+                if let &ast::ImplPolarity::Negative(span) = polarity {
                     gate_feature_post!(
                         &self,
                         negative_impls,
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
                 gate_feature_post!(&self, decl_macro, i.span, msg);
             }
 
-            ast::ItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias { ty: Some(ref ty), .. }) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias { ty: Some(ty), .. }) => {
                 self.check_impl_trait(&ty)
             }
 
@@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
     }
 
     fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: &'a ast::Ty) {
-        match ty.kind {
-            ast::TyKind::BareFn(ref bare_fn_ty) => {
+        match &ty.kind {
+            ast::TyKind::BareFn(bare_fn_ty) => {
                 // Function pointers cannot be `const`
                 self.check_extern(bare_fn_ty.ext, ast::Const::No);
             }
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
     }
 
     fn visit_fn_ret_ty(&mut self, ret_ty: &'a ast::FnRetTy) {
-        if let ast::FnRetTy::Ty(ref output_ty) = *ret_ty {
+        if let ast::FnRetTy::Ty(output_ty) = ret_ty {
             if let ast::TyKind::Never = output_ty.kind {
                 // Do nothing.
             } else {
@@ -455,9 +455,9 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
     }
 
     fn visit_assoc_item(&mut self, i: &'a ast::AssocItem, ctxt: AssocCtxt) {
-        let is_fn = match i.kind {
+        let is_fn = match &i.kind {
             ast::AssocItemKind::Fn(_) => true,
-            ast::AssocItemKind::Type(box ast::TyAlias { ref ty, .. }) => {
+            ast::AssocItemKind::Type(box ast::TyAlias { ty, .. }) => {
                 if let (Some(_), AssocCtxt::Trait) = (ty, ctxt) {
                     gate_feature_post!(
                         &self,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs
index 7a9243c511b..374e0a97063 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use rustc_ast::tokenstream::{TokenStream, TokenTree};
 use rustc_ast::util::classify;
 use rustc_ast::util::comments::{gather_comments, Comment, CommentStyle};
 use rustc_ast::util::parser;
-use rustc_ast::{self as ast, AttrArgs, AttrArgsEq, BlockCheckMode, Mutability, PatKind};
+use rustc_ast::{self as ast, AttrArgs, AttrArgsEq, BlockCheckMode, PatKind};
 use rustc_ast::{attr, BindingAnnotation, ByRef, DelimArgs, RangeEnd, RangeSyntax, Term};
 use rustc_ast::{GenericArg, GenericBound, SelfKind, TraitBoundModifier};
 use rustc_ast::{InlineAsmOperand, InlineAsmRegOrRegClass};
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ impl<'a> Comments<'a> {
         Comments { sm, comments, current: 0 }
     }
 
+    // FIXME: This shouldn't probably clone lmao
     pub fn next(&self) -> Option<Comment> {
         self.comments.get(self.current).cloned()
     }
@@ -268,10 +269,10 @@ pub trait PrintState<'a>: std::ops::Deref<Target = pp::Printer> + std::ops::Dere
 
     fn maybe_print_comment(&mut self, pos: BytePos) -> bool {
         let mut has_comment = false;
-        while let Some(ref cmnt) = self.next_comment() {
+        while let Some(cmnt) = self.next_comment() {
             if cmnt.pos < pos {
                 has_comment = true;
-                self.print_comment(cmnt);
+                self.print_comment(&cmnt);
             } else {
                 break;
             }
@@ -366,8 +367,8 @@ pub trait PrintState<'a>: std::ops::Deref<Target = pp::Printer> + std::ops::Dere
         if self.next_comment().is_none() {
             self.hardbreak();
         }
-        while let Some(ref cmnt) = self.next_comment() {
-            self.print_comment(cmnt)
+        while let Some(cmnt) = self.next_comment() {
+            self.print_comment(&cmnt)
         }
     }
 
@@ -446,8 +447,8 @@ pub trait PrintState<'a>: std::ops::Deref<Target = pp::Printer> + std::ops::Dere
             self.hardbreak_if_not_bol();
         }
         self.maybe_print_comment(attr.span.lo());
-        match attr.kind {
-            ast::AttrKind::Normal(ref normal) => {
+        match &attr.kind {
+            ast::AttrKind::Normal(normal) => {
                 match attr.style {
                     ast::AttrStyle::Inner => self.word("#!["),
                     ast::AttrStyle::Outer => self.word("#["),
@@ -456,7 +457,7 @@ pub trait PrintState<'a>: std::ops::Deref<Target = pp::Printer> + std::ops::Dere
                 self.word("]");
             }
             ast::AttrKind::DocComment(comment_kind, data) => {
-                self.word(doc_comment_to_string(comment_kind, attr.style, data));
+                self.word(doc_comment_to_string(*comment_kind, attr.style, *data));
                 self.hardbreak()
             }
         }
@@ -497,22 +498,22 @@ pub trait PrintState<'a>: std::ops::Deref<Target = pp::Printer> + std::ops::Dere
 
     fn print_meta_list_item(&mut self, item: &ast::NestedMetaItem) {
         match item {
-            ast::NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(ref mi) => self.print_meta_item(mi),
-            ast::NestedMetaItem::Lit(ref lit) => self.print_meta_item_lit(lit),
+            ast::NestedMetaItem::MetaItem(mi) => self.print_meta_item(mi),
+            ast::NestedMetaItem::Lit(lit) => self.print_meta_item_lit(lit),
         }
     }
 
     fn print_meta_item(&mut self, item: &ast::MetaItem) {
         self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
-        match item.kind {
+        match &item.kind {
             ast::MetaItemKind::Word => self.print_path(&item.path, false, 0),
-            ast::MetaItemKind::NameValue(ref value) => {
+            ast::MetaItemKind::NameValue(value) => {
                 self.print_path(&item.path, false, 0);
                 self.space();
                 self.word_space("=");
                 self.print_meta_item_lit(value);
             }
-            ast::MetaItemKind::List(ref items) => {
+            ast::MetaItemKind::List(items) => {
                 self.print_path(&item.path, false, 0);
                 self.popen();
                 self.commasep(Consistent, &items, |s, i| s.print_meta_list_item(i));
@@ -657,7 +658,7 @@ pub trait PrintState<'a>: std::ops::Deref<Target = pp::Printer> + std::ops::Dere
     fn print_path_segment(&mut self, segment: &ast::PathSegment, colons_before_params: bool) {
         if segment.ident.name != kw::PathRoot {
             self.print_ident(segment.ident);
-            if let Some(ref args) = segment.args {
+            if let Some(args) = &segment.args {
                 self.print_generic_args(args, colons_before_params);
             }
         }
@@ -712,19 +713,19 @@ pub trait PrintState<'a>: std::ops::Deref<Target = pp::Printer> + std::ops::Dere
     }
 
     fn nonterminal_to_string(&self, nt: &Nonterminal) -> String {
-        match *nt {
-            token::NtExpr(ref e) => self.expr_to_string(e),
-            token::NtMeta(ref e) => self.attr_item_to_string(e),
-            token::NtTy(ref e) => self.ty_to_string(e),
-            token::NtPath(ref e) => self.path_to_string(e),
-            token::NtItem(ref e) => self.item_to_string(e),
-            token::NtBlock(ref e) => self.block_to_string(e),
-            token::NtStmt(ref e) => self.stmt_to_string(e),
-            token::NtPat(ref e) => self.pat_to_string(e),
-            token::NtIdent(e, is_raw) => IdentPrinter::for_ast_ident(e, is_raw).to_string(),
+        match nt {
+            token::NtExpr(e) => self.expr_to_string(e),
+            token::NtMeta(e) => self.attr_item_to_string(e),
+            token::NtTy(e) => self.ty_to_string(e),
+            token::NtPath(e) => self.path_to_string(e),
+            token::NtItem(e) => self.item_to_string(e),
+            token::NtBlock(e) => self.block_to_string(e),
+            token::NtStmt(e) => self.stmt_to_string(e),
+            token::NtPat(e) => self.pat_to_string(e),
+            token::NtIdent(e, is_raw) => IdentPrinter::for_ast_ident(*e, *is_raw).to_string(),
             token::NtLifetime(e) => e.to_string(),
-            token::NtLiteral(ref e) => self.expr_to_string(e),
-            token::NtVis(ref e) => self.vis_to_string(e),
+            token::NtLiteral(e) => self.expr_to_string(e),
+            token::NtVis(e) => self.vis_to_string(e),
         }
     }
 
@@ -917,8 +918,8 @@ impl<'a> PrintState<'a> for State<'a> {
             self.word("::")
         }
 
-        match *args {
-            ast::GenericArgs::AngleBracketed(ref data) => {
+        match args {
+            ast::GenericArgs::AngleBracketed(data) => {
                 self.word("<");
                 self.commasep(Inconsistent, &data.args, |s, arg| match arg {
                     ast::AngleBracketedArg::Arg(a) => s.print_generic_arg(a),
@@ -927,7 +928,7 @@ impl<'a> PrintState<'a> for State<'a> {
                 self.word(">")
             }
 
-            ast::GenericArgs::Parenthesized(ref data) => {
+            ast::GenericArgs::Parenthesized(data) => {
                 self.word("(");
                 self.commasep(Inconsistent, &data.inputs, |s, ty| s.print_type(ty));
                 self.word(")");
@@ -1011,17 +1012,17 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
     pub fn print_type(&mut self, ty: &ast::Ty) {
         self.maybe_print_comment(ty.span.lo());
         self.ibox(0);
-        match ty.kind {
-            ast::TyKind::Slice(ref ty) => {
+        match &ty.kind {
+            ast::TyKind::Slice(ty) => {
                 self.word("[");
                 self.print_type(ty);
                 self.word("]");
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Ptr(ref mt) => {
+            ast::TyKind::Ptr(mt) => {
                 self.word("*");
                 self.print_mt(mt, true);
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Rptr(ref lifetime, ref mt) => {
+            ast::TyKind::Rptr(lifetime, mt) => {
                 self.word("&");
                 self.print_opt_lifetime(lifetime);
                 self.print_mt(mt, false);
@@ -1029,7 +1030,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             ast::TyKind::Never => {
                 self.word("!");
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Tup(ref elts) => {
+            ast::TyKind::Tup(elts) => {
                 self.popen();
                 self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts, |s, ty| s.print_type(ty));
                 if elts.len() == 1 {
@@ -1037,36 +1038,36 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 }
                 self.pclose();
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Paren(ref typ) => {
+            ast::TyKind::Paren(typ) => {
                 self.popen();
                 self.print_type(typ);
                 self.pclose();
             }
-            ast::TyKind::BareFn(ref f) => {
+            ast::TyKind::BareFn(f) => {
                 self.print_ty_fn(f.ext, f.unsafety, &f.decl, None, &f.generic_params);
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Path(None, ref path) => {
+            ast::TyKind::Path(None, path) => {
                 self.print_path(path, false, 0);
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => self.print_qpath(path, qself, false),
-            ast::TyKind::TraitObject(ref bounds, syntax) => {
-                if syntax == ast::TraitObjectSyntax::Dyn {
+            ast::TyKind::Path(Some(qself), path) => self.print_qpath(path, qself, false),
+            ast::TyKind::TraitObject(bounds, syntax) => {
+                if *syntax == ast::TraitObjectSyntax::Dyn {
                     self.word_nbsp("dyn");
                 }
                 self.print_type_bounds(bounds);
             }
-            ast::TyKind::ImplTrait(_, ref bounds) => {
+            ast::TyKind::ImplTrait(_, bounds) => {
                 self.word_nbsp("impl");
                 self.print_type_bounds(bounds);
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Array(ref ty, ref length) => {
+            ast::TyKind::Array(ty, length) => {
                 self.word("[");
                 self.print_type(ty);
                 self.word("; ");
                 self.print_expr(&length.value);
                 self.word("]");
             }
-            ast::TyKind::Typeof(ref e) => {
+            ast::TyKind::Typeof(e) => {
                 self.word("typeof(");
                 self.print_expr(&e.value);
                 self.word(")");
@@ -1082,7 +1083,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             ast::TyKind::ImplicitSelf => {
                 self.word("Self");
             }
-            ast::TyKind::MacCall(ref m) => {
+            ast::TyKind::MacCall(m) => {
                 self.print_mac(m);
             }
             ast::TyKind::CVarArgs => {
@@ -1111,8 +1112,8 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 
     pub(crate) fn print_stmt(&mut self, st: &ast::Stmt) {
         self.maybe_print_comment(st.span.lo());
-        match st.kind {
-            ast::StmtKind::Local(ref loc) => {
+        match &st.kind {
+            ast::StmtKind::Local(loc) => {
                 self.print_outer_attributes(&loc.attrs);
                 self.space_if_not_bol();
                 self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
@@ -1135,15 +1136,15 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.word(";");
                 self.end(); // `let` ibox
             }
-            ast::StmtKind::Item(ref item) => self.print_item(item),
-            ast::StmtKind::Expr(ref expr) => {
+            ast::StmtKind::Item(item) => self.print_item(item),
+            ast::StmtKind::Expr(expr) => {
                 self.space_if_not_bol();
                 self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(expr, false);
                 if classify::expr_requires_semi_to_be_stmt(expr) {
                     self.word(";");
                 }
             }
-            ast::StmtKind::Semi(ref expr) => {
+            ast::StmtKind::Semi(expr) => {
                 self.space_if_not_bol();
                 self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(expr, false);
                 self.word(";");
@@ -1152,7 +1153,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.space_if_not_bol();
                 self.word(";");
             }
-            ast::StmtKind::MacCall(ref mac) => {
+            ast::StmtKind::MacCall(mac) => {
                 self.space_if_not_bol();
                 self.print_outer_attributes(&mac.attrs);
                 self.print_mac(&mac.mac);
@@ -1193,8 +1194,8 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         let has_attrs = self.print_inner_attributes(attrs);
 
         for (i, st) in blk.stmts.iter().enumerate() {
-            match st.kind {
-                ast::StmtKind::Expr(ref expr) if i == blk.stmts.len() - 1 => {
+            match &st.kind {
+                ast::StmtKind::Expr(expr) if i == blk.stmts.len() - 1 => {
                     self.maybe_print_comment(st.span.lo());
                     self.space_if_not_bol();
                     self.print_expr_outer_attr_style(expr, false);
@@ -1362,7 +1363,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 
     pub(crate) fn print_local_decl(&mut self, loc: &ast::Local) {
         self.print_pat(&loc.pat);
-        if let Some(ref ty) = loc.ty {
+        if let Some(ty) = &loc.ty {
             self.word_space(":");
             self.print_type(ty);
         }
@@ -1386,7 +1387,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         for item_segment in &path.segments[qself.position..] {
             self.word("::");
             self.print_ident(item_segment.ident);
-            if let Some(ref args) = item_segment.args {
+            if let Some(args) = &item_segment.args {
                 self.print_generic_args(args, colons_before_params)
             }
         }
@@ -1397,23 +1398,23 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::Pat(pat));
         /* Pat isn't normalized, but the beauty of it
         is that it doesn't matter */
-        match pat.kind {
+        match &pat.kind {
             PatKind::Wild => self.word("_"),
-            PatKind::Ident(BindingAnnotation(by_ref, mutbl), ident, ref sub) => {
-                if by_ref == ByRef::Yes {
+            PatKind::Ident(BindingAnnotation(by_ref, mutbl), ident, sub) => {
+                if *by_ref == ByRef::Yes {
                     self.word_nbsp("ref");
                 }
-                if mutbl == Mutability::Mut {
+                if mutbl.is_mut() {
                     self.word_nbsp("mut");
                 }
-                self.print_ident(ident);
-                if let Some(ref p) = *sub {
+                self.print_ident(*ident);
+                if let Some(p) = sub {
                     self.space();
                     self.word_space("@");
                     self.print_pat(p);
                 }
             }
-            PatKind::TupleStruct(ref qself, ref path, ref elts) => {
+            PatKind::TupleStruct(qself, path, elts) => {
                 if let Some(qself) = qself {
                     self.print_qpath(path, qself, true);
                 } else {
@@ -1423,16 +1424,16 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts, |s, p| s.print_pat(p));
                 self.pclose();
             }
-            PatKind::Or(ref pats) => {
+            PatKind::Or(pats) => {
                 self.strsep("|", true, Inconsistent, &pats, |s, p| s.print_pat(p));
             }
-            PatKind::Path(None, ref path) => {
+            PatKind::Path(None, path) => {
                 self.print_path(path, true, 0);
             }
-            PatKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => {
+            PatKind::Path(Some(qself), path) => {
                 self.print_qpath(path, qself, false);
             }
-            PatKind::Struct(ref qself, ref path, ref fields, etc) => {
+            PatKind::Struct(qself, path, fields, etc) => {
                 if let Some(qself) = qself {
                     self.print_qpath(path, qself, true);
                 } else {
@@ -1458,7 +1459,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                     },
                     |f| f.pat.span,
                 );
-                if etc {
+                if *etc {
                     if !fields.is_empty() {
                         self.word_space(",");
                     }
@@ -1469,7 +1470,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 }
                 self.word("}");
             }
-            PatKind::Tuple(ref elts) => {
+            PatKind::Tuple(elts) => {
                 self.popen();
                 self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts, |s, p| s.print_pat(p));
                 if elts.len() == 1 {
@@ -1477,13 +1478,13 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 }
                 self.pclose();
             }
-            PatKind::Box(ref inner) => {
+            PatKind::Box(inner) => {
                 self.word("box ");
                 self.print_pat(inner);
             }
-            PatKind::Ref(ref inner, mutbl) => {
+            PatKind::Ref(inner, mutbl) => {
                 self.word("&");
-                if mutbl == Mutability::Mut {
+                if mutbl.is_mut() {
                     self.word("mut ");
                 }
                 if let PatKind::Ident(ast::BindingAnnotation::MUT, ..) = inner.kind {
@@ -1494,12 +1495,12 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                     self.print_pat(inner);
                 }
             }
-            PatKind::Lit(ref e) => self.print_expr(&**e),
-            PatKind::Range(ref begin, ref end, Spanned { node: ref end_kind, .. }) => {
+            PatKind::Lit(e) => self.print_expr(&**e),
+            PatKind::Range(begin, end, Spanned { node: end_kind, .. }) => {
                 if let Some(e) = begin {
                     self.print_expr(e);
                 }
-                match *end_kind {
+                match end_kind {
                     RangeEnd::Included(RangeSyntax::DotDotDot) => self.word("..."),
                     RangeEnd::Included(RangeSyntax::DotDotEq) => self.word("..="),
                     RangeEnd::Excluded => self.word(".."),
@@ -1508,36 +1509,36 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                     self.print_expr(e);
                 }
             }
-            PatKind::Slice(ref elts) => {
+            PatKind::Slice(elts) => {
                 self.word("[");
                 self.commasep(Inconsistent, &elts, |s, p| s.print_pat(p));
                 self.word("]");
             }
             PatKind::Rest => self.word(".."),
-            PatKind::Paren(ref inner) => {
+            PatKind::Paren(inner) => {
                 self.popen();
                 self.print_pat(inner);
                 self.pclose();
             }
-            PatKind::MacCall(ref m) => self.print_mac(m),
+            PatKind::MacCall(m) => self.print_mac(m),
         }
         self.ann.post(self, AnnNode::Pat(pat))
     }
 
     fn print_explicit_self(&mut self, explicit_self: &ast::ExplicitSelf) {
-        match explicit_self.node {
+        match &explicit_self.node {
             SelfKind::Value(m) => {
-                self.print_mutability(m, false);
+                self.print_mutability(*m, false);
                 self.word("self")
             }
-            SelfKind::Region(ref lt, m) => {
+            SelfKind::Region(lt, m) => {
                 self.word("&");
                 self.print_opt_lifetime(lt);
-                self.print_mutability(m, false);
+                self.print_mutability(*m, false);
                 self.word("self")
             }
-            SelfKind::Explicit(ref typ, m) => {
-                self.print_mutability(m, false);
+            SelfKind::Explicit(typ, m) => {
+                self.print_mutability(*m, false);
                 self.word("self");
                 self.word_space(":");
                 self.print_type(typ)
@@ -1599,7 +1600,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.commasep(Inconsistent, &generic_params, |s, param| {
             s.print_outer_attributes_inline(&param.attrs);
 
-            match param.kind {
+            match &param.kind {
                 ast::GenericParamKind::Lifetime => {
                     let lt = ast::Lifetime { id: param.id, ident: param.ident };
                     s.print_lifetime(lt);
@@ -1608,19 +1609,19 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                         s.print_lifetime_bounds(&param.bounds)
                     }
                 }
-                ast::GenericParamKind::Type { ref default } => {
+                ast::GenericParamKind::Type { default } => {
                     s.print_ident(param.ident);
                     if !param.bounds.is_empty() {
                         s.word_nbsp(":");
                         s.print_type_bounds(&param.bounds);
                     }
-                    if let Some(ref default) = default {
+                    if let Some(default) = default {
                         s.space();
                         s.word_space("=");
                         s.print_type(default)
                     }
                 }
-                ast::GenericParamKind::Const { ref ty, kw_span: _, ref default } => {
+                ast::GenericParamKind::Const { ty, default, .. } => {
                     s.word_space("const");
                     s.print_ident(param.ident);
                     s.space();
@@ -1630,7 +1631,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                         s.word_nbsp(":");
                         s.print_type_bounds(&param.bounds);
                     }
-                    if let Some(ref default) = default {
+                    if let Some(default) = default {
                         s.space();
                         s.word_space("=");
                         s.print_expr(&default.value);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs
index f4d77549eff..81483ac30d1 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/expr.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ use rustc_ast::{self as ast, BlockCheckMode};
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
     fn print_else(&mut self, els: Option<&ast::Expr>) {
         if let Some(_else) = els {
-            match _else.kind {
+            match &_else.kind {
                 // Another `else if` block.
-                ast::ExprKind::If(ref i, ref then, ref e) => {
+                ast::ExprKind::If(i, then, e) => {
                     self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1);
                     self.ibox(0);
                     self.word(" else if ");
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                     self.print_else(e.as_deref())
                 }
                 // Final `else` block.
-                ast::ExprKind::Block(ref b, _) => {
+                ast::ExprKind::Block(b, _) => {
                     self.cbox(INDENT_UNIT - 1);
                     self.ibox(0);
                     self.word(" else ");
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.print_expr_maybe_paren(receiver, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
         self.word(".");
         self.print_ident(segment.ident);
-        if let Some(ref args) = segment.args {
+        if let Some(args) = &segment.args {
             self.print_generic_args(args, true);
         }
         self.print_call_post(base_args)
@@ -284,73 +284,66 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 
         self.ibox(INDENT_UNIT);
         self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::Expr(expr));
-        match expr.kind {
-            ast::ExprKind::Box(ref expr) => {
+        match &expr.kind {
+            ast::ExprKind::Box(expr) => {
                 self.word_space("box");
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_PREFIX);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Array(ref exprs) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Array(exprs) => {
                 self.print_expr_vec(exprs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::ConstBlock(ref anon_const) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::ConstBlock(anon_const) => {
                 self.print_expr_anon_const(anon_const, attrs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Repeat(ref element, ref count) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Repeat(element, count) => {
                 self.print_expr_repeat(element, count);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Struct(ref se) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Struct(se) => {
                 self.print_expr_struct(&se.qself, &se.path, &se.fields, &se.rest);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Tup(ref exprs) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Tup(exprs) => {
                 self.print_expr_tup(exprs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Call(ref func, ref args) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Call(func, args) => {
                 self.print_expr_call(func, &args);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::MethodCall(box ast::MethodCall {
-                ref seg,
-                ref receiver,
-                ref args,
-                ..
-            }) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::MethodCall(box ast::MethodCall { seg, receiver, args, .. }) => {
                 self.print_expr_method_call(seg, &receiver, &args);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Binary(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
-                self.print_expr_binary(op, lhs, rhs);
+            ast::ExprKind::Binary(op, lhs, rhs) => {
+                self.print_expr_binary(*op, lhs, rhs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Unary(op, ref expr) => {
-                self.print_expr_unary(op, expr);
+            ast::ExprKind::Unary(op, expr) => {
+                self.print_expr_unary(*op, expr);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::AddrOf(k, m, ref expr) => {
-                self.print_expr_addr_of(k, m, expr);
+            ast::ExprKind::AddrOf(k, m, expr) => {
+                self.print_expr_addr_of(*k, *m, expr);
             }
             ast::ExprKind::Lit(token_lit) => {
-                self.print_token_literal(token_lit, expr.span);
+                self.print_token_literal(*token_lit, expr.span);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::IncludedBytes(ref bytes) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::IncludedBytes(bytes) => {
                 let lit = ast::LitKind::ByteStr(bytes.clone()).to_token_lit();
                 self.print_token_literal(lit, expr.span)
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Cast(ref expr, ref ty) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Cast(expr, ty) => {
                 let prec = AssocOp::As.precedence() as i8;
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, prec);
                 self.space();
                 self.word_space("as");
                 self.print_type(ty);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Type(ref expr, ref ty) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Type(expr, ty) => {
                 let prec = AssocOp::Colon.precedence() as i8;
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, prec);
                 self.word_space(":");
                 self.print_type(ty);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Let(ref pat, ref scrutinee, _) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Let(pat, scrutinee, _) => {
                 self.print_let(pat, scrutinee);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::If(ref test, ref blk, ref elseopt) => {
-                self.print_if(test, blk, elseopt.as_deref())
-            }
-            ast::ExprKind::While(ref test, ref blk, opt_label) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::If(test, blk, elseopt) => self.print_if(test, blk, elseopt.as_deref()),
+            ast::ExprKind::While(test, blk, opt_label) => {
                 if let Some(label) = opt_label {
                     self.print_ident(label.ident);
                     self.word_space(":");
@@ -362,7 +355,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.space();
                 self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::ForLoop(ref pat, ref iter, ref blk, opt_label) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::ForLoop(pat, iter, blk, opt_label) => {
                 if let Some(label) = opt_label {
                     self.print_ident(label.ident);
                     self.word_space(":");
@@ -377,7 +370,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.space();
                 self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Loop(ref blk, opt_label, _) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Loop(blk, opt_label, _) => {
                 if let Some(label) = opt_label {
                     self.print_ident(label.ident);
                     self.word_space(":");
@@ -387,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.word_nbsp("loop");
                 self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Match(ref expr, ref arms) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Match(expr, arms) => {
                 self.cbox(0);
                 self.ibox(0);
                 self.word_nbsp("match");
@@ -402,18 +395,18 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.bclose(expr.span, empty);
             }
             ast::ExprKind::Closure(box ast::Closure {
-                ref binder,
+                binder,
                 capture_clause,
                 asyncness,
                 movability,
-                ref fn_decl,
-                ref body,
+                fn_decl,
+                body,
                 fn_decl_span: _,
             }) => {
                 self.print_closure_binder(binder);
-                self.print_movability(movability);
-                self.print_asyncness(asyncness);
-                self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause);
+                self.print_movability(*movability);
+                self.print_asyncness(*asyncness);
+                self.print_capture_clause(*capture_clause);
 
                 self.print_fn_params_and_ret(fn_decl, true);
                 self.space();
@@ -425,7 +418,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 // empty box to satisfy the close.
                 self.ibox(0);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk, opt_label) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Block(blk, opt_label) => {
                 if let Some(label) = opt_label {
                     self.print_ident(label.ident);
                     self.word_space(":");
@@ -436,26 +429,26 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.ibox(0);
                 self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, _, ref blk) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, _, blk) => {
                 self.word_nbsp("async");
-                self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause);
+                self.print_capture_clause(*capture_clause);
                 // cbox/ibox in analogy to the `ExprKind::Block` arm above
                 self.cbox(0);
                 self.ibox(0);
                 self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Await(ref expr) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Await(expr) => {
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
                 self.word(".await");
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Assign(ref lhs, ref rhs, _) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Assign(lhs, rhs, _) => {
                 let prec = AssocOp::Assign.precedence() as i8;
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, prec + 1);
                 self.space();
                 self.word_space("=");
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, prec);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::AssignOp(op, ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::AssignOp(op, lhs, rhs) => {
                 let prec = AssocOp::Assign.precedence() as i8;
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, prec + 1);
                 self.space();
@@ -463,45 +456,44 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.word_space("=");
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(rhs, prec);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Field(ref expr, ident) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Field(expr, ident) => {
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
                 self.word(".");
-                self.print_ident(ident);
+                self.print_ident(*ident);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Index(ref expr, ref index) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Index(expr, index) => {
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
                 self.word("[");
                 self.print_expr(index);
                 self.word("]");
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Range(ref start, ref end, limits) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Range(start, end, limits) => {
                 // Special case for `Range`.  `AssocOp` claims that `Range` has higher precedence
                 // than `Assign`, but `x .. x = x` gives a parse error instead of `x .. (x = x)`.
                 // Here we use a fake precedence value so that any child with lower precedence than
                 // a "normal" binop gets parenthesized.  (`LOr` is the lowest-precedence binop.)
                 let fake_prec = AssocOp::LOr.precedence() as i8;
-                if let Some(ref e) = *start {
+                if let Some(e) = start {
                     self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, fake_prec);
                 }
-                if limits == ast::RangeLimits::HalfOpen {
-                    self.word("..");
-                } else {
-                    self.word("..=");
+                match limits {
+                    ast::RangeLimits::HalfOpen => self.word(".."),
+                    ast::RangeLimits::Closed => self.word("..="),
                 }
-                if let Some(ref e) = *end {
+                if let Some(e) = end {
                     self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, fake_prec);
                 }
             }
             ast::ExprKind::Underscore => self.word("_"),
-            ast::ExprKind::Path(None, ref path) => self.print_path(path, true, 0),
-            ast::ExprKind::Path(Some(ref qself), ref path) => self.print_qpath(path, qself, true),
-            ast::ExprKind::Break(opt_label, ref opt_expr) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Path(None, path) => self.print_path(path, true, 0),
+            ast::ExprKind::Path(Some(qself), path) => self.print_qpath(path, qself, true),
+            ast::ExprKind::Break(opt_label, opt_expr) => {
                 self.word("break");
                 if let Some(label) = opt_label {
                     self.space();
                     self.print_ident(label.ident);
                 }
-                if let Some(ref expr) = *opt_expr {
+                if let Some(expr) = opt_expr {
                     self.space();
                     self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
                 }
@@ -513,45 +505,45 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                     self.print_ident(label.ident);
                 }
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Ret(ref result) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Ret(result) => {
                 self.word("return");
-                if let Some(ref expr) = *result {
+                if let Some(expr) = result {
                     self.word(" ");
                     self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
                 }
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Yeet(ref result) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Yeet(result) => {
                 self.word("do");
                 self.word(" ");
                 self.word("yeet");
-                if let Some(ref expr) = *result {
+                if let Some(expr) = result {
                     self.word(" ");
                     self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
                 }
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::InlineAsm(ref a) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::InlineAsm(a) => {
                 self.word("asm!");
                 self.print_inline_asm(a);
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::MacCall(ref m) => self.print_mac(m),
-            ast::ExprKind::Paren(ref e) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::MacCall(m) => self.print_mac(m),
+            ast::ExprKind::Paren(e) => {
                 self.popen();
                 self.print_expr(e);
                 self.pclose();
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Yield(ref e) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Yield(e) => {
                 self.word("yield");
 
-                if let Some(ref expr) = *e {
+                if let Some(expr) = e {
                     self.space();
                     self.print_expr_maybe_paren(expr, parser::PREC_JUMP);
                 }
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Try(ref e) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Try(e) => {
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(e, parser::PREC_POSTFIX);
                 self.word("?")
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::TryBlock(ref blk) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::TryBlock(blk) => {
                 self.cbox(0);
                 self.ibox(0);
                 self.word_nbsp("try");
@@ -578,15 +570,15 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.print_outer_attributes(&arm.attrs);
         self.print_pat(&arm.pat);
         self.space();
-        if let Some(ref e) = arm.guard {
+        if let Some(e) = &arm.guard {
             self.word_space("if");
             self.print_expr(e);
             self.space();
         }
         self.word_space("=>");
 
-        match arm.body.kind {
-            ast::ExprKind::Block(ref blk, opt_label) => {
+        match &arm.body.kind {
+            ast::ExprKind::Block(blk, opt_label) => {
                 if let Some(label) = opt_label {
                     self.print_ident(label.ident);
                     self.word_space(":");
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs
index 9c4425701e0..c52f15401ab 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_pretty/src/pprust/state/item.rs
@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.maybe_print_comment(item.span.lo());
         self.print_outer_attributes(&item.attrs);
         self.ann.pre(self, AnnNode::Item(item));
-        match item.kind {
+        match &item.kind {
             ast::ItemKind::ExternCrate(orig_name) => {
                 self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "extern crate"));
-                if let Some(orig_name) = orig_name {
+                if let &Some(orig_name) = orig_name {
                     self.print_name(orig_name);
                     self.space();
                     self.word("as");
@@ -150,35 +150,41 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.end(); // end inner head-block
                 self.end(); // end outer head-block
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Use(ref tree) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Use(tree) => {
                 self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
                 self.word_nbsp("use");
                 self.print_use_tree(tree);
                 self.word(";");
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Static(ref ty, mutbl, ref body) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Static(ty, mutbl, body) => {
                 let def = ast::Defaultness::Final;
-                self.print_item_const(item.ident, Some(mutbl), ty, body.as_deref(), &item.vis, def);
+                self.print_item_const(
+                    item.ident,
+                    Some(*mutbl),
+                    ty,
+                    body.as_deref(),
+                    &item.vis,
+                    def,
+                );
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Const(def, ref ty, ref body) => {
-                self.print_item_const(item.ident, None, ty, body.as_deref(), &item.vis, def);
+            ast::ItemKind::Const(def, ty, body) => {
+                self.print_item_const(item.ident, None, ty, body.as_deref(), &item.vis, *def);
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, ref sig, ref generics, ref body }) => {
-                let body = body.as_deref();
+            ast::ItemKind::Fn(box ast::Fn { defaultness, sig, generics, body }) => {
                 self.print_fn_full(
                     sig,
                     item.ident,
                     generics,
                     &item.vis,
-                    defaultness,
-                    body,
+                    *defaultness,
+                    body.as_deref(),
                     &item.attrs,
                 );
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Mod(unsafety, ref mod_kind) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Mod(unsafety, mod_kind) => {
                 self.head(Self::to_string(|s| {
                     s.print_visibility(&item.vis);
-                    s.print_unsafety(unsafety);
+                    s.print_unsafety(*unsafety);
                     s.word("mod");
                 }));
                 self.print_ident(item.ident);
@@ -201,7 +207,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::ForeignMod(ref nmod) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::ForeignMod(nmod) => {
                 self.head(Self::to_string(|s| {
                     s.print_unsafety(nmod.unsafety);
                     s.word("extern");
@@ -215,7 +221,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && nmod.items.is_empty();
                 self.bclose(item.span, empty);
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::GlobalAsm(ref asm) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::GlobalAsm(asm) => {
                 self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "global_asm!"));
                 self.print_inline_asm(asm);
                 self.word(";");
@@ -224,32 +230,31 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             }
             ast::ItemKind::TyAlias(box ast::TyAlias {
                 defaultness,
-                ref generics,
+                generics,
                 where_clauses,
                 where_predicates_split,
-                ref bounds,
-                ref ty,
+                bounds,
+                ty,
             }) => {
-                let ty = ty.as_deref();
                 self.print_associated_type(
                     item.ident,
                     generics,
-                    where_clauses,
-                    where_predicates_split,
+                    *where_clauses,
+                    *where_predicates_split,
                     bounds,
-                    ty,
+                    ty.as_deref(),
                     &item.vis,
-                    defaultness,
+                    *defaultness,
                 );
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Enum(ref enum_definition, ref params) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Enum(enum_definition, params) => {
                 self.print_enum_def(enum_definition, params, item.ident, item.span, &item.vis);
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Struct(ref struct_def, ref generics) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Struct(struct_def, generics) => {
                 self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "struct"));
                 self.print_struct(struct_def, generics, item.ident, item.span, true);
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Union(ref struct_def, ref generics) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Union(struct_def, generics) => {
                 self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "union"));
                 self.print_struct(struct_def, generics, item.ident, item.span, true);
             }
@@ -258,15 +263,15 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 polarity,
                 defaultness,
                 constness,
-                ref generics,
-                ref of_trait,
-                ref self_ty,
-                ref items,
+                generics,
+                of_trait,
+                self_ty,
+                items,
             }) => {
                 self.head("");
                 self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
-                self.print_defaultness(defaultness);
-                self.print_unsafety(unsafety);
+                self.print_defaultness(*defaultness);
+                self.print_unsafety(*unsafety);
                 self.word("impl");
 
                 if generics.params.is_empty() {
@@ -276,13 +281,13 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                     self.space();
                 }
 
-                self.print_constness(constness);
+                self.print_constness(*constness);
 
                 if let ast::ImplPolarity::Negative(_) = polarity {
                     self.word("!");
                 }
 
-                if let Some(ref t) = *of_trait {
+                if let Some(t) = of_trait {
                     self.print_trait_ref(t);
                     self.space();
                     self.word_space("for");
@@ -303,21 +308,21 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             ast::ItemKind::Trait(box ast::Trait {
                 is_auto,
                 unsafety,
-                ref generics,
-                ref bounds,
-                ref items,
+                generics,
+                bounds,
+                items,
                 ..
             }) => {
                 self.head("");
                 self.print_visibility(&item.vis);
-                self.print_unsafety(unsafety);
-                self.print_is_auto(is_auto);
+                self.print_unsafety(*unsafety);
+                self.print_is_auto(*is_auto);
                 self.word_nbsp("trait");
                 self.print_ident(item.ident);
                 self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
                 let mut real_bounds = Vec::with_capacity(bounds.len());
                 for b in bounds.iter() {
-                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ref ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = *b {
+                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = b {
                         self.space();
                         self.word_space("for ?");
                         self.print_trait_ref(&ptr.trait_ref);
@@ -339,14 +344,14 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 let empty = item.attrs.is_empty() && items.is_empty();
                 self.bclose(item.span, empty);
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::TraitAlias(ref generics, ref bounds) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::TraitAlias(generics, bounds) => {
                 self.head(visibility_qualified(&item.vis, "trait"));
                 self.print_ident(item.ident);
                 self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
                 let mut real_bounds = Vec::with_capacity(bounds.len());
                 // FIXME(durka) this seems to be some quite outdated syntax
                 for b in bounds.iter() {
-                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ref ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = *b {
+                    if let GenericBound::Trait(ptr, ast::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe) = b {
                         self.space();
                         self.word_space("for ?");
                         self.print_trait_ref(&ptr.trait_ref);
@@ -364,13 +369,13 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.end(); // end inner head-block
                 self.end(); // end outer head-block
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::MacCall(ref mac) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::MacCall(mac) => {
                 self.print_mac(mac);
                 if mac.args.need_semicolon() {
                     self.word(";");
                 }
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::MacroDef(ref macro_def) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::MacroDef(macro_def) => {
                 self.print_mac_def(macro_def, &item.ident, item.span, |state| {
                     state.print_visibility(&item.vis)
                 });
@@ -412,11 +417,11 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn print_visibility(&mut self, vis: &ast::Visibility) {
-        match vis.kind {
+        match &vis.kind {
             ast::VisibilityKind::Public => self.word_nbsp("pub"),
-            ast::VisibilityKind::Restricted { ref path, id: _, shorthand } => {
+            ast::VisibilityKind::Restricted { path, shorthand, .. } => {
                 let path = Self::to_string(|s| s.print_path(path, false, 0));
-                if shorthand && (path == "crate" || path == "self" || path == "super") {
+                if *shorthand && (path == "crate" || path == "self" || path == "super") {
                     self.word_nbsp(format!("pub({})", path))
                 } else {
                     self.word_nbsp(format!("pub(in {})", path))
@@ -465,7 +470,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
     ) {
         self.print_ident(ident);
         self.print_generic_params(&generics.params);
-        match struct_def {
+        match &struct_def {
             ast::VariantData::Tuple(..) | ast::VariantData::Unit(..) => {
                 if let ast::VariantData::Tuple(..) = struct_def {
                     self.popen();
@@ -484,7 +489,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.end();
                 self.end(); // Close the outer-box.
             }
-            ast::VariantData::Struct(ref fields, ..) => {
+            ast::VariantData::Struct(fields, ..) => {
                 self.print_where_clause(&generics.where_clause);
                 self.print_record_struct_body(fields, span);
             }
@@ -496,7 +501,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.print_visibility(&v.vis);
         let generics = ast::Generics::default();
         self.print_struct(&v.data, &generics, v.ident, v.span, false);
-        if let Some(ref d) = v.disr_expr {
+        if let Some(d) = &v.disr_expr {
             self.space();
             self.word_space("=");
             self.print_expr(&d.value)
@@ -657,10 +662,10 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
     }
 
     fn print_use_tree(&mut self, tree: &ast::UseTree) {
-        match tree.kind {
+        match &tree.kind {
             ast::UseTreeKind::Simple(rename, ..) => {
                 self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
-                if let Some(rename) = rename {
+                if let &Some(rename) = rename {
                     self.nbsp();
                     self.word_nbsp("as");
                     self.print_ident(rename);
@@ -673,7 +678,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 }
                 self.word("*");
             }
-            ast::UseTreeKind::Nested(ref items) => {
+            ast::UseTreeKind::Nested(items) => {
                 if !tree.prefix.segments.is_empty() {
                     self.print_path(&tree.prefix, false, 0);
                     self.word("::");
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/region_infer/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/region_infer/mod.rs
index b35abbd107b..90e2b6b698c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/region_infer/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_borrowck/src/region_infer/mod.rs
@@ -1705,6 +1705,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionInferenceContext<'tcx> {
         });
     }
 
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, infcx, errors_buffer))]
     fn check_member_constraints(
         &self,
         infcx: &InferCtxt<'tcx>,
@@ -1712,22 +1713,21 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionInferenceContext<'tcx> {
     ) {
         let member_constraints = self.member_constraints.clone();
         for m_c_i in member_constraints.all_indices() {
-            debug!("check_member_constraint(m_c_i={:?})", m_c_i);
+            debug!(?m_c_i);
             let m_c = &member_constraints[m_c_i];
             let member_region_vid = m_c.member_region_vid;
             debug!(
-                "check_member_constraint: member_region_vid={:?} with value {}",
-                member_region_vid,
-                self.region_value_str(member_region_vid),
+                ?member_region_vid,
+                value = ?self.region_value_str(member_region_vid),
             );
             let choice_regions = member_constraints.choice_regions(m_c_i);
-            debug!("check_member_constraint: choice_regions={:?}", choice_regions);
+            debug!(?choice_regions);
 
             // Did the member region wind up equal to any of the option regions?
             if let Some(o) =
                 choice_regions.iter().find(|&&o_r| self.eval_equal(o_r, m_c.member_region_vid))
             {
-                debug!("check_member_constraint: evaluated as equal to {:?}", o);
+                debug!("evaluated as equal to {:?}", o);
                 continue;
             }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/llvm_util.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/llvm_util.rs
index bc3a94a4027..c9f5dd0f2c6 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/llvm_util.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_llvm/src/llvm_util.rs
@@ -292,30 +292,33 @@ fn llvm_target_features(tm: &llvm::TargetMachine) -> Vec<(&str, &str)> {
 }
 
 fn print_target_features(sess: &Session, tm: &llvm::TargetMachine) {
-    let mut target_features = llvm_target_features(tm);
+    let mut llvm_target_features = llvm_target_features(tm);
+    let mut known_llvm_target_features = FxHashSet::<&'static str>::default();
     let mut rustc_target_features = supported_target_features(sess)
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|(feature, _gate)| {
-            for llvm_feature in to_llvm_features(sess, *feature) {
+        .map(|(feature, _gate)| {
+            let desc = if let Some(llvm_feature) = to_llvm_features(sess, *feature).first() {
                 // LLVM asserts that these are sorted. LLVM and Rust both use byte comparison for these strings.
-                match target_features.binary_search_by_key(&llvm_feature, |(f, _d)| f).ok().map(
-                    |index| {
-                        let (_f, desc) = target_features.remove(index);
-                        (*feature, desc)
-                    },
-                ) {
-                    Some(v) => return Some(v),
-                    None => {}
+                match llvm_target_features.binary_search_by_key(&llvm_feature, |(f, _d)| f).ok() {
+                    Some(index) => {
+                        known_llvm_target_features.insert(llvm_feature);
+                        llvm_target_features[index].1
+                    }
+                    None => "",
                 }
-            }
-            None
+            } else {
+                ""
+            };
+            (*feature, desc)
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
     rustc_target_features.extend_from_slice(&[(
         "crt-static",
         "Enables C Run-time Libraries to be statically linked",
     )]);
-    let max_feature_len = target_features
+    llvm_target_features.retain(|(f, _d)| !known_llvm_target_features.contains(f));
+
+    let max_feature_len = llvm_target_features
         .iter()
         .chain(rustc_target_features.iter())
         .map(|(feature, _desc)| feature.len())
@@ -327,10 +330,10 @@ fn print_target_features(sess: &Session, tm: &llvm::TargetMachine) {
         println!("    {1:0$} - {2}.", max_feature_len, feature, desc);
     }
     println!("\nCode-generation features supported by LLVM for this target:");
-    for (feature, desc) in &target_features {
+    for (feature, desc) in &llvm_target_features {
         println!("    {1:0$} - {2}.", max_feature_len, feature, desc);
     }
-    if target_features.is_empty() {
+    if llvm_target_features.is_empty() {
         println!("    Target features listing is not supported by this LLVM version.");
     }
     println!("\nUse +feature to enable a feature, or -feature to disable it.");
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/collect.rs b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/collect.rs
index 638dd6d756b..d623e726139 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/collect.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/collect.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ use rustc_middle::middle::codegen_fn_attrs::{CodegenFnAttrFlags, CodegenFnAttrs}
 use rustc_middle::mir::mono::Linkage;
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::Providers;
 use rustc_middle::ty::util::{Discr, IntTypeExt};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, AdtKind, Const, DefIdTree, IsSuggestable, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, AdtKind, Const, DefIdTree, IsSuggestable, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_session::lint;
 use rustc_session::parse::feature_err;
 use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym, Ident, Symbol};
@@ -1366,12 +1366,14 @@ fn predicates_defined_on(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> ty::GenericPredicate
             "predicates_defined_on: inferred_outlives_of({:?}) = {:?}",
             def_id, inferred_outlives,
         );
+        let inferred_outlives_iter =
+            inferred_outlives.iter().map(|(clause, span)| ((*clause).to_predicate(tcx), *span));
         if result.predicates.is_empty() {
-            result.predicates = inferred_outlives;
+            result.predicates = tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(inferred_outlives_iter);
         } else {
-            result.predicates = tcx
-                .arena
-                .alloc_from_iter(result.predicates.iter().chain(inferred_outlives).copied());
+            result.predicates = tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(
+                result.predicates.into_iter().copied().chain(inferred_outlives_iter),
+            );
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/outlives/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/outlives/mod.rs
index c8f37176836..81fe32000d3 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/outlives/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_hir_analysis/src/outlives/mod.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::Providers;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::GenericArgKind;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, CratePredicatesMap, ToPredicate, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, CratePredicatesMap, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
 use rustc_span::Span;
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
     *providers = Providers { inferred_outlives_of, inferred_outlives_crate, ..*providers };
 }
 
-fn inferred_outlives_of(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, item_def_id: DefId) -> &[(ty::Predicate<'_>, Span)] {
+fn inferred_outlives_of(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, item_def_id: DefId) -> &[(ty::Clause<'_>, Span)] {
     let id = tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(item_def_id.expect_local());
 
     if matches!(tcx.def_kind(item_def_id), hir::def::DefKind::AnonConst) && tcx.lazy_normalization()
@@ -50,12 +50,10 @@ fn inferred_outlives_of(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, item_def_id: DefId) -> &[(ty::Predicate
                 if tcx.has_attr(item_def_id, sym::rustc_outlives) {
                     let mut pred: Vec<String> = predicates
                         .iter()
-                        .map(|(out_pred, _)| match out_pred.kind().skip_binder() {
-                            ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::RegionOutlives(p)) => {
-                                p.to_string()
-                            }
-                            ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::TypeOutlives(p)) => p.to_string(),
-                            err => bug!("unexpected predicate {:?}", err),
+                        .map(|(out_pred, _)| match out_pred {
+                            ty::Clause::RegionOutlives(p) => p.to_string(),
+                            ty::Clause::TypeOutlives(p) => p.to_string(),
+                            err => bug!("unexpected clause {:?}", err),
                         })
                         .collect();
                     pred.sort();
@@ -103,19 +101,11 @@ fn inferred_outlives_crate(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, (): ()) -> CratePredicatesMap<'_> {
                 |(ty::OutlivesPredicate(kind1, region2), &span)| {
                     match kind1.unpack() {
                         GenericArgKind::Type(ty1) => Some((
-                            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::TypeOutlives(
-                                ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty1, *region2),
-                            )))
-                            .to_predicate(tcx),
+                            ty::Clause::TypeOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty1, *region2)),
                             span,
                         )),
                         GenericArgKind::Lifetime(region1) => Some((
-                            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::Clause(
-                                ty::Clause::RegionOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(
-                                    region1, *region2,
-                                )),
-                            ))
-                            .to_predicate(tcx),
+                            ty::Clause::RegionOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(region1, *region2)),
                             span,
                         )),
                         GenericArgKind::Const(_) => {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/builtin.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/builtin.rs
index 93d81125f48..825093384fb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/builtin.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/builtin.rs
@@ -2046,16 +2046,13 @@ declare_lint_pass!(ExplicitOutlivesRequirements => [EXPLICIT_OUTLIVES_REQUIREMEN
 
 impl ExplicitOutlivesRequirements {
     fn lifetimes_outliving_lifetime<'tcx>(
-        inferred_outlives: &'tcx [(ty::Predicate<'tcx>, Span)],
+        inferred_outlives: &'tcx [(ty::Clause<'tcx>, Span)],
         def_id: DefId,
     ) -> Vec<ty::Region<'tcx>> {
         inferred_outlives
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(pred, _)| match pred.kind().skip_binder() {
-                ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::RegionOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(
-                    a,
-                    b,
-                ))) => match *a {
+            .filter_map(|(clause, _)| match *clause {
+                ty::Clause::RegionOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(a, b)) => match *a {
                     ty::ReEarlyBound(ebr) if ebr.def_id == def_id => Some(b),
                     _ => None,
                 },
@@ -2065,16 +2062,15 @@ impl ExplicitOutlivesRequirements {
     }
 
     fn lifetimes_outliving_type<'tcx>(
-        inferred_outlives: &'tcx [(ty::Predicate<'tcx>, Span)],
+        inferred_outlives: &'tcx [(ty::Clause<'tcx>, Span)],
         index: u32,
     ) -> Vec<ty::Region<'tcx>> {
         inferred_outlives
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(pred, _)| match pred.kind().skip_binder() {
-                ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::TypeOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(
-                    a,
-                    b,
-                ))) => a.is_param(index).then_some(b),
+            .filter_map(|(clause, _)| match *clause {
+                ty::Clause::TypeOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(a, b)) => {
+                    a.is_param(index).then_some(b)
+                }
                 _ => None,
             })
             .collect()
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
index c51b8f96c71..6b60577c902 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ define_tables! {
     explicit_predicates_of: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<ty::GenericPredicates<'static>>>,
     generics_of: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<ty::Generics>>,
     // As an optimization, a missing entry indicates an empty `&[]`.
-    inferred_outlives_of: Table<DefIndex, LazyArray<(ty::Predicate<'static>, Span)>>,
+    inferred_outlives_of: Table<DefIndex, LazyArray<(ty::Clause<'static>, Span)>>,
     super_predicates_of: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<ty::GenericPredicates<'static>>>,
     type_of: Table<DefIndex, LazyValue<Ty<'static>>>,
     variances_of: Table<DefIndex, LazyArray<ty::Variance>>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
index 38b72ec9231..e1220320eea 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/query/mod.rs
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ rustc_queries! {
 
     /// Returns the inferred outlives predicates (e.g., for `struct
     /// Foo<'a, T> { x: &'a T }`, this would return `T: 'a`).
-    query inferred_outlives_of(key: DefId) -> &'tcx [(ty::Predicate<'tcx>, Span)] {
+    query inferred_outlives_of(key: DefId) -> &'tcx [(ty::Clause<'tcx>, Span)] {
         desc { |tcx| "computing inferred outlives predicates of `{}`", tcx.def_path_str(key) }
         cache_on_disk_if { key.is_local() }
         separate_provide_extern
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/codec.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/codec.rs
index b22b3961f34..75f2d45eadb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/codec.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/codec.rs
@@ -345,6 +345,14 @@ impl<'tcx, D: TyDecoder<I = TyCtxt<'tcx>>> RefDecodable<'tcx, D>
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx, D: TyDecoder<I = TyCtxt<'tcx>>> RefDecodable<'tcx, D> for [(ty::Clause<'tcx>, Span)] {
+    fn decode(decoder: &mut D) -> &'tcx Self {
+        decoder.interner().arena.alloc_from_iter(
+            (0..decoder.read_usize()).map(|_| Decodable::decode(decoder)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'tcx, D: TyDecoder<I = TyCtxt<'tcx>>> RefDecodable<'tcx, D>
     for ty::List<ty::BoundVariableKind>
 {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
index a32a2e17573..dd4ab3e8d30 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ pub struct CratePredicatesMap<'tcx> {
     /// For each struct with outlive bounds, maps to a vector of the
     /// predicate of its outlive bounds. If an item has no outlives
     /// bounds, it will have no entry.
-    pub predicates: FxHashMap<DefId, &'tcx [(Predicate<'tcx>, Span)]>,
+    pub predicates: FxHashMap<DefId, &'tcx [(Clause<'tcx>, Span)]>,
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> Predicate<'tcx> {
@@ -1167,6 +1167,13 @@ impl<'tcx> ToPredicate<'tcx, Predicate<'tcx>> for Binder<'tcx, PredicateKind<'tc
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> ToPredicate<'tcx, Predicate<'tcx>> for Clause<'tcx> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn to_predicate(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Predicate<'tcx> {
+        tcx.mk_predicate(ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::Clause(self)))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'tcx> ToPredicate<'tcx, Predicate<'tcx>> for Binder<'tcx, TraitRef<'tcx>> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn to_predicate(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Predicate<'tcx> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/parameterized.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/parameterized.rs
index b2bcf0e29cd..c7d6c6abd1c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/parameterized.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/parameterized.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use rustc_index::vec::{Idx, IndexVec};
 use crate::middle::exported_symbols::ExportedSymbol;
 use crate::mir::Body;
 use crate::ty::{
-    self, Const, FnSig, GeneratorDiagnosticData, GenericPredicates, Predicate, TraitRef, Ty,
+    self, Clause, Const, FnSig, GeneratorDiagnosticData, GenericPredicates, Predicate, TraitRef, Ty,
 };
 
 pub trait ParameterizedOverTcx: 'static {
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ parameterized_over_tcx! {
     TraitRef,
     Const,
     Predicate,
+    Clause,
     GeneratorDiagnosticData,
     Body,
     ExportedSymbol,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs
index 73ea06a6370..e7c3c712852 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_passes/src/reachable.rs
@@ -116,6 +116,17 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for ReachableContext<'tcx> {
 
         intravisit::walk_expr(self, expr)
     }
+
+    fn visit_inline_asm(&mut self, asm: &'tcx hir::InlineAsm<'tcx>, id: hir::HirId) {
+        for (op, _) in asm.operands {
+            if let hir::InlineAsmOperand::SymStatic { def_id, .. } = op {
+                if let Some(def_id) = def_id.as_local() {
+                    self.reachable_symbols.insert(def_id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        intravisit::walk_inline_asm(self, asm, id);
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> ReachableContext<'tcx> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/on_disk_cache.rs b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/on_disk_cache.rs
index c61d2a9c2d0..ac9653b9007 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/on_disk_cache.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_query_impl/src/on_disk_cache.rs
@@ -818,6 +818,12 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Decodable<CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>> for &'tcx [(ty::Predicate<'tcx>
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a, 'tcx> Decodable<CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>> for &'tcx [(ty::Clause<'tcx>, Span)] {
+    fn decode(d: &mut CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>) -> Self {
+        RefDecodable::decode(d)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a, 'tcx> Decodable<CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>> for &'tcx [rustc_ast::InlineAsmTemplatePiece] {
     fn decode(d: &mut CacheDecoder<'a, 'tcx>) -> Self {
         RefDecodable::decode(d)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs
index a6cdd32f23b..7dad9aa01fa 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,19 @@
-#![macro_use]
-
-macro_rules! max_leb128_len {
-    ($int_ty:ty) => {
-        // The longest LEB128 encoding for an integer uses 7 bits per byte.
-        (std::mem::size_of::<$int_ty>() * 8 + 6) / 7
-    };
+/// Returns the length of the longest LEB128 encoding for `T`, assuming `T` is an integer type
+pub const fn max_leb128_len<T>() -> usize {
+    // The longest LEB128 encoding for an integer uses 7 bits per byte.
+    (std::mem::size_of::<T>() * 8 + 6) / 7
 }
 
-/// Returns the longest LEB128 encoding of all supported integer types.
-pub const fn max_leb128_len() -> usize {
-    max_leb128_len!(u128)
+/// Returns the length of the longest LEB128 encoding of all supported integer types.
+pub const fn largest_max_leb128_len() -> usize {
+    max_leb128_len::<u128>()
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_write_unsigned_leb128 {
     ($fn_name:ident, $int_ty:ty) => {
         #[inline]
         pub fn $fn_name(
-            out: &mut [::std::mem::MaybeUninit<u8>; max_leb128_len!($int_ty)],
+            out: &mut [::std::mem::MaybeUninit<u8>; max_leb128_len::<$int_ty>()],
             mut value: $int_ty,
         ) -> &[u8] {
             let mut i = 0;
@@ -90,7 +87,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_write_signed_leb128 {
     ($fn_name:ident, $int_ty:ty) => {
         #[inline]
         pub fn $fn_name(
-            out: &mut [::std::mem::MaybeUninit<u8>; max_leb128_len!($int_ty)],
+            out: &mut [::std::mem::MaybeUninit<u8>; max_leb128_len::<$int_ty>()],
             mut value: $int_ty,
         ) -> &[u8] {
             let mut i = 0;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
index 7c54df809f1..0afeb86fceb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::leb128::{self, max_leb128_len};
+use crate::leb128::{self, largest_max_leb128_len};
 use crate::serialize::{Decodable, Decoder, Encodable, Encoder};
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::fs::File;
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl MemEncoder {
 
 macro_rules! write_leb128 {
     ($enc:expr, $value:expr, $int_ty:ty, $fun:ident) => {{
-        const MAX_ENCODED_LEN: usize = max_leb128_len!($int_ty);
+        const MAX_ENCODED_LEN: usize = $crate::leb128::max_leb128_len::<$int_ty>();
         let old_len = $enc.data.len();
 
         if MAX_ENCODED_LEN > $enc.data.capacity() - old_len {
@@ -186,12 +186,12 @@ impl FileEncoder {
     pub fn with_capacity<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P, capacity: usize) -> io::Result<Self> {
         // Require capacity at least as large as the largest LEB128 encoding
         // here, so that we don't have to check or handle this on every write.
-        assert!(capacity >= max_leb128_len());
+        assert!(capacity >= largest_max_leb128_len());
 
         // Require capacity small enough such that some capacity checks can be
         // done using guaranteed non-overflowing add rather than sub, which
         // shaves an instruction off those code paths (on x86 at least).
-        assert!(capacity <= usize::MAX - max_leb128_len());
+        assert!(capacity <= usize::MAX - largest_max_leb128_len());
 
         // Create the file for reading and writing, because some encoders do both
         // (e.g. the metadata encoder when -Zmeta-stats is enabled)
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ impl Drop for FileEncoder {
 
 macro_rules! file_encoder_write_leb128 {
     ($enc:expr, $value:expr, $int_ty:ty, $fun:ident) => {{
-        const MAX_ENCODED_LEN: usize = max_leb128_len!($int_ty);
+        const MAX_ENCODED_LEN: usize = $crate::leb128::max_leb128_len::<$int_ty>();
 
         // We ensure this during `FileEncoder` construction.
         debug_assert!($enc.capacity() >= MAX_ENCODED_LEN);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/mod.rs
index 1a583cf7813..0f8cfd7f538 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/mod.rs
@@ -1250,8 +1250,8 @@ supported_targets! {
 
     ("mips64-openwrt-linux-musl", mips64_openwrt_linux_musl),
 
-    ("aarch64-unknown-nto-qnx7.1.0", aarch64_unknown_nto_qnx_710),
-    ("x86_64-pc-nto-qnx7.1.0", x86_64_pc_nto_qnx710),
+    ("aarch64-unknown-nto-qnx710", aarch64_unknown_nto_qnx_710),
+    ("x86_64-pc-nto-qnx710", x86_64_pc_nto_qnx710),
 }
 
 /// Cow-Vec-Str: Cow<'static, [Cow<'static, str>]>
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs
index 627ed4674b0..fe5135661b5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs
@@ -9,225 +9,18 @@ use hir::LangItem;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_infer::traits::ObligationCause;
 use rustc_infer::traits::{Obligation, SelectionError, TraitObligation};
-use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TypeVisitable};
 use rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi;
 
 use crate::traits;
-use crate::traits::coherence::Conflict;
 use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt;
-use crate::traits::{util, SelectionResult};
-use crate::traits::{ErrorReporting, Overflow, Unimplemented};
+use crate::traits::util;
 
 use super::BuiltinImplConditions;
-use super::IntercrateAmbiguityCause;
-use super::OverflowError;
-use super::SelectionCandidate::{self, *};
-use super::{EvaluatedCandidate, SelectionCandidateSet, SelectionContext, TraitObligationStack};
+use super::SelectionCandidate::*;
+use super::{SelectionCandidateSet, SelectionContext, TraitObligationStack};
 
 impl<'cx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
-    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
-    pub(super) fn candidate_from_obligation<'o>(
-        &mut self,
-        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
-    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
-        // Watch out for overflow. This intentionally bypasses (and does
-        // not update) the cache.
-        self.check_recursion_limit(&stack.obligation, &stack.obligation)?;
-
-        // Check the cache. Note that we freshen the trait-ref
-        // separately rather than using `stack.fresh_trait_ref` --
-        // this is because we want the unbound variables to be
-        // replaced with fresh types starting from index 0.
-        let cache_fresh_trait_pred = self.infcx.freshen(stack.obligation.predicate);
-        debug!(?cache_fresh_trait_pred);
-        debug_assert!(!stack.obligation.predicate.has_escaping_bound_vars());
-
-        if let Some(c) =
-            self.check_candidate_cache(stack.obligation.param_env, cache_fresh_trait_pred)
-        {
-            debug!("CACHE HIT");
-            return c;
-        }
-
-        // If no match, compute result and insert into cache.
-        //
-        // FIXME(nikomatsakis) -- this cache is not taking into
-        // account cycles that may have occurred in forming the
-        // candidate. I don't know of any specific problems that
-        // result but it seems awfully suspicious.
-        let (candidate, dep_node) =
-            self.in_task(|this| this.candidate_from_obligation_no_cache(stack));
-
-        debug!("CACHE MISS");
-        self.insert_candidate_cache(
-            stack.obligation.param_env,
-            cache_fresh_trait_pred,
-            dep_node,
-            candidate.clone(),
-        );
-        candidate
-    }
-
-    fn candidate_from_obligation_no_cache<'o>(
-        &mut self,
-        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
-    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
-        if let Err(conflict) = self.is_knowable(stack) {
-            debug!("coherence stage: not knowable");
-            if self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.is_some() {
-                debug!("evaluate_stack: intercrate_ambiguity_causes is some");
-                // Heuristics: show the diagnostics when there are no candidates in crate.
-                if let Ok(candidate_set) = self.assemble_candidates(stack) {
-                    let mut no_candidates_apply = true;
-
-                    for c in candidate_set.vec.iter() {
-                        if self.evaluate_candidate(stack, &c)?.may_apply() {
-                            no_candidates_apply = false;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if !candidate_set.ambiguous && no_candidates_apply {
-                        let trait_ref = stack.obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref;
-                        let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
-                        let (trait_desc, self_desc) = with_no_trimmed_paths!({
-                            let trait_desc = trait_ref.print_only_trait_path().to_string();
-                            let self_desc = if self_ty.has_concrete_skeleton() {
-                                Some(self_ty.to_string())
-                            } else {
-                                None
-                            };
-                            (trait_desc, self_desc)
-                        });
-                        let cause = if let Conflict::Upstream = conflict {
-                            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::UpstreamCrateUpdate { trait_desc, self_desc }
-                        } else {
-                            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::DownstreamCrate { trait_desc, self_desc }
-                        };
-                        debug!(?cause, "evaluate_stack: pushing cause");
-                        self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.as_mut().unwrap().insert(cause);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-
-        let candidate_set = self.assemble_candidates(stack)?;
-
-        if candidate_set.ambiguous {
-            debug!("candidate set contains ambig");
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-
-        let candidates = candidate_set.vec;
-
-        debug!(?stack, ?candidates, "assembled {} candidates", candidates.len());
-
-        // At this point, we know that each of the entries in the
-        // candidate set is *individually* applicable. Now we have to
-        // figure out if they contain mutual incompatibilities. This
-        // frequently arises if we have an unconstrained input type --
-        // for example, we are looking for `$0: Eq` where `$0` is some
-        // unconstrained type variable. In that case, we'll get a
-        // candidate which assumes $0 == int, one that assumes `$0 ==
-        // usize`, etc. This spells an ambiguity.
-
-        let mut candidates = self.filter_impls(candidates, stack.obligation);
-
-        // If there is more than one candidate, first winnow them down
-        // by considering extra conditions (nested obligations and so
-        // forth). We don't winnow if there is exactly one
-        // candidate. This is a relatively minor distinction but it
-        // can lead to better inference and error-reporting. An
-        // example would be if there was an impl:
-        //
-        //     impl<T:Clone> Vec<T> { fn push_clone(...) { ... } }
-        //
-        // and we were to see some code `foo.push_clone()` where `boo`
-        // is a `Vec<Bar>` and `Bar` does not implement `Clone`.  If
-        // we were to winnow, we'd wind up with zero candidates.
-        // Instead, we select the right impl now but report "`Bar` does
-        // not implement `Clone`".
-        if candidates.len() == 1 {
-            return self.filter_reservation_impls(candidates.pop().unwrap(), stack.obligation);
-        }
-
-        // Winnow, but record the exact outcome of evaluation, which
-        // is needed for specialization. Propagate overflow if it occurs.
-        let mut candidates = candidates
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|c| match self.evaluate_candidate(stack, &c) {
-                Ok(eval) if eval.may_apply() => {
-                    Ok(Some(EvaluatedCandidate { candidate: c, evaluation: eval }))
-                }
-                Ok(_) => Ok(None),
-                Err(OverflowError::Canonical) => Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical)),
-                Err(OverflowError::ErrorReporting) => Err(ErrorReporting),
-                Err(OverflowError::Error(e)) => Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Error(e))),
-            })
-            .flat_map(Result::transpose)
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-
-        debug!(?stack, ?candidates, "winnowed to {} candidates", candidates.len());
-
-        let needs_infer = stack.obligation.predicate.has_non_region_infer();
-
-        // If there are STILL multiple candidates, we can further
-        // reduce the list by dropping duplicates -- including
-        // resolving specializations.
-        if candidates.len() > 1 {
-            let mut i = 0;
-            while i < candidates.len() {
-                let is_dup = (0..candidates.len()).filter(|&j| i != j).any(|j| {
-                    self.candidate_should_be_dropped_in_favor_of(
-                        &candidates[i],
-                        &candidates[j],
-                        needs_infer,
-                    )
-                });
-                if is_dup {
-                    debug!(candidate = ?candidates[i], "Dropping candidate #{}/{}", i, candidates.len());
-                    candidates.swap_remove(i);
-                } else {
-                    debug!(candidate = ?candidates[i], "Retaining candidate #{}/{}", i, candidates.len());
-                    i += 1;
-
-                    // If there are *STILL* multiple candidates, give up
-                    // and report ambiguity.
-                    if i > 1 {
-                        debug!("multiple matches, ambig");
-                        return Ok(None);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // If there are *NO* candidates, then there are no impls --
-        // that we know of, anyway. Note that in the case where there
-        // are unbound type variables within the obligation, it might
-        // be the case that you could still satisfy the obligation
-        // from another crate by instantiating the type variables with
-        // a type from another crate that does have an impl. This case
-        // is checked for in `evaluate_stack` (and hence users
-        // who might care about this case, like coherence, should use
-        // that function).
-        if candidates.is_empty() {
-            // If there's an error type, 'downgrade' our result from
-            // `Err(Unimplemented)` to `Ok(None)`. This helps us avoid
-            // emitting additional spurious errors, since we're guaranteed
-            // to have emitted at least one.
-            if stack.obligation.predicate.references_error() {
-                debug!(?stack.obligation.predicate, "found error type in predicate, treating as ambiguous");
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
-            return Err(Unimplemented);
-        }
-
-        // Just one candidate left.
-        self.filter_reservation_impls(candidates.pop().unwrap().candidate, stack.obligation)
-    }
-
     #[instrument(skip(self, stack), level = "debug")]
     pub(super) fn assemble_candidates<'o>(
         &mut self,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs
index a2d2d44fbc2..515f3a34988 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ use crate::traits::error_reporting::TypeErrCtxtExt;
 use crate::traits::project::ProjectAndUnifyResult;
 use crate::traits::project::ProjectionCacheKeyExt;
 use crate::traits::ProjectionCacheKey;
+use crate::traits::Unimplemented;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashSet, FxIndexSet};
 use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ use std::fmt::{self, Display};
 use std::iter;
 
 pub use rustc_middle::traits::select::*;
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
 
 mod candidate_assembly;
 mod confirmation;
@@ -305,6 +307,208 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
         self.candidate_from_obligation(&stack)
     }
 
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
+    fn candidate_from_obligation<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        // Watch out for overflow. This intentionally bypasses (and does
+        // not update) the cache.
+        self.check_recursion_limit(&stack.obligation, &stack.obligation)?;
+
+        // Check the cache. Note that we freshen the trait-ref
+        // separately rather than using `stack.fresh_trait_ref` --
+        // this is because we want the unbound variables to be
+        // replaced with fresh types starting from index 0.
+        let cache_fresh_trait_pred = self.infcx.freshen(stack.obligation.predicate);
+        debug!(?cache_fresh_trait_pred);
+        debug_assert!(!stack.obligation.predicate.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+
+        if let Some(c) =
+            self.check_candidate_cache(stack.obligation.param_env, cache_fresh_trait_pred)
+        {
+            debug!("CACHE HIT");
+            return c;
+        }
+
+        // If no match, compute result and insert into cache.
+        //
+        // FIXME(nikomatsakis) -- this cache is not taking into
+        // account cycles that may have occurred in forming the
+        // candidate. I don't know of any specific problems that
+        // result but it seems awfully suspicious.
+        let (candidate, dep_node) =
+            self.in_task(|this| this.candidate_from_obligation_no_cache(stack));
+
+        debug!("CACHE MISS");
+        self.insert_candidate_cache(
+            stack.obligation.param_env,
+            cache_fresh_trait_pred,
+            dep_node,
+            candidate.clone(),
+        );
+        candidate
+    }
+
+    fn candidate_from_obligation_no_cache<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        if let Err(conflict) = self.is_knowable(stack) {
+            debug!("coherence stage: not knowable");
+            if self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.is_some() {
+                debug!("evaluate_stack: intercrate_ambiguity_causes is some");
+                // Heuristics: show the diagnostics when there are no candidates in crate.
+                if let Ok(candidate_set) = self.assemble_candidates(stack) {
+                    let mut no_candidates_apply = true;
+
+                    for c in candidate_set.vec.iter() {
+                        if self.evaluate_candidate(stack, &c)?.may_apply() {
+                            no_candidates_apply = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if !candidate_set.ambiguous && no_candidates_apply {
+                        let trait_ref = stack.obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref;
+                        let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
+                        let (trait_desc, self_desc) = with_no_trimmed_paths!({
+                            let trait_desc = trait_ref.print_only_trait_path().to_string();
+                            let self_desc = if self_ty.has_concrete_skeleton() {
+                                Some(self_ty.to_string())
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            };
+                            (trait_desc, self_desc)
+                        });
+                        let cause = if let Conflict::Upstream = conflict {
+                            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::UpstreamCrateUpdate { trait_desc, self_desc }
+                        } else {
+                            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::DownstreamCrate { trait_desc, self_desc }
+                        };
+                        debug!(?cause, "evaluate_stack: pushing cause");
+                        self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.as_mut().unwrap().insert(cause);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let candidate_set = self.assemble_candidates(stack)?;
+
+        if candidate_set.ambiguous {
+            debug!("candidate set contains ambig");
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let candidates = candidate_set.vec;
+
+        debug!(?stack, ?candidates, "assembled {} candidates", candidates.len());
+
+        // At this point, we know that each of the entries in the
+        // candidate set is *individually* applicable. Now we have to
+        // figure out if they contain mutual incompatibilities. This
+        // frequently arises if we have an unconstrained input type --
+        // for example, we are looking for `$0: Eq` where `$0` is some
+        // unconstrained type variable. In that case, we'll get a
+        // candidate which assumes $0 == int, one that assumes `$0 ==
+        // usize`, etc. This spells an ambiguity.
+
+        let mut candidates = self.filter_impls(candidates, stack.obligation);
+
+        // If there is more than one candidate, first winnow them down
+        // by considering extra conditions (nested obligations and so
+        // forth). We don't winnow if there is exactly one
+        // candidate. This is a relatively minor distinction but it
+        // can lead to better inference and error-reporting. An
+        // example would be if there was an impl:
+        //
+        //     impl<T:Clone> Vec<T> { fn push_clone(...) { ... } }
+        //
+        // and we were to see some code `foo.push_clone()` where `boo`
+        // is a `Vec<Bar>` and `Bar` does not implement `Clone`.  If
+        // we were to winnow, we'd wind up with zero candidates.
+        // Instead, we select the right impl now but report "`Bar` does
+        // not implement `Clone`".
+        if candidates.len() == 1 {
+            return self.filter_reservation_impls(candidates.pop().unwrap(), stack.obligation);
+        }
+
+        // Winnow, but record the exact outcome of evaluation, which
+        // is needed for specialization. Propagate overflow if it occurs.
+        let mut candidates = candidates
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|c| match self.evaluate_candidate(stack, &c) {
+                Ok(eval) if eval.may_apply() => {
+                    Ok(Some(EvaluatedCandidate { candidate: c, evaluation: eval }))
+                }
+                Ok(_) => Ok(None),
+                Err(OverflowError::Canonical) => Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical)),
+                Err(OverflowError::ErrorReporting) => Err(ErrorReporting),
+                Err(OverflowError::Error(e)) => Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Error(e))),
+            })
+            .flat_map(Result::transpose)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        debug!(?stack, ?candidates, "winnowed to {} candidates", candidates.len());
+
+        let needs_infer = stack.obligation.predicate.has_non_region_infer();
+
+        // If there are STILL multiple candidates, we can further
+        // reduce the list by dropping duplicates -- including
+        // resolving specializations.
+        if candidates.len() > 1 {
+            let mut i = 0;
+            while i < candidates.len() {
+                let is_dup = (0..candidates.len()).filter(|&j| i != j).any(|j| {
+                    self.candidate_should_be_dropped_in_favor_of(
+                        &candidates[i],
+                        &candidates[j],
+                        needs_infer,
+                    )
+                });
+                if is_dup {
+                    debug!(candidate = ?candidates[i], "Dropping candidate #{}/{}", i, candidates.len());
+                    candidates.swap_remove(i);
+                } else {
+                    debug!(candidate = ?candidates[i], "Retaining candidate #{}/{}", i, candidates.len());
+                    i += 1;
+
+                    // If there are *STILL* multiple candidates, give up
+                    // and report ambiguity.
+                    if i > 1 {
+                        debug!("multiple matches, ambig");
+                        return Ok(None);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If there are *NO* candidates, then there are no impls --
+        // that we know of, anyway. Note that in the case where there
+        // are unbound type variables within the obligation, it might
+        // be the case that you could still satisfy the obligation
+        // from another crate by instantiating the type variables with
+        // a type from another crate that does have an impl. This case
+        // is checked for in `evaluate_stack` (and hence users
+        // who might care about this case, like coherence, should use
+        // that function).
+        if candidates.is_empty() {
+            // If there's an error type, 'downgrade' our result from
+            // `Err(Unimplemented)` to `Ok(None)`. This helps us avoid
+            // emitting additional spurious errors, since we're guaranteed
+            // to have emitted at least one.
+            if stack.obligation.predicate.references_error() {
+                debug!(?stack.obligation.predicate, "found error type in predicate, treating as ambiguous");
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+            return Err(Unimplemented);
+        }
+
+        // Just one candidate left.
+        self.filter_reservation_impls(candidates.pop().unwrap().candidate, stack.obligation)
+    }
+
     ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     // EVALUATION
     //
@@ -2140,6 +2344,13 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
         match self.match_impl(impl_def_id, impl_trait_ref, obligation) {
             Ok(substs) => substs,
             Err(()) => {
+                // FIXME: A rematch may fail when a candidate cache hit occurs
+                // on thefreshened form of the trait predicate, but the match
+                // fails for some reason that is not captured in the freshened
+                // cache key. For example, equating an impl trait ref against
+                // the placeholder trait ref may fail due the Generalizer relation
+                // raising a CyclicalTy error due to a sub_root_var relation
+                // for a variable being generalized...
                 self.infcx.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
                     obligation.cause.span,
                     &format!(