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Add some links and minor explanatory comments to `std::fmt`
I thought the documentation for the `#` flag could do with a link to the explanation of the `?xXbo` flags, because at that point they haven't been explained yet and it's a bit confusing.
I also added that the `0` flag overrides the fill character and alignment flag, here's a [Rust Playgrond](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=0d580b7b78b8a2d8c08a2fc7a936ef17) that shows what I mean.
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This is intended to clarify:
* That `Wake` exists and can be used instead of `RawWaker`.
* How to construct a `Waker` when you are looking at `Wake`
(which was previously only documented in the example).
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Harmonize `AsyncFn` implementations, make async closures conditionally impl `Fn*` traits
This PR implements several changes to the built-in and libcore-provided implementations of `Fn*` and `AsyncFn*` to address two problems:
1. async closures do not implement the `Fn*` family traits, leading to breakage: https://crater-reports.s3.amazonaws.com/pr-120361/index.html
2. *references* to async closures do not implement `AsyncFn*`, as a consequence of the existing blanket impls of the shape `AsyncFn for F where F: Fn, F::Output: Future`.
In order to fix (1.), we implement `Fn` traits appropriately for async closures. It turns out that async closures can:
* always implement `FnOnce`, meaning that they're drop-in compatible with `FnOnce`-bound combinators like `Option::map`.
* conditionally implement `Fn`/`FnMut` if they have no captures, which means that existing usages of async closures should *probably* work without breakage (crater checking this: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/120712#issuecomment-1930587805).
In order to fix (2.), we make all of the built-in callables implement `AsyncFn*` via built-in impls, and instead adjust the blanket impls for `AsyncFn*` provided by libcore to match the blanket impls for `Fn*`.
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Bump bootstrap compiler to just-built 1.77 beta
https://forge.rust-lang.org/release/process.html#master-bootstrap-update-t-2-day-tuesday
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Add LocalWaker and ContextBuilder types to core, and LocalWake trait to alloc.
Implementation for #118959.
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`std::error::Error` -> Trait Implementations: lifetimes consistency improvement
This cleans up `std::error::Error` trait implementations lifetime inconsistency (`'static` -> `'a`)
**Reasoning:**
Trait implementations for `std::error::Error`, like:
`impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + 'static, Global>`
`impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Sync + Send + 'a, Global>`
use different lifetime annotations misleadingly implying using different life annotations here is a conscious, nonaccidental decision.
[(Related forum discussion here)](https://users.rust-lang.org/t/confusing-std-error-source-code/97011/5?u=wiktor)
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Document `&CStr` to `CString` conversion
Related to #51430
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document `FromIterator for Vec` allocation behaviors
[t-libs discussion](https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/259402-t-libs.2Fmeetings/topic/Meeting.202024-01-24/near/417686526) about #120091 didn't reach a strong consensus, but it was agreed that if we keep the current behavior it should at least be documented even though it is an implementation detail.
The language is intentionally non-committal. The previous (non-existent) documentation permits a lot of implementation leeway and we want retain that. In some cases we even must retain it to be able to rip out some code paths that rely on unstable features.
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Co-authored-by: Josh Stone <cuviper@gmail.com>
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These would incorrectly leave `current` as `None` after a failed attempt
to remove an element (due to the cursor already being at the start/end).
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Fix some `Arc` allocator leaks
This doesn't matter for the stable `Global` allocator as it is a ZST singleton, but other allocators may rely on all instances being dropped.
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Improve documentation for [A]Rc::into_inner
General improvements, and also aims to better encourage the reader to actually check out Arc::try_unwrap.
This addresses concerns from https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/106894#issuecomment-1905627234.
Rendered:
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This doesn't matter for the stable `Global` allocator as it is a ZST
singleton, but other allocators may rely on all instances being dropped.
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impl `From<&[T; N]>` for `Cow<[T]>`
Implement `From<&[T; N]>` for `Cow<[T]>` to simplify its usage in the following example.
```rust
fn foo(data: impl Into<Cow<'static, [&'static str]>>) { /* ... */ }
fn main() {
foo(vec!["hello", "world"]);
foo(&["hello", "world"]); // Error: the trait `From<&[&str; 2]>` is not implemented for `Cow<'static, [&'static str]>`
foo(&["hello", "world"] as &[_]); // Explicit convertion into a slice is required
}
```
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stabilise array methods
Closes #76118
Stabilises the remaining array methods
FCP is yet to be carried out for this
There wasn't a clear consensus on the naming, but all the other alternatives had some flaws as discussed in the tracking issue and there was a silence on this issue for a year
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Fix outdated comment on Box
Caught by `@vi` in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/113960#discussion_r1454278520
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Remove special-case handling of `vec.split_off(0)`
#76682 added special handling to `Vec::split_off` for the case where `at == 0`. Instead of copying the vector's contents into a freshly-allocated vector and returning it, the special-case code steals the old vector's allocation, and replaces it with a new (empty) buffer with the same capacity.
That eliminates the need to copy the existing elements, but comes at a surprising cost, as seen in #119913. The returned vector's capacity is no longer determined by the size of its contents (as would be expected for a freshly-allocated vector), and instead uses the full capacity of the old vector.
In cases where the capacity is large but the size is small, that results in a much larger capacity than would be expected from reading the documentation of `split_off`. This is especially bad when `split_off` is called in a loop (to recycle a buffer), and the returned vectors have a wide variety of lengths.
I believe it's better to remove the special-case code, and treat `at == 0` just like any other value:
- The current documentation states that `split_off` returns a “newly allocated vector”, which is not actually true in the current implementation when `at == 0`.
- If the value of `at` could be non-zero at runtime, then the caller has already agreed to the cost of a full memcpy of the taken elements in the general case. Avoiding that copy would be nice if it were close to free, but the different handling of capacity means that it is not.
- If the caller specifically wants to avoid copying in the case where `at == 0`, they can easily implement that behaviour themselves using `mem::replace`.
Fixes #119913.
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Stabilize `slice_group_by`
Renamed "group by" to "chunk by" a per #80552.
Newly stable items:
* `core::slice::ChunkBy`
* `core::slice::ChunkByMut`
* `[T]::chunk`
* `[T]::chunk_by`
Closes #80552.
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Initial implementation of `str::from_raw_parts[_mut]`
ACP (accepted): rust-lang/libs-team#167
Tracking issue: #119206
Thanks to ``@Kixiron`` for previous work on this (#107207)
``@rustbot`` label +T-libs-api -T-libs
r? ``@thomcc``
Closes #107207.
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Rewrite the BTreeMap cursor API using gaps
Tracking issue: #107540
Currently, a `Cursor` points to a single element in the tree, and allows moving to the next or previous element while mutating the tree. However this was found to be confusing and hard to use.
This PR completely refactors cursors to instead point to a gap between two elements in the tree. This eliminates the need for a "ghost" element that exists after the last element and before the first one. Additionally, `upper_bound` and `lower_bound` now have a much clearer meaning.
The ability to mutate keys is also factored out into a separate `CursorMutKey` type which is unsafe to create. This makes the API easier to use since it avoids duplicated versions of each method with and without key mutation.
API summary:
```rust
impl<K, V> BTreeMap<K, V> {
fn lower_bound<Q>(&self, bound: Bound<&Q>) -> Cursor<'_, K, V>
where
K: Borrow<Q> + Ord,
Q: Ord;
fn lower_bound_mut<Q>(&mut self, bound: Bound<&Q>) -> CursorMut<'_, K, V>
where
K: Borrow<Q> + Ord,
Q: Ord;
fn upper_bound<Q>(&self, bound: Bound<&Q>) -> Cursor<'_, K, V>
where
K: Borrow<Q> + Ord,
Q: Ord;
fn upper_bound_mut<Q>(&mut self, bound: Bound<&Q>) -> CursorMut<'_, K, V>
where
K: Borrow<Q> + Ord,
Q: Ord;
}
struct Cursor<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a>;
impl<'a, K, V> Cursor<'a, K, V> {
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a V)>;
fn prev(&mut self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a V)>;
fn peek_next(&self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a V)>;
fn peek_prev(&self) -> Option<(&'a K, &'a V)>;
}
struct CursorMut<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a>;
impl<'a, K, V> CursorMut<'a, K, V> {
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&K, &mut V)>;
fn prev(&mut self) -> Option<(&K, &mut V)>;
fn peek_next(&mut self) -> Option<(&K, &mut V)>;
fn peek_prev(&mut self) -> Option<(&K, &mut V)>;
unsafe fn insert_after_unchecked(&mut self, key: K, value: V);
unsafe fn insert_before_unchecked(&mut self, key: K, value: V);
fn insert_after(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), UnorderedKeyError>;
fn insert_before(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), UnorderedKeyError>;
fn remove_next(&mut self) -> Option<(K, V)>;
fn remove_prev(&mut self) -> Option<(K, V)>;
fn as_cursor(&self) -> Cursor<'_, K, V>;
unsafe fn with_mutable_key(self) -> CursorMutKey<'a, K, V, A>;
}
struct CursorMutKey<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a>;
impl<'a, K, V> CursorMut<'a, K, V> {
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(&mut K, &mut V)>;
fn prev(&mut self) -> Option<(&mut K, &mut V)>;
fn peek_next(&mut self) -> Option<(&mut K, &mut V)>;
fn peek_prev(&mut self) -> Option<(&mut K, &mut V)>;
unsafe fn insert_after_unchecked(&mut self, key: K, value: V);
unsafe fn insert_before_unchecked(&mut self, key: K, value: V);
fn insert_after(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), UnorderedKeyError>;
fn insert_before(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> Result<(), UnorderedKeyError>;
fn remove_next(&mut self) -> Option<(K, V)>;
fn remove_prev(&mut self) -> Option<(K, V)>;
fn as_cursor(&self) -> Cursor<'_, K, V>;
unsafe fn with_mutable_key(self) -> CursorMutKey<'a, K, V, A>;
}
struct UnorderedKeyError;
```
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rc,sync: Do not create references to uninitialized values
Closes #119241
r? `@RalfJung`
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General improvements, and also aims to better encourage the reader
to actually check out Arc::try_unwrap.
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Use `assert_unchecked` instead of `assume` intrinsic in the standard library
Now that a public wrapper for the `assume` intrinsic exists, we can use it in the standard library.
CC #119131
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Fix deallocation with wrong allocator in (A)Rc::from_box_in
Deallocate the `Box` with the original allocator (via `&A`), not `Global`.
Fixes #119749
<details> <summary>Example code with error and Miri output</summary>
(Note that this UB is not observable on stable, because the only usable allocator on stable is `Global` anyway.)
Code ([playground link](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=96193c2c6a1912d7f669fbbe39174b09)):
```rs
#![feature(allocator_api)]
use std::alloc::System;
// uncomment one of these
use std::rc::Rc;
//use std::sync::Arc as Rc;
fn main() {
let x: Box<[u32], System> = Box::new_in([1,2,3], System);
let _: Rc<[u32], System> = Rc::from(x);
}
```
Miri output:
```rs
error: Undefined Behavior: deallocating alloc904, which is C heap memory, using Rust heap deallocation operation
--> /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/alloc.rs:117:14
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117 | unsafe { __rust_dealloc(ptr, layout.size(), layout.align()) }
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ deallocating alloc904, which is C heap memory, using Rust heap deallocation operation
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= help: this indicates a bug in the program: it performed an invalid operation, and caused Undefined Behavior
= help: see https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/reference/behavior-considered-undefined.html for further information
= note: BACKTRACE:
= note: inside `std::alloc::dealloc` at /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/alloc.rs:117:14: 117:64
= note: inside `<std::alloc::Global as std::alloc::Allocator>::deallocate` at /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/alloc.rs:254:22: 254:51
= note: inside `<std::boxed::Box<std::mem::ManuallyDrop<[u32]>> as std::ops::Drop>::drop` at /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/boxed.rs:1244:17: 1244:66
= note: inside `std::ptr::drop_in_place::<std::boxed::Box<std::mem::ManuallyDrop<[u32]>>> - shim(Some(std::boxed::Box<std::mem::ManuallyDrop<[u32]>>))` at /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ptr/mod.rs:507:1: 507:56
= note: inside `std::mem::drop::<std::boxed::Box<std::mem::ManuallyDrop<[u32]>>>` at /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/mem/mod.rs:992:24: 992:25
= note: inside `std::rc::Rc::<[u32], std::alloc::System>::from_box_in` at /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/rc.rs:1928:13: 1928:22
= note: inside `<std::rc::Rc<[u32], std::alloc::System> as std::convert::From<std::boxed::Box<[u32], std::alloc::System>>>::from` at /playground/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/rc.rs:2504:9: 2504:27
note: inside `main`
--> src/main.rs:10:32
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10 | let _: Rc<[u32], System> = Rc::from(x);
| ^^^^^^^^^^^
note: some details are omitted, run with `MIRIFLAGS=-Zmiri-backtrace=full` for a verbose backtrace
error: aborting due to 1 previous error
```
</details>
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Document some alternatives to `Vec::split_off`
One of the discussion points that came up in #119917 is that some people use `Vec::split_off` in cases where they probably shouldn't, because the alternatives (like `mem::take`) are hard to discover.
This PR adds some suggestions to the documentation of `split_off` that should point people towards alternatives that might be more appropriate for their use-case.
I've deliberately tried to keep these changes as simple and uncontroversial as possible, so that they don't depend on how the team decides to handle the concerns raised in #119917. That's why I haven't touched the existing documentation for `split_off`, and haven't added links to `split_off` to the documentation of other methods.
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fix: Drop guard was deallocating with the incorrect size
InPlaceDstBufDrop holds onto the allocation before the shrinking happens which means it must deallocate the destination elements but the source allocation.
Thanks `@cuviper` for spotting this.
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Remove alignment-changing in-place collect
This removes the alignment-changing in-place collect optimization introduced in #110353
Currently stable users can't benefit from the optimization because GlobaAlloc doesn't support alignment-changing realloc and neither do most posix allocators. So in practice it has a negative impact on performance.
Explanation from https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/120091#issuecomment-1899071681:
> > You mention that in case of alignment mismatch -- when the new alignment is less than the old -- the implementation calls `mremap`.
>
> I was trying to note that this isn't really the case in practice, due to the semantics of Rust's allocator APIs. The only use of the allocator within the `in_place_collect` implementation itself is [a call to `Allocator::shrink()`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/db7125f008cfd72e8951c9a863178956e2cbacc3/library/alloc/src/vec/in_place_collect.rs#L299-L303), which per its documentation [allows decreasing the required alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.75.0/core/alloc/trait.Allocator.html). However, in stable Rust, the only available `Allocator` is [`Global`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.75.0/alloc/alloc/struct.Global.html), which delegates to the registered `GlobalAlloc`. Since `GlobalAlloc::realloc()` [cannot change the required alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.75.0/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html#method.realloc), the implementation of [`<Global as Allocator>::shrink()`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/db7125f008cfd72e8951c9a863178956e2cbacc3/library/alloc/src/alloc.rs#L280-L321) must fall back to creating a brand-new allocation, `memcpy`ing the data into it, and freeing the old allocation, whenever the alignment doesn't remain exactly the same.
>
> Therefore, the underlying allocator, provided by libc or some other source, has no opportunity to internally `mremap()` the data when the alignment is changed, since it has no way of knowing that the allocation is the same.
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This also removes
* impl From<&Context> for ContextBuilder
* Context::try_waker()
The from implementation is removed because now that
wakers are always supported, there are less incentives
to override the current context. Before, the incentive
was to add Waker support to a reactor that didn't have
any.
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Co-authored-by: Mark Rousskov <mark.simulacrum@gmail.com>
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