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Add the `min_exhaustive_patterns` feature gate
## Motivation
Pattern-matching on empty types is tricky around unsafe code. For that reason, current stable rust conservatively requires arms for empty types in all but the simplest case. It has long been the intention to allow omitting empty arms when it's safe to do so. The [`exhaustive_patterns`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/51085) feature allows the omission of all empty arms, but hasn't been stabilized because that was deemed dangerous around unsafe code.
## Proposal
This feature aims to stabilize an uncontroversial subset of exhaustive_patterns. Namely: when `min_exhaustive_patterns` is enabled and the data we're matching on is guaranteed to be valid by rust's operational semantics, then we allow empty arms to be omitted. E.g.:
```rust
let x: Result<T, !> = foo();
match x { // ok
Ok(y) => ...,
}
let Ok(y) = x; // ok
```
If the place is not guaranteed to hold valid data (namely ptr dereferences, ref dereferences (conservatively) and union field accesses), then we keep stable behavior i.e. we (usually) require arms for the empty cases.
```rust
unsafe {
let ptr: *const Result<u32, !> = ...;
match *ptr {
Ok(x) => { ... }
Err(_) => { ... } // still required
}
}
let foo: Result<u32, &!> = ...;
match foo {
Ok(x) => { ... }
Err(&_) => { ... } // still required because of the dereference
}
unsafe {
let ptr: *const ! = ...;
match *ptr {} // already allowed on stable
}
```
Note that we conservatively consider that a valid reference can point to invalid data, hence we don't allow arms of type `&!` and similar cases to be omitted. This could eventually change depending on [opsem decisions](https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/413). Whenever opsem is undecided on a case, we conservatively keep today's stable behavior.
I proposed this behavior in the [`never_patterns`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/118155) feature gate but it makes sense on its own and could be stabilized more quickly. The two proposals nicely complement each other.
## Unresolved Questions
Part of the question is whether this requires an RFC. I'd argue this doesn't need one since there is no design question beyond the intent to omit unreachable patterns, but I'm aware the problem can be framed in ways that require design (I'm thinking of the [original never patterns proposal](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2018/08/13/never-patterns-exhaustive-matching-and-uninhabited-types-oh-my/), which would frame this behavior as "auto-nevering" happening).
EDIT: I initially proposed a future-compatibility lint as part of this feature, I don't anymore.
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Since we always clone and allocate the types somewhere else ourselves,
no need to ask for `Cx` to do the allocation.
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Exhaustiveness: simplify empty pattern logic
The logic that handles empty patterns had gotten quite convoluted. This PR simplifies it a lot. I tried to make the logic as easy as possible to follow; this only does logically equivalent changes.
The first commit is a drive-by comment clarification that was requested after another PR a while back.
r? `@compiler-errors`
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We had reached a point where the shenanigans about omitting empty arms
are unnecessary.
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Rollup of 11 pull requests
Successful merges:
- #115046 (Use version-sorting for all sorting)
- #118915 (Add some comments, add `can_define_opaque_ty` check to `try_normalize_ty_recur`)
- #119006 (Fix is_global special address handling)
- #119637 (Pass LLVM error message back to pass wrapper.)
- #119715 (Exhaustiveness: abort on type error)
- #119763 (Cleanup things in and around `Diagnostic`)
- #119788 (change function name in comments)
- #119790 (Fix all_trait* methods to return all traits available in StableMIR)
- #119803 (Silence some follow-up errors [1/x])
- #119804 (Stabilize mutex_unpoison feature)
- #119832 (Meta: Add project const traits to triagebot config)
r? `@ghost`
`@rustbot` modify labels: rollup
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It was only used to track types and relevancy, so may as well store that
directly.
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Use an explicit `Option` instead of requiring a `Default` bound
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