std: Stabilize last bits of io::Error

This commit stabilizes a few remaining bits of the `io::Error` type:

* The `Error::new` method is now stable. The last `detail` parameter was removed
  and the second `desc` parameter was generalized to `E: Into<Box<Error>>` to
  allow creating an I/O error from any form of error. Currently there is no form
  of downcasting, but this will be added in time.

* An implementation of `From<&str> for Box<Error>` was added to liballoc to
  allow construction of errors from raw strings.

* The `Error::raw_os_error` method was stabilized as-is.

* Trait impls for `Clone`, `Eq`, and `PartialEq` were removed from `Error` as it
  is not possible to use them with trait objects.

This is a breaking change due to the modification of the `new` method as well as
the removal of the trait implementations for the `Error` type.

[breaking-change]

23 files changed, 109 insertions, 96 deletions

diff --git a/src/liballoc/boxed.rs b/src/liballoc/boxed.rs
index f9bd0ab2f1e..37315b2e72f 100644
--- a/src/liballoc/boxed.rs
+++ b/src/liballoc/boxed.rs
@@ -56,8 +56,10 @@ use core::fmt;
 use core::hash::{self, Hash};
 use core::mem;
 use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
-use core::ptr::Unique;
-use core::raw::TraitObject;
+use core::ptr::{self, Unique};
+use core::raw::{TraitObject, Slice};
+
+use heap;
 
 /// A value that represents the heap. This is the default place that the `box`
 /// keyword allocates into when no place is supplied.
@@ -327,3 +329,43 @@ impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> FromError<E> for Box<Error + 'a> {
         Box::new(err)
     }
 }
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, E: Error + Send + 'a> From<E> for Box<Error + Send + 'a> {
+    fn from(err: E) -> Box<Error + Send + 'a> {
+        Box::new(err)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, 'b> From<&'b str> for Box<Error + Send + 'a> {
+    fn from(err: &'b str) -> Box<Error + Send + 'a> {
+        #[derive(Debug)]
+        struct StringError(Box<str>);
+        impl Error for StringError {
+            fn description(&self) -> &str { &self.0 }
+        }
+        impl fmt::Display for StringError {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+                self.0.fmt(f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Unfortunately `String` is located in libcollections, so we construct
+        // a `Box<str>` manually here.
+        unsafe {
+            let alloc = if err.len() == 0 {
+                0 as *mut u8
+            } else {
+                let ptr = heap::allocate(err.len(), 1);
+                if ptr.is_null() { ::oom(); }
+                ptr as *mut u8
+            };
+            ptr::copy(err.as_bytes().as_ptr(), alloc, err.len());
+            Box::new(StringError(mem::transmute(Slice {
+                data: alloc,
+                len: err.len(),
+            })))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/liballoc/lib.rs b/src/liballoc/lib.rs
index b92dfa9117e..a880ba5cfe4 100644
--- a/src/liballoc/lib.rs
+++ b/src/liballoc/lib.rs
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
 #![feature(unsafe_no_drop_flag, filling_drop)]
 #![feature(core)]
 #![feature(unique)]
+#![feature(convert)]
 #![cfg_attr(test, feature(test, alloc, rustc_private))]
 #![cfg_attr(all(not(feature = "external_funcs"), not(feature = "external_crate")),
             feature(libc))]
diff --git a/src/librbml/lib.rs b/src/librbml/lib.rs
index 092cd780ec7..878ef04942a 100644
--- a/src/librbml/lib.rs
+++ b/src/librbml/lib.rs
@@ -862,8 +862,8 @@ pub mod writer {
         } else if 0x100 <= n && n < NUM_TAGS {
             w.write_all(&[0xf0 | (n >> 8) as u8, n as u8])
         } else {
-            Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "invalid tag",
-                               Some(n.to_string())))
+            Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
+                               &format!("invalid tag: {}", n)[..]))
         }
     }
 
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ pub mod writer {
             4 => w.write_all(&[0x10 | ((n >> 24) as u8), (n >> 16) as u8,
                             (n >> 8) as u8, n as u8]),
             _ => Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                                    "isize too big", Some(n.to_string())))
+                                    &format!("isize too big: {}", n)[..]))
         }
     }
 
@@ -885,8 +885,8 @@ pub mod writer {
         if n < 0x4000 { return write_sized_vuint(w, n, 2); }
         if n < 0x200000 { return write_sized_vuint(w, n, 3); }
         if n < 0x10000000 { return write_sized_vuint(w, n, 4); }
-        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "isize too big",
-                           Some(n.to_string())))
+        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
+                           &format!("isize too big: {}", n)[..]))
     }
 
     impl<'a> Encoder<'a> {
@@ -1077,8 +1077,8 @@ pub mod writer {
                 self.wr_tagged_raw_u32(EsSub32 as usize, v)
             } else {
                 Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                                   "length or variant id too big",
-                                   Some(v.to_string())))
+                                   &format!("length or variant id too big: {}",
+                                            v)[..]))
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_back/fs.rs b/src/librustc_back/fs.rs
index 6d8891dd4fe..214cec4e292 100644
--- a/src/librustc_back/fs.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_back/fs.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ pub fn realpath(original: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
     let old = old_path::Path::new(original.to_str().unwrap());
     match old_realpath(&old) {
         Ok(p) => Ok(PathBuf::from(p.as_str().unwrap())),
-        Err(e) => Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                                     "realpath error",
-                                     Some(e.to_string())))
+        Err(e) => Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, e))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_back/lib.rs b/src/librustc_back/lib.rs
index fe457841e91..6a5a5201c10 100644
--- a/src/librustc_back/lib.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_back/lib.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
 #![feature(collections)]
 #![feature(core)]
 #![feature(old_fs)]
-#![feature(io)]
 #![feature(old_io)]
 #![feature(old_path)]
 #![feature(os)]
diff --git a/src/librustc_back/target/apple_ios_base.rs b/src/librustc_back/target/apple_ios_base.rs
index 2fbbe7d1f7c..42cbdd7577d 100644
--- a/src/librustc_back/target/apple_ios_base.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_back/target/apple_ios_base.rs
@@ -47,9 +47,10 @@ pub fn get_sdk_root(sdk_name: &str) -> String {
                               Ok(String::from_utf8(output.stdout).unwrap())
                           } else {
                               let error = String::from_utf8(output.stderr);
+                              let error = format!("process exit with error: {}",
+                                                  error.unwrap());
                               Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                                                 "process exit with error",
-                                                 error.ok()))
+                                                 &error[..]))
                           }
                       });
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_back/tempdir.rs b/src/librustc_back/tempdir.rs
index d4503ae7fc9..3bf9827411a 100644
--- a/src/librustc_back/tempdir.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_back/tempdir.rs
@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ impl TempDir {
         }
 
         Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::AlreadyExists,
-                       "too many temporary directories already exist",
-                       None))
+                       "too many temporary directories already exist"))
     }
 
     /// Attempts to make a temporary directory inside of `env::temp_dir()` whose
diff --git a/src/librustc_driver/lib.rs b/src/librustc_driver/lib.rs
index 456d5f7a60a..f087a2c742b 100644
--- a/src/librustc_driver/lib.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_driver/lib.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 #![feature(unsafe_destructor)]
 #![feature(staged_api)]
 #![feature(exit_status)]
-#![feature(io)]
 #![feature(set_stdio)]
 #![feature(unicode)]
 #![feature(convert)]
diff --git a/src/librustc_driver/pretty.rs b/src/librustc_driver/pretty.rs
index 9e693a64ef0..fe55ca3b73b 100644
--- a/src/librustc_driver/pretty.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_driver/pretty.rs
@@ -699,8 +699,8 @@ fn print_flowgraph<W: Write>(variants: Vec<borrowck_dot::Variant>,
 
     fn expand_err_details(r: io::Result<()>) -> io::Result<()> {
         r.map_err(|ioerr| {
-            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "graphviz::render failed",
-                           Some(ioerr.to_string()))
+            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
+                           &format!("graphviz::render failed: {}", ioerr)[..])
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/libstd/ffi/c_str.rs b/src/libstd/ffi/c_str.rs
index a00f7708025..622e6b54f5e 100644
--- a/src/libstd/ffi/c_str.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/ffi/c_str.rs
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for NulError {
 impl FromError<NulError> for io::Error {
     fn from_error(_: NulError) -> io::Error {
         io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                       "data provided contains a nul byte", None)
+                       "data provided contains a nul byte")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libstd/fs/mod.rs b/src/libstd/fs/mod.rs
index a3128ef0f8d..a5186ad9a98 100644
--- a/src/libstd/fs/mod.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/fs/mod.rs
@@ -575,8 +575,7 @@ pub fn copy<P: AsRef<Path>, Q: AsRef<Path>>(from: P, to: Q) -> io::Result<u64> {
     let to = to.as_ref();
     if !from.is_file() {
         return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                              "the source path is not an existing file",
-                              None))
+                              "the source path is not an existing file"))
     }
 
     let mut reader = try!(File::open(from));
diff --git a/src/libstd/fs/tempdir.rs b/src/libstd/fs/tempdir.rs
index 8cc1dde98a0..24f285e424e 100644
--- a/src/libstd/fs/tempdir.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/fs/tempdir.rs
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ impl TempDir {
         }
 
         Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::AlreadyExists,
-                       "too many temporary directories already exist",
-                       None))
+                       "too many temporary directories already exist"))
     }
 
     /// Attempts to make a temporary directory inside of `env::temp_dir()` whose
diff --git a/src/libstd/io/buffered.rs b/src/libstd/io/buffered.rs
index 8eea06bf6b0..9abc30b7da8 100644
--- a/src/libstd/io/buffered.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/io/buffered.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ impl<W: Write> BufWriter<W> {
             match self.inner.as_mut().unwrap().write(&self.buf[written..]) {
                 Ok(0) => {
                     ret = Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::WriteZero,
-                                         "failed to write the buffered data", None));
+                                         "failed to write the buffered data"));
                     break;
                 }
                 Ok(n) => written += n,
diff --git a/src/libstd/io/cursor.rs b/src/libstd/io/cursor.rs
index d8e403376bd..87bd8540931 100644
--- a/src/libstd/io/cursor.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/io/cursor.rs
@@ -75,8 +75,7 @@ macro_rules! seek {
 
             if pos < 0 {
                 Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                               "invalid seek to a negative position",
-                               None))
+                               "invalid seek to a negative position"))
             } else {
                 self.pos = pos as u64;
                 Ok(self.pos)
diff --git a/src/libstd/io/error.rs b/src/libstd/io/error.rs
index f445ace081e..b84dcb8fb62 100644
--- a/src/libstd/io/error.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/io/error.rs
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@
 // except according to those terms.
 
 use boxed::Box;
-use clone::Clone;
+use convert::Into;
 use error;
 use fmt;
+use marker::Send;
 use option::Option::{self, Some, None};
 use result;
-use string::String;
 use sys;
 
 /// A type for results generated by I/O related functions where the `Err` type
@@ -31,23 +31,22 @@ pub type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;
 /// Errors mostly originate from the underlying OS, but custom instances of
 /// `Error` can be created with crafted error messages and a particular value of
 /// `ErrorKind`.
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 pub struct Error {
     repr: Repr,
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 enum Repr {
     Os(i32),
     Custom(Box<Custom>),
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct Custom {
     kind: ErrorKind,
-    desc: &'static str,
-    detail: Option<String>
+    error: Box<error::Error+Send>,
 }
 
 /// A list specifying general categories of I/O error.
@@ -125,18 +124,34 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 }
 
 impl Error {
-    /// Creates a new custom error from a specified kind/description/detail.
-    #[unstable(feature = "io", reason = "the exact makeup of an Error may
-                                         change to include `Box<Error>` for \
-                                         example")]
-    pub fn new(kind: ErrorKind,
-               description: &'static str,
-               detail: Option<String>) -> Error {
+    /// Creates a new I/O error from a known kind of error as well as an
+    /// arbitrary error payload.
+    ///
+    /// This function is used to generically create I/O errors which do not
+    /// originate from the OS itself. The `error` argument is an arbitrary
+    /// payload which will be contained in this `Error`. Accessors as well as
+    /// downcasting will soon be added to this type as well to access the custom
+    /// information.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};
+    ///
+    /// // errors can be created from strings
+    /// let custom_error = Error::new(ErrorKind::Other, "oh no!");
+    ///
+    /// // errors can also be created from other errors
+    /// let custom_error2 = Error::new(ErrorKind::Interrupted, custom_error);
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    pub fn new<E>(kind: ErrorKind, error: E) -> Error
+        where E: Into<Box<error::Error+Send>>
+    {
         Error {
             repr: Repr::Custom(Box::new(Custom {
                 kind: kind,
-                desc: description,
-                detail: detail,
+                error: error.into(),
             }))
         }
     }
@@ -162,8 +177,7 @@ impl Error {
     ///
     /// If this `Error` was constructed via `last_os_error` then this function
     /// will return `Some`, otherwise it will return `None`.
-    #[unstable(feature = "io", reason = "function was just added and the return \
-                                         type may become an abstract OS error")]
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     pub fn raw_os_error(&self) -> Option<i32> {
         match self.repr {
             Repr::Os(i) => Some(i),
@@ -179,27 +193,6 @@ impl Error {
             Repr::Custom(ref c) => c.kind,
         }
     }
-
-    /// Returns a short description for this error message
-    #[unstable(feature = "io")]
-    #[deprecated(since = "1.0.0", reason = "use the Error trait's description \
-                                            method instead")]
-    pub fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        match self.repr {
-            Repr::Os(..) => "os error",
-            Repr::Custom(ref c) => c.desc,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a detailed error message for this error (if one is available)
-    #[unstable(feature = "io")]
-    #[deprecated(since = "1.0.0", reason = "use the to_string() method instead")]
-    pub fn detail(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        match self.repr {
-            Repr::Os(code) => Some(sys::os::error_string(code)),
-            Repr::Custom(ref s) => s.detail.clone(),
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
@@ -210,21 +203,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Error {
                 let detail = sys::os::error_string(code);
                 write!(fmt, "{} (os error {})", detail, code)
             }
-            Repr::Custom(ref c) => {
-                match **c {
-                    Custom {
-                        kind: ErrorKind::Other,
-                        desc: "unknown error",
-                        detail: Some(ref detail)
-                    } => {
-                        write!(fmt, "{}", detail)
-                    }
-                    Custom { detail: None, desc, .. } =>
-                        write!(fmt, "{}", desc),
-                    Custom { detail: Some(ref detail), desc, .. } =>
-                        write!(fmt, "{} ({})", desc, detail)
-                }
-            }
+            Repr::Custom(ref c) => c.error.fmt(fmt),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -234,7 +213,7 @@ impl error::Error for Error {
     fn description(&self) -> &str {
         match self.repr {
             Repr::Os(..) => "os error",
-            Repr::Custom(ref c) => c.desc,
+            Repr::Custom(ref c) => c.error.description(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/libstd/io/impls.rs b/src/libstd/io/impls.rs
index 52daba36213..67bc45d3b62 100644
--- a/src/libstd/io/impls.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/io/impls.rs
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ impl<'a> Write for &'a mut [u8] {
         if try!(self.write(data)) == data.len() {
             Ok(())
         } else {
-            Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::WriteZero, "failed to write whole buffer", None))
+            Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::WriteZero, "failed to write whole buffer"))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libstd/io/mod.rs b/src/libstd/io/mod.rs
index 830a88bb6c9..91ea7ab4df6 100644
--- a/src/libstd/io/mod.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/io/mod.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn append_to_string<F>(buf: &mut String, f: F) -> Result<usize>
         if str::from_utf8(&g.s[g.len..]).is_err() {
             ret.and_then(|_| {
                 Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                               "stream did not contain valid UTF-8", None))
+                               "stream did not contain valid UTF-8"))
             })
         } else {
             g.len = g.s.len();
@@ -359,8 +359,7 @@ pub trait Write {
         while buf.len() > 0 {
             match self.write(buf) {
                 Ok(0) => return Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::WriteZero,
-                                               "failed to write whole buffer",
-                                               None)),
+                                               "failed to write whole buffer")),
                 Ok(n) => buf = &buf[n..],
                 Err(ref e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
                 Err(e) => return Err(e),
@@ -780,7 +779,7 @@ pub struct Chars<R> {
 
 /// An enumeration of possible errors that can be generated from the `Chars`
 /// adapter.
-#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 #[unstable(feature = "io", reason = "awaiting stability of Read::chars")]
 pub enum CharsError {
     /// Variant representing that the underlying stream was read successfully
diff --git a/src/libstd/net/addr.rs b/src/libstd/net/addr.rs
index a08b33b342b..eb6cb441606 100644
--- a/src/libstd/net/addr.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/net/addr.rs
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ impl ToSocketAddrs for str {
                 match $e {
                     Some(r) => r,
                     None => return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                                                      $msg, None)),
+                                                      $msg)),
                 }
             )
         }
diff --git a/src/libstd/net/mod.rs b/src/libstd/net/mod.rs
index ee57300765e..a152b98822a 100644
--- a/src/libstd/net/mod.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/net/mod.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn each_addr<A: ToSocketAddrs, F, T>(addr: A, mut f: F) -> io::Result<T>
     }
     Err(last_err.unwrap_or_else(|| {
         Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                   "could not resolve to any addresses", None)
+                   "could not resolve to any addresses")
     }))
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libstd/net/udp.rs b/src/libstd/net/udp.rs
index 81151114962..511c2e3f8b2 100644
--- a/src/libstd/net/udp.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/net/udp.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl UdpSocket {
         match try!(addr.to_socket_addrs()).next() {
             Some(addr) => self.0.send_to(buf, &addr),
             None => Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
-                                   "no addresses to send data to", None)),
+                                   "no addresses to send data to")),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libstd/process.rs b/src/libstd/process.rs
index b4bd513e8f0..7921296dabf 100644
--- a/src/libstd/process.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/process.rs
@@ -461,7 +461,6 @@ impl Child {
             return Err(Error::new(
                 ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                 "invalid argument: can't kill an exited process",
-                None
             ))
         }
 
diff --git a/src/libstd/sys/common/net2.rs b/src/libstd/sys/common/net2.rs
index a8ee40639e3..b4903096cce 100644
--- a/src/libstd/sys/common/net2.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/sys/common/net2.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn sockaddr_to_addr(storage: &libc::sockaddr_storage,
             })))
         }
         _ => {
-            Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "invalid argument", None))
+            Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "invalid argument"))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -158,8 +158,7 @@ pub fn lookup_addr(addr: &IpAddr) -> io::Result<String> {
     match from_utf8(data.to_bytes()) {
         Ok(name) => Ok(name.to_string()),
         Err(_) => Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                                     "failed to lookup address information",
-                                     Some("invalid host name".to_string())))
+                                     "failed to lookup address information"))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libstd/sys/unix/net.rs b/src/libstd/sys/unix/net.rs
index b22fa33e562..205f30810b5 100644
--- a/src/libstd/sys/unix/net.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/sys/unix/net.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@ pub fn cvt_gai(err: c_int) -> io::Result<()> {
             .to_string()
     };
     Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                       "failed to lookup address information", Some(detail)))
+                       &format!("failed to lookup address information: {}",
+                                detail)[..]))
 }
 
 impl Socket {