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Turning a `&T` into an `&mut T` carries a large risk of undefined
behaviour, and needs to be done very very carefully. Providing a
convenience function for exactly this task is a bad idea, just tempting
people into doing the wrong thing.
The right thing is to use types like `Cell`, `RefCell` or `Unsafe`.
For memory safety, Rust has that guarantee that `&mut` pointers do not
alias with any other pointer, that is, if you have a `&mut T` then that
is the only usable pointer to that `T`. This allows Rust to assume that
writes through a `&mut T` do not affect the values of any other `&` or
`&mut` references. `&` pointers have no guarantees about aliasing or
not, so it's entirely possible for the same pointer to be passed into
both arguments of a function like
fn foo(x: &int, y: &int) { ... }
Converting either of `x` or `y` to a `&mut` pointer and modifying it
would affect the other value: invalid behaviour.
(Similarly, it's undefined behaviour to modify the value of an immutable
local, like `let x = 1;`.)
At a low-level, the *only* safe way to obtain an `&mut` out of a `&` is
using the `Unsafe` type (there are higher level wrappers around it, like
`Cell`, `RefCell`, `Mutex` etc.). The `Unsafe` type is registered with
the compiler so that it can reason a little about these `&` to `&mut`
casts, but it is still up to the user to ensure that the `&mut`s
obtained out of an `Unsafe` never alias.
(Note that *any* conversion from `&` to `&mut` can be invalid, including
a plain `transmute`, or casting `&T` -> `*T` -> `*mut T` -> `&mut T`.)
[breaking-change]
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Previously, windows was using the CREATE_NEW flag which fails if the file
previously existed, which differed from the unix semantics. This alters the
opening to use the OPEN_ALWAYS flag to mirror the unix semantics.
Closes #13861
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This primary fix brought on by this upgrade is the proper matching of the ```
and ~~~ doc blocks. This also moves hoedown to a git submodule rather than a
bundled repository.
Additionally, hoedown is stricter about code blocks, so this ended up fixing a
lot of invalid code blocks (ending with " ```" instead of "```", or ending with
"~~~~" instead of "~~~").
Closes #12776
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`box` is the way you allocate in future-rust.
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r? @alexcrichton
RFC#14
Issue #13885.
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See #11273 and #13318
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See #11273 and #13318
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I switched the `assert!` calls in `RefCell` over to `debug_assert!`.
There are probably other instances that should be converted as well, but
I couldn't think of any off the top of my head.
RFC: 0015-assert
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Found the first one in the rust reference docs. I was going to submit a PR with one fix, but figured I could look for more... This is the result.
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I also switched some `assert!` calls over to `debug_assert!`.
Closes #12049.
RFC: 0015-assert
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In the process, `Splits` got changed to be more like `CharSplits` in `str` to present the DEI interface.
Note that `treemap` still has a `rev_iter` function because it seems like it would be a significant interface change to expose a DEI - the iterator would have to gain an extra pointer, the completion checks would be more complicated, and it isn't easy to check that such an implementation is correct due to the use of unsafety to subvert the aliasing properties of `&mut`.
This fixes #9391.
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Two selector fixes for rustdoc:
- links colored in blue (#13807) was also affecting headers, which are anchored to their respective ids
- the header unstyling from #13776 was being applied to all headers also
Additionally, remove a stray title in the documentation. This makes the crate title of prelude appear as header instead of an inline paragraph of text (all others work normally and do not have that header tag).
The design is unchanged from my previous template (e.g. [here](http://adrientetar.legtux.org/cached/rust-docs/struct.CChars.htm)), however it is now properly applied.
The last fix remaining is to enable webfonts service from `static.rust-lang.org`, this is #13593.
r? @alexcrichton, @brson
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Previously, windows was using the CREATE_NEW flag which fails if the file
previously existed, which differed from the unix semantics. This alters the
opening to use the OPEN_ALWAYS flag to mirror the unix semantics.
Closes #13861
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The `bitflags!` macro generates a `struct` that holds a set of C-style bitmask flags. It is useful for creating typesafe wrappers for C APIs.
For example:
~~~rust
#[feature(phase)];
#[phase(syntax)] extern crate collections;
bitflags!(Flags: u32 {
FlagA = 0x00000001,
FlagB = 0x00000010,
FlagC = 0x00000100,
FlagABC = FlagA.bits
| FlagB.bits
| FlagC.bits
})
fn main() {
let e1 = FlagA | FlagC;
let e2 = FlagB | FlagC;
assert!((e1 | e2) == FlagABC); // union
assert!((e1 & e2) == FlagC); // intersection
assert!((e1 - e2) == FlagA); // set difference
}
~~~
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This will allow us to provide type-safe APIs in libstd that are C-compatible.
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When a syntax extension is loaded by the compiler, the dylib that is opened may
have other dylibs that it depends on. The dynamic linker must be able to find
these libraries on the system or else the library will fail to load.
Currently, unix gets by with the use of rpaths. This relies on the dylib not
moving around too drastically relative to its dependencies. For windows,
however, this is no rpath available, and in theory unix should work without
rpaths as well.
This modifies the compiler to add all -L search directories to the dynamic
linker's set of load paths. This is currently managed through environment
variables for each platform.
Closes #13848
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When a syntax extension is loaded by the compiler, the dylib that is opened may
have other dylibs that it depends on. The dynamic linker must be able to find
these libraries on the system or else the library will fail to load.
Currently, unix gets by with the use of rpaths. This relies on the dylib not
moving around too drastically relative to its dependencies. For windows,
however, this is no rpath available, and in theory unix should work without
rpaths as well.
This modifies the compiler to add all -L search directories to the dynamic
linker's set of load paths. This is currently managed through environment
variables for each platform.
Closes #13848
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Also move prelude explanation to the prelude module.
This tries to provide a guide to what's in the standard library, organized bottom up from primitives to I/O.
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provided (everywhere but treemap)
This commit deprecates rev_iter, mut_rev_iter, move_rev_iter everywhere (except treemap) and also
deprecates related functions like rsplit, rev_components, and rev_str_components. In every case,
these functions can be replaced with the non-reversed form followed by a call to .rev(). To make this
more concrete, a translation table for all functional changes necessary follows:
* container.rev_iter() -> container.iter().rev()
* container.mut_rev_iter() -> container.mut_iter().rev()
* container.move_rev_iter() -> container.move_iter().rev()
* sliceorstr.rsplit(sep) -> sliceorstr.split(sep).rev()
* path.rev_components() -> path.components().rev()
* path.rev_str_components() -> path.str_components().rev()
In terms of the type system, this change also deprecates any specialized reversed iterator types (except
in treemap), opting instead to use Rev directly if any type annotations are needed. However, since
methods directly returning reversed iterators are now discouraged, the need for such annotations should
be small. However, in those cases, the general pattern for conversion is to take whatever follows Rev in
the original reversed name and surround it with Rev<>:
* RevComponents<'a> -> Rev<Components<'a>>
* RevStrComponents<'a> -> Rev<StrComponents<'a>>
* RevItems<'a, T> -> Rev<Items<'a, T>>
* etc.
The reasoning behind this change is that it makes the standard API much simpler without reducing readability,
performance, or power. The presence of functions such as rev_iter adds more boilerplate code to libraries
(all of which simply call .iter().rev()), clutters up the documentation, and only helps code by saving two
characters. Additionally, the numerous type synonyms that were used to make the type signatures look nice
like RevItems add even more boilerplate and clutter up the docs even more. With this change, all that cruft
goes away.
[breaking-change]
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&[T]::split and &[T]::rsplit
This makes the splitting functions in std::slice return DoubleEndedIterators. Unfortunately,
splitn and rsplitn cannot provide such an interface and so must return different types. As a
result, the following changes were made:
* RevSplits was removed in favor of explicitly using Rev
* Splits can no longer bound the number of splits done
* Splits now implements DoubleEndedIterator
* SplitsN was added, taking the role of what both Splits and RevSplits used to be
* rsplit returns Rev<Splits<'a, T>> instead of RevSplits<'a, T>
* splitn returns SplitsN<'a, T> instead of Splits<'a, T>
* rsplitn returns SplitsN<'a, T> instead of RevSplits<'a, T>
All functions that were previously implemented on each return value still are, so outside of changing
of type annotations, existing code should work out of the box. In the rare case that code relied
on the return types of split and splitn or of rsplit and rsplitn being the same, the previous
behavior can be emulated by calling splitn or rsplitn with a bount of uint::MAX.
The value of this change comes in multiple parts:
* Consistency. The splitting code in std::str is structured similarly to the new slice splitting code,
having separate CharSplits and CharSplitsN types.
* Smaller API. Although this commit doesn't implement it, using a DoubleEndedIterator for splitting
means that rsplit, path::RevComponents, path::RevStrComponents, Path::rev_components, and
Path::rev_str_components are no longer needed - they can be emulated simply with .rev().
* Power. DoubleEndedIterators are able to traverse the list from both sides at once instead of only
forwards or backwards.
* Efficiency. For the common case of using split instead of splitn, the iterator is slightly smaller
and slightly faster.
[breaking-change]
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This is a quick fix for repeated documentation descriptions in certain modules.
Following is a list of the faulty modules I found. I ran `pcregrep -r -M "<p>(.+)\n\1" doc` on the html documentation to help identify them.
- [rustuv::uvio](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/rustuv/uvio/index.html)
- [rustuv::uvll](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/rustuv/uvll/index.html)
- [std::rt::backtrace](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/backtrace/index.html)
- [std::rt::env](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/env/index.html)
- [std::rt::global_heap](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/global_heap/index.html)
- [std::rt::local_heap](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/local_heap/index.html)
- [std::rt::rtio](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/rtio/index.html)
- [std::rt::task](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/task/index.html)
- [std::rt::thread](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/thread/index.html)
- [std::rt::unwind](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/rt/unwind/index.html)
- [syntax::parse::classify](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/syntax/parse/classify/index.html)
- [syntax::parse::common](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/syntax/parse/common/index.html)
After a little testing, I discovered that moving the documentation inside (`//!`) instead of outside (`///`) modules fixed the immediate problem. I went through the trouble of moving the documentation, and with this commit there are no more repeated descriptions within those faulty modules.
This does not fix the underlying problem though. We should look into why having the documentation outside instead of inside caused the descriptions to be repeated. I will create a separate issue with my findings on the subject if necessary.
In the meantime, this simple fix should be enough.
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Inspired by @steveklabnik's [comment](http://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/240p9s/eli5_stdmemreplace/ch2gxw8), this PR adds the practical use cases to the documentation of `std::mem::replace`.
Caveat: We need a `compile-fail` equivalent for doctest. :p
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Also move prelude explanation to the prelude module.
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Hello,
With the latest version of Rust, calling to the function [`std::io::standard_error()`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/io/fn.standard_error.html) succeeds only if the value of the argument is `EndOfFile`, `IoUnavailable` or `InvalidInput`. If the function is called with another value as argument, it fails without message.
Here is a piece of code that reproduces the problem:
```rust
use std::io::{standard_error,EndOfFile,FileNotFound,PermissionDenied};
fn main() {
println!("Error 1: {}", standard_error(EndOfFile)); // does not fail
println!("Error 2: {}", standard_error(FileNotFound)); // fails
println!("Error 3: {}", standard_error(PermissionDenied)); //fails
}
```
This was because the `IoErrorKind` passed as argument wasn't matched against all the possible values.
I added the missing branches in the `match` statement inside the function, and i removed the call to the `fail!()` macro. I rebuilt the crate with the latest `rustc` version and it seems to works.
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Just modified the documentation for parse_bytes to make it more clear how the bytes were parsed (big endian) and to show an example of what it returned. I also added documentation for the to_str_bytes which previously had no documentation (besides one stackoverflow post).
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updating size_hints.
Fixes #13734 and #13759.
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The underlying I/O objects implement a good deal of various options here and
there for tuning network sockets and how they perform. Most of this is a relic
of "whatever libuv provides", but these options are genuinely useful.
It is unclear at this time whether these options should be well supported or
not, or whether they have correct names or not. For now, I believe it's better
to expose the functionality than to not, but all new methods are added with
an #[experimental] annotation.
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Clarifies the interaction of `is_dir`, `is_file` and `exists` with
symbolic links. Adds a convenience `lstat` function alongside of
`stat`. Removes references to conditions.
Closes issue #12583.
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Follow-up on issue #13297 and PR #13710. Instead of following the (confusing) C/C++ approach
of using `MIN_VALUE` for the smallest *positive* number, we introduce `MIN_POS_VALUE` (and
in the Float trait, `min_pos_value`) to represent this number.
This patch also removes a few remaining redundantly-defined constants that were missed last
time around.
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I decided to put architecture constants in another mod. They are not used, so a part of me is thinking of just getting rid of them altogether. The rest should be similar to what @brson wants.
Fixes #13536
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and arch.
Constants for other OS's and arch's must be defined manually.
[breaking-change]
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This adds support for connecting to a unix socket with a timeout (a named pipe
on windows), and accepting a connection with a timeout. The goal is to bring
unix pipes/named sockets back in line with TCP support for timeouts.
Similarly to the TCP sockets, all methods are marked #[experimental] due to
uncertainty about the type of the timeout argument.
This internally involved a good bit of refactoring to share as much code as
possible between TCP servers and pipe servers, but the core implementation did
not change drastically as part of this commit.
cc #13523
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These are the first successful snapshots after the LLVM upgrade, built with LLVM
that requires C++11
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Follow-up on issue #13297 and PR #13710. Instead of following the (confusing) C/C++ approach
of using `MIN_VALUE` for the smallest *positive* number, we introduce `MIN_POS_VALUE` (and
in the Float trait, `min_pos_value`) to represent this number.
This patch also removes a few remaining redundantly-defined constants that were missed last
time around.
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