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Diffstat (limited to 'library/std/src/sync/once.rs')
| -rw-r--r-- | library/std/src/sync/once.rs | 690 |
1 files changed, 690 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/library/std/src/sync/once.rs b/library/std/src/sync/once.rs new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..64260990824 --- /dev/null +++ b/library/std/src/sync/once.rs @@ -0,0 +1,690 @@ +//! A "once initialization" primitive +//! +//! This primitive is meant to be used to run one-time initialization. An +//! example use case would be for initializing an FFI library. + +// A "once" is a relatively simple primitive, and it's also typically provided +// by the OS as well (see `pthread_once` or `InitOnceExecuteOnce`). The OS +// primitives, however, tend to have surprising restrictions, such as the Unix +// one doesn't allow an argument to be passed to the function. +// +// As a result, we end up implementing it ourselves in the standard library. +// This also gives us the opportunity to optimize the implementation a bit which +// should help the fast path on call sites. Consequently, let's explain how this +// primitive works now! +// +// So to recap, the guarantees of a Once are that it will call the +// initialization closure at most once, and it will never return until the one +// that's running has finished running. This means that we need some form of +// blocking here while the custom callback is running at the very least. +// Additionally, we add on the restriction of **poisoning**. Whenever an +// initialization closure panics, the Once enters a "poisoned" state which means +// that all future calls will immediately panic as well. +// +// So to implement this, one might first reach for a `Mutex`, but those cannot +// be put into a `static`. It also gets a lot harder with poisoning to figure +// out when the mutex needs to be deallocated because it's not after the closure +// finishes, but after the first successful closure finishes. +// +// All in all, this is instead implemented with atomics and lock-free +// operations! Whee! Each `Once` has one word of atomic state, and this state is +// CAS'd on to determine what to do. There are four possible state of a `Once`: +// +// * Incomplete - no initialization has run yet, and no thread is currently +// using the Once. +// * Poisoned - some thread has previously attempted to initialize the Once, but +// it panicked, so the Once is now poisoned. There are no other +// threads currently accessing this Once. +// * Running - some thread is currently attempting to run initialization. It may +// succeed, so all future threads need to wait for it to finish. +// Note that this state is accompanied with a payload, described +// below. +// * Complete - initialization has completed and all future calls should finish +// immediately. +// +// With 4 states we need 2 bits to encode this, and we use the remaining bits +// in the word we have allocated as a queue of threads waiting for the thread +// responsible for entering the RUNNING state. This queue is just a linked list +// of Waiter nodes which is monotonically increasing in size. Each node is +// allocated on the stack, and whenever the running closure finishes it will +// consume the entire queue and notify all waiters they should try again. +// +// You'll find a few more details in the implementation, but that's the gist of +// it! +// +// Atomic orderings: +// When running `Once` we deal with multiple atomics: +// `Once.state_and_queue` and an unknown number of `Waiter.signaled`. +// * `state_and_queue` is used (1) as a state flag, (2) for synchronizing the +// result of the `Once`, and (3) for synchronizing `Waiter` nodes. +// - At the end of the `call_inner` function we have to make sure the result +// of the `Once` is acquired. So every load which can be the only one to +// load COMPLETED must have at least Acquire ordering, which means all +// three of them. +// - `WaiterQueue::Drop` is the only place that may store COMPLETED, and +// must do so with Release ordering to make the result available. +// - `wait` inserts `Waiter` nodes as a pointer in `state_and_queue`, and +// needs to make the nodes available with Release ordering. The load in +// its `compare_and_swap` can be Relaxed because it only has to compare +// the atomic, not to read other data. +// - `WaiterQueue::Drop` must see the `Waiter` nodes, so it must load +// `state_and_queue` with Acquire ordering. +// - There is just one store where `state_and_queue` is used only as a +// state flag, without having to synchronize data: switching the state +// from INCOMPLETE to RUNNING in `call_inner`. This store can be Relaxed, +// but the read has to be Acquire because of the requirements mentioned +// above. +// * `Waiter.signaled` is both used as a flag, and to protect a field with +// interior mutability in `Waiter`. `Waiter.thread` is changed in +// `WaiterQueue::Drop` which then sets `signaled` with Release ordering. +// After `wait` loads `signaled` with Acquire and sees it is true, it needs to +// see the changes to drop the `Waiter` struct correctly. +// * There is one place where the two atomics `Once.state_and_queue` and +// `Waiter.signaled` come together, and might be reordered by the compiler or +// processor. Because both use Aquire ordering such a reordering is not +// allowed, so no need for SeqCst. + +use crate::cell::Cell; +use crate::fmt; +use crate::marker; +use crate::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering}; +use crate::thread::{self, Thread}; + +/// A synchronization primitive which can be used to run a one-time global +/// initialization. Useful for one-time initialization for FFI or related +/// functionality. This type can only be constructed with the [`Once::new`] +/// constructor. +/// +/// [`Once::new`]: struct.Once.html#method.new +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ``` +/// use std::sync::Once; +/// +/// static START: Once = Once::new(); +/// +/// START.call_once(|| { +/// // run initialization here +/// }); +/// ``` +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +pub struct Once { + // `state_and_queue` is actually an a pointer to a `Waiter` with extra state + // bits, so we add the `PhantomData` appropriately. + state_and_queue: AtomicUsize, + _marker: marker::PhantomData<*const Waiter>, +} + +// The `PhantomData` of a raw pointer removes these two auto traits, but we +// enforce both below in the implementation so this should be safe to add. +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +unsafe impl Sync for Once {} +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +unsafe impl Send for Once {} + +/// State yielded to [`call_once_force`]’s closure parameter. The state can be +/// used to query the poison status of the [`Once`]. +/// +/// [`call_once_force`]: struct.Once.html#method.call_once_force +/// [`Once`]: struct.Once.html +#[unstable(feature = "once_poison", issue = "33577")] +#[derive(Debug)] +pub struct OnceState { + poisoned: bool, + set_state_on_drop_to: Cell<usize>, +} + +/// Initialization value for static [`Once`] values. +/// +/// [`Once`]: struct.Once.html +/// +/// # Examples +/// +/// ``` +/// use std::sync::{Once, ONCE_INIT}; +/// +/// static START: Once = ONCE_INIT; +/// ``` +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +#[rustc_deprecated( + since = "1.38.0", + reason = "the `new` function is now preferred", + suggestion = "Once::new()" +)] +pub const ONCE_INIT: Once = Once::new(); + +// Four states that a Once can be in, encoded into the lower bits of +// `state_and_queue` in the Once structure. +const INCOMPLETE: usize = 0x0; +const POISONED: usize = 0x1; +const RUNNING: usize = 0x2; +const COMPLETE: usize = 0x3; + +// Mask to learn about the state. All other bits are the queue of waiters if +// this is in the RUNNING state. +const STATE_MASK: usize = 0x3; + +// Representation of a node in the linked list of waiters, used while in the +// RUNNING state. +// Note: `Waiter` can't hold a mutable pointer to the next thread, because then +// `wait` would both hand out a mutable reference to its `Waiter` node, and keep +// a shared reference to check `signaled`. Instead we hold shared references and +// use interior mutability. +#[repr(align(4))] // Ensure the two lower bits are free to use as state bits. +struct Waiter { + thread: Cell<Option<Thread>>, + signaled: AtomicBool, + next: *const Waiter, +} + +// Head of a linked list of waiters. +// Every node is a struct on the stack of a waiting thread. +// Will wake up the waiters when it gets dropped, i.e. also on panic. +struct WaiterQueue<'a> { + state_and_queue: &'a AtomicUsize, + set_state_on_drop_to: usize, +} + +impl Once { + /// Creates a new `Once` value. + #[stable(feature = "once_new", since = "1.2.0")] + #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_once_new", since = "1.32.0")] + pub const fn new() -> Once { + Once { state_and_queue: AtomicUsize::new(INCOMPLETE), _marker: marker::PhantomData } + } + + /// Performs an initialization routine once and only once. The given closure + /// will be executed if this is the first time `call_once` has been called, + /// and otherwise the routine will *not* be invoked. + /// + /// This method will block the calling thread if another initialization + /// routine is currently running. + /// + /// When this function returns, it is guaranteed that some initialization + /// has run and completed (it may not be the closure specified). It is also + /// guaranteed that any memory writes performed by the executed closure can + /// be reliably observed by other threads at this point (there is a + /// happens-before relation between the closure and code executing after the + /// return). + /// + /// If the given closure recursively invokes `call_once` on the same `Once` + /// instance the exact behavior is not specified, allowed outcomes are + /// a panic or a deadlock. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ``` + /// use std::sync::Once; + /// + /// static mut VAL: usize = 0; + /// static INIT: Once = Once::new(); + /// + /// // Accessing a `static mut` is unsafe much of the time, but if we do so + /// // in a synchronized fashion (e.g., write once or read all) then we're + /// // good to go! + /// // + /// // This function will only call `expensive_computation` once, and will + /// // otherwise always return the value returned from the first invocation. + /// fn get_cached_val() -> usize { + /// unsafe { + /// INIT.call_once(|| { + /// VAL = expensive_computation(); + /// }); + /// VAL + /// } + /// } + /// + /// fn expensive_computation() -> usize { + /// // ... + /// # 2 + /// } + /// ``` + /// + /// # Panics + /// + /// The closure `f` will only be executed once if this is called + /// concurrently amongst many threads. If that closure panics, however, then + /// it will *poison* this `Once` instance, causing all future invocations of + /// `call_once` to also panic. + /// + /// This is similar to [poisoning with mutexes][poison]. + /// + /// [poison]: struct.Mutex.html#poisoning + #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] + pub fn call_once<F>(&self, f: F) + where + F: FnOnce(), + { + // Fast path check + if self.is_completed() { + return; + } + + let mut f = Some(f); + self.call_inner(false, &mut |_| f.take().unwrap()()); + } + + /// Performs the same function as [`call_once`] except ignores poisoning. + /// + /// Unlike [`call_once`], if this `Once` has been poisoned (i.e., a previous + /// call to `call_once` or `call_once_force` caused a panic), calling + /// `call_once_force` will still invoke the closure `f` and will _not_ + /// result in an immediate panic. If `f` panics, the `Once` will remain + /// in a poison state. If `f` does _not_ panic, the `Once` will no + /// longer be in a poison state and all future calls to `call_once` or + /// `call_once_force` will be no-ops. + /// + /// The closure `f` is yielded a [`OnceState`] structure which can be used + /// to query the poison status of the `Once`. + /// + /// [`call_once`]: struct.Once.html#method.call_once + /// [`OnceState`]: struct.OnceState.html + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ``` + /// #![feature(once_poison)] + /// + /// use std::sync::Once; + /// use std::thread; + /// + /// static INIT: Once = Once::new(); + /// + /// // poison the once + /// let handle = thread::spawn(|| { + /// INIT.call_once(|| panic!()); + /// }); + /// assert!(handle.join().is_err()); + /// + /// // poisoning propagates + /// let handle = thread::spawn(|| { + /// INIT.call_once(|| {}); + /// }); + /// assert!(handle.join().is_err()); + /// + /// // call_once_force will still run and reset the poisoned state + /// INIT.call_once_force(|state| { + /// assert!(state.poisoned()); + /// }); + /// + /// // once any success happens, we stop propagating the poison + /// INIT.call_once(|| {}); + /// ``` + #[unstable(feature = "once_poison", issue = "33577")] + pub fn call_once_force<F>(&self, f: F) + where + F: FnOnce(&OnceState), + { + // Fast path check + if self.is_completed() { + return; + } + + let mut f = Some(f); + self.call_inner(true, &mut |p| f.take().unwrap()(p)); + } + + /// Returns `true` if some `call_once` call has completed + /// successfully. Specifically, `is_completed` will return false in + /// the following situations: + /// * `call_once` was not called at all, + /// * `call_once` was called, but has not yet completed, + /// * the `Once` instance is poisoned + /// + /// This function returning `false` does not mean that `Once` has not been + /// executed. For example, it may have been executed in the time between + /// when `is_completed` starts executing and when it returns, in which case + /// the `false` return value would be stale (but still permissible). + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// ``` + /// use std::sync::Once; + /// + /// static INIT: Once = Once::new(); + /// + /// assert_eq!(INIT.is_completed(), false); + /// INIT.call_once(|| { + /// assert_eq!(INIT.is_completed(), false); + /// }); + /// assert_eq!(INIT.is_completed(), true); + /// ``` + /// + /// ``` + /// use std::sync::Once; + /// use std::thread; + /// + /// static INIT: Once = Once::new(); + /// + /// assert_eq!(INIT.is_completed(), false); + /// let handle = thread::spawn(|| { + /// INIT.call_once(|| panic!()); + /// }); + /// assert!(handle.join().is_err()); + /// assert_eq!(INIT.is_completed(), false); + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "once_is_completed", since = "1.43.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn is_completed(&self) -> bool { + // An `Acquire` load is enough because that makes all the initialization + // operations visible to us, and, this being a fast path, weaker + // ordering helps with performance. This `Acquire` synchronizes with + // `Release` operations on the slow path. + self.state_and_queue.load(Ordering::Acquire) == COMPLETE + } + + // This is a non-generic function to reduce the monomorphization cost of + // using `call_once` (this isn't exactly a trivial or small implementation). + // + // Additionally, this is tagged with `#[cold]` as it should indeed be cold + // and it helps let LLVM know that calls to this function should be off the + // fast path. Essentially, this should help generate more straight line code + // in LLVM. + // + // Finally, this takes an `FnMut` instead of a `FnOnce` because there's + // currently no way to take an `FnOnce` and call it via virtual dispatch + // without some allocation overhead. + #[cold] + fn call_inner(&self, ignore_poisoning: bool, init: &mut dyn FnMut(&OnceState)) { + let mut state_and_queue = self.state_and_queue.load(Ordering::Acquire); + loop { + match state_and_queue { + COMPLETE => break, + POISONED if !ignore_poisoning => { + // Panic to propagate the poison. + panic!("Once instance has previously been poisoned"); + } + POISONED | INCOMPLETE => { + // Try to register this thread as the one RUNNING. + let old = self.state_and_queue.compare_and_swap( + state_and_queue, + RUNNING, + Ordering::Acquire, + ); + if old != state_and_queue { + state_and_queue = old; + continue; + } + // `waiter_queue` will manage other waiting threads, and + // wake them up on drop. + let mut waiter_queue = WaiterQueue { + state_and_queue: &self.state_and_queue, + set_state_on_drop_to: POISONED, + }; + // Run the initialization function, letting it know if we're + // poisoned or not. + let init_state = OnceState { + poisoned: state_and_queue == POISONED, + set_state_on_drop_to: Cell::new(COMPLETE), + }; + init(&init_state); + waiter_queue.set_state_on_drop_to = init_state.set_state_on_drop_to.get(); + break; + } + _ => { + // All other values must be RUNNING with possibly a + // pointer to the waiter queue in the more significant bits. + assert!(state_and_queue & STATE_MASK == RUNNING); + wait(&self.state_and_queue, state_and_queue); + state_and_queue = self.state_and_queue.load(Ordering::Acquire); + } + } + } + } +} + +fn wait(state_and_queue: &AtomicUsize, mut current_state: usize) { + // Note: the following code was carefully written to avoid creating a + // mutable reference to `node` that gets aliased. + loop { + // Don't queue this thread if the status is no longer running, + // otherwise we will not be woken up. + if current_state & STATE_MASK != RUNNING { + return; + } + + // Create the node for our current thread. + let node = Waiter { + thread: Cell::new(Some(thread::current())), + signaled: AtomicBool::new(false), + next: (current_state & !STATE_MASK) as *const Waiter, + }; + let me = &node as *const Waiter as usize; + + // Try to slide in the node at the head of the linked list, making sure + // that another thread didn't just replace the head of the linked list. + let old = state_and_queue.compare_and_swap(current_state, me | RUNNING, Ordering::Release); + if old != current_state { + current_state = old; + continue; + } + + // We have enqueued ourselves, now lets wait. + // It is important not to return before being signaled, otherwise we + // would drop our `Waiter` node and leave a hole in the linked list + // (and a dangling reference). Guard against spurious wakeups by + // reparking ourselves until we are signaled. + while !node.signaled.load(Ordering::Acquire) { + // If the managing thread happens to signal and unpark us before we + // can park ourselves, the result could be this thread never gets + // unparked. Luckily `park` comes with the guarantee that if it got + // an `unpark` just before on an unparked thread is does not park. + thread::park(); + } + break; + } +} + +#[stable(feature = "std_debug", since = "1.16.0")] +impl fmt::Debug for Once { + fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result { + f.pad("Once { .. }") + } +} + +impl Drop for WaiterQueue<'_> { + fn drop(&mut self) { + // Swap out our state with however we finished. + let state_and_queue = + self.state_and_queue.swap(self.set_state_on_drop_to, Ordering::AcqRel); + + // We should only ever see an old state which was RUNNING. + assert_eq!(state_and_queue & STATE_MASK, RUNNING); + + // Walk the entire linked list of waiters and wake them up (in lifo + // order, last to register is first to wake up). + unsafe { + // Right after setting `node.signaled = true` the other thread may + // free `node` if there happens to be has a spurious wakeup. + // So we have to take out the `thread` field and copy the pointer to + // `next` first. + let mut queue = (state_and_queue & !STATE_MASK) as *const Waiter; + while !queue.is_null() { + let next = (*queue).next; + let thread = (*queue).thread.take().unwrap(); + (*queue).signaled.store(true, Ordering::Release); + // ^- FIXME (maybe): This is another case of issue #55005 + // `store()` has a potentially dangling ref to `signaled`. + queue = next; + thread.unpark(); + } + } + } +} + +impl OnceState { + /// Returns `true` if the associated [`Once`] was poisoned prior to the + /// invocation of the closure passed to [`call_once_force`]. + /// + /// [`call_once_force`]: struct.Once.html#method.call_once_force + /// [`Once`]: struct.Once.html + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// A poisoned `Once`: + /// + /// ``` + /// #![feature(once_poison)] + /// + /// use std::sync::Once; + /// use std::thread; + /// + /// static INIT: Once = Once::new(); + /// + /// // poison the once + /// let handle = thread::spawn(|| { + /// INIT.call_once(|| panic!()); + /// }); + /// assert!(handle.join().is_err()); + /// + /// INIT.call_once_force(|state| { + /// assert!(state.poisoned()); + /// }); + /// ``` + /// + /// An unpoisoned `Once`: + /// + /// ``` + /// #![feature(once_poison)] + /// + /// use std::sync::Once; + /// + /// static INIT: Once = Once::new(); + /// + /// INIT.call_once_force(|state| { + /// assert!(!state.poisoned()); + /// }); + #[unstable(feature = "once_poison", issue = "33577")] + pub fn poisoned(&self) -> bool { + self.poisoned + } + + /// Poison the associated [`Once`] without explicitly panicking. + /// + /// [`Once`]: struct.Once.html + // NOTE: This is currently only exposed for the `lazy` module + pub(crate) fn poison(&self) { + self.set_state_on_drop_to.set(POISONED); + } +} + +#[cfg(all(test, not(target_os = "emscripten")))] +mod tests { + use super::Once; + use crate::panic; + use crate::sync::mpsc::channel; + use crate::thread; + + #[test] + fn smoke_once() { + static O: Once = Once::new(); + let mut a = 0; + O.call_once(|| a += 1); + assert_eq!(a, 1); + O.call_once(|| a += 1); + assert_eq!(a, 1); + } + + #[test] + fn stampede_once() { + static O: Once = Once::new(); + static mut RUN: bool = false; + + let (tx, rx) = channel(); + for _ in 0..10 { + let tx = tx.clone(); + thread::spawn(move || { + for _ in 0..4 { + thread::yield_now() + } + unsafe { + O.call_once(|| { + assert!(!RUN); + RUN = true; + }); + assert!(RUN); + } + tx.send(()).unwrap(); + }); + } + + unsafe { + O.call_once(|| { + assert!(!RUN); + RUN = true; + }); + assert!(RUN); + } + + for _ in 0..10 { + rx.recv().unwrap(); + } + } + + #[test] + fn poison_bad() { + static O: Once = Once::new(); + + // poison the once + let t = panic::catch_unwind(|| { + O.call_once(|| panic!()); + }); + assert!(t.is_err()); + + // poisoning propagates + let t = panic::catch_unwind(|| { + O.call_once(|| {}); + }); + assert!(t.is_err()); + + // we can subvert poisoning, however + let mut called = false; + O.call_once_force(|p| { + called = true; + assert!(p.poisoned()) + }); + assert!(called); + + // once any success happens, we stop propagating the poison + O.call_once(|| {}); + } + + #[test] + fn wait_for_force_to_finish() { + static O: Once = Once::new(); + + // poison the once + let t = panic::catch_unwind(|| { + O.call_once(|| panic!()); + }); + assert!(t.is_err()); + + // make sure someone's waiting inside the once via a force + let (tx1, rx1) = channel(); + let (tx2, rx2) = channel(); + let t1 = thread::spawn(move || { + O.call_once_force(|p| { + assert!(p.poisoned()); + tx1.send(()).unwrap(); + rx2.recv().unwrap(); + }); + }); + + rx1.recv().unwrap(); + + // put another waiter on the once + let t2 = thread::spawn(|| { + let mut called = false; + O.call_once(|| { + called = true; + }); + assert!(!called); + }); + + tx2.send(()).unwrap(); + + assert!(t1.join().is_ok()); + assert!(t2.join().is_ok()); + } +} |