Auto merge of #96544 - m-ysk:feature/issue-96358, r=cjgillot

Stop keeping metadata in memory before writing it to disk

Fixes #96358

I created this PR according with the instruction given in the issue except for the following points:

- While the issue says "Write metadata into the temporary file in `encode_and_write_metadata` even if `!need_metadata_file`", I could not do that. That is because though I tried to do that and run `x.py test`, I got a lot of test failures as follows.

<details>
<summary>List of failed tests</summary>
<pre>
<code>
failures:
    [ui] src/test/ui/json-multiple.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/json-options.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/rmeta/rmeta-rpass.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/save-analysis/emit-notifications.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/changing-crates.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/svh-change-lit.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/svh-change-significant-cfg.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/svh-change-trait-bound.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/svh-change-type-arg.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/svh-change-type-ret.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/svh-change-type-static.rs
    [ui] src/test/ui/svh/svh-use-trait.rs

test result: FAILED. 12915 passed; 12 failed; 100 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 71.41s

Some tests failed in compiletest suite=ui mode=ui host=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu target=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
Build completed unsuccessfully in 0:01:58
</code>
</pre>
</details>

- I could not resolve the extra tasks about `create_rmeta_file` and `create_compressed_metadata_file` for my lack of ability.

16 files changed, 300 insertions, 147 deletions

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 147d4704407..0b44201d56f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3969,7 +3969,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc_ty_utils",
  "rustc_typeck",
  "smallvec",
- "tempfile",
  "tracing",
  "winapi",
 ]
@@ -4080,6 +4079,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc_type_ir",
  "smallvec",
  "snap",
+ "tempfile",
  "tracing",
 ]
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
index 94acdea894b..878a670cba3 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::temp_dir::MaybeTempDir;
 use rustc_errors::{ErrorGuaranteed, Handler};
 use rustc_fs_util::fix_windows_verbatim_for_gcc;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::CrateNum;
+use rustc_metadata::fs::{emit_metadata, METADATA_FILENAME};
 use rustc_middle::middle::dependency_format::Linkage;
 use rustc_middle::middle::exported_symbols::SymbolExportKind;
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CFGuard, CrateType, DebugInfo, LdImpl, Strip};
@@ -28,10 +29,7 @@ use super::command::Command;
 use super::linker::{self, Linker};
 use super::metadata::{create_rmeta_file, MetadataPosition};
 use super::rpath::{self, RPathConfig};
-use crate::{
-    looks_like_rust_object_file, CodegenResults, CompiledModule, CrateInfo, NativeLib,
-    METADATA_FILENAME,
-};
+use crate::{looks_like_rust_object_file, CodegenResults, CompiledModule, CrateInfo, NativeLib};
 
 use cc::windows_registry;
 use regex::Regex;
@@ -241,22 +239,6 @@ pub fn each_linked_rlib(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// We use a temp directory here to avoid races between concurrent rustc processes,
-/// such as builds in the same directory using the same filename for metadata while
-/// building an `.rlib` (stomping over one another), or writing an `.rmeta` into a
-/// directory being searched for `extern crate` (observing an incomplete file).
-/// The returned path is the temporary file containing the complete metadata.
-pub fn emit_metadata(sess: &Session, metadata: &[u8], tmpdir: &MaybeTempDir) -> PathBuf {
-    let out_filename = tmpdir.as_ref().join(METADATA_FILENAME);
-    let result = fs::write(&out_filename, metadata);
-
-    if let Err(e) = result {
-        sess.fatal(&format!("failed to write {}: {}", out_filename.display(), e));
-    }
-
-    out_filename
-}
-
 /// Create an 'rlib'.
 ///
 /// An rlib in its current incarnation is essentially a renamed .a file. The rlib primarily contains
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs
index 3dd607adee5..0302c28815a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/metadata.rs
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@ use rustc_data_structures::memmap::Mmap;
 use rustc_data_structures::owning_ref::OwningRef;
 use rustc_data_structures::rustc_erase_owner;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::MetadataRef;
+use rustc_metadata::fs::METADATA_FILENAME;
 use rustc_metadata::EncodedMetadata;
 use rustc_session::cstore::MetadataLoader;
 use rustc_session::Session;
 use rustc_target::abi::Endian;
 use rustc_target::spec::{RelocModel, Target};
 
-use crate::METADATA_FILENAME;
-
 /// The default metadata loader. This is used by cg_llvm and cg_clif.
 ///
 /// # Metadata location
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs
index 4be3ae11e4e..1802eedf193 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/lib.rs
@@ -64,9 +64,6 @@ pub struct ModuleCodegen<M> {
     pub kind: ModuleKind,
 }
 
-// FIXME(eddyb) maybe include the crate name in this?
-pub const METADATA_FILENAME: &str = "lib.rmeta";
-
 impl<M> ModuleCodegen<M> {
     pub fn into_compiled_module(
         self,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/memmap.rs b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/memmap.rs
index 26b26415eea..917416df6b8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/memmap.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_data_structures/src/memmap.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io;
-use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 
 use crate::owning_ref::StableAddress;
 
@@ -45,3 +45,64 @@ impl Deref for Mmap {
 // export any function that can cause the `Vec` to be re-allocated. As such the address of the
 // bytes inside this `Vec` is stable.
 unsafe impl StableAddress for Mmap {}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub struct MmapMut(memmap2::MmapMut);
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+pub struct MmapMut(Vec<u8>);
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+impl MmapMut {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn map_anon(len: usize) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mmap = memmap2::MmapMut::map_anon(len)?;
+        Ok(MmapMut(mmap))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.0.flush()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn make_read_only(self) -> std::io::Result<Mmap> {
+        let mmap = self.0.make_read_only()?;
+        Ok(Mmap(mmap))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+impl MmapMut {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn map_anon(len: usize) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let data = Vec::with_capacity(len);
+        Ok(MmapMut(data))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn make_read_only(self) -> std::io::Result<Mmap> {
+        Ok(Mmap(self.0))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for MmapMut {
+    type Target = [u8];
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &*self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl DerefMut for MmapMut {
+    #[inline]
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
+        &mut *self.0
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_interface/Cargo.toml
index 9aacfba3c82..1ecbc876c8d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/Cargo.toml
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ rustc_query_impl = { path = "../rustc_query_impl" }
 rustc_resolve = { path = "../rustc_resolve" }
 rustc_trait_selection = { path = "../rustc_trait_selection" }
 rustc_ty_utils = { path = "../rustc_ty_utils" }
-tempfile = "3.2"
 
 [target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
 libc = "0.2"
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
index 0529fff5a6b..334a595a88a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/passes.rs
@@ -5,18 +5,15 @@ use crate::util;
 use ast::CRATE_NODE_ID;
 use rustc_ast::{self as ast, visit};
 use rustc_borrowck as mir_borrowck;
-use rustc_codegen_ssa::back::link::emit_metadata;
 use rustc_codegen_ssa::traits::CodegenBackend;
 use rustc_data_structures::parallel;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{Lrc, OnceCell, WorkerLocal};
-use rustc_data_structures::temp_dir::MaybeTempDir;
 use rustc_errors::{Applicability, ErrorGuaranteed, MultiSpan, PResult};
 use rustc_expand::base::{ExtCtxt, LintStoreExpand, ResolverExpand};
-use rustc_hir::def_id::{StableCrateId, LOCAL_CRATE};
+use rustc_hir::def_id::StableCrateId;
 use rustc_hir::definitions::Definitions;
 use rustc_lint::{BufferedEarlyLint, EarlyCheckNode, LintStore};
 use rustc_metadata::creader::CStore;
-use rustc_metadata::{encode_metadata, EncodedMetadata};
 use rustc_middle::arena::Arena;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::DepGraph;
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::{ExternProviders, Providers};
@@ -29,14 +26,13 @@ use rustc_query_impl::{OnDiskCache, Queries as TcxQueries};
 use rustc_resolve::{Resolver, ResolverArenas};
 use rustc_session::config::{CrateType, Input, OutputFilenames, OutputType};
 use rustc_session::cstore::{CrateStoreDyn, MetadataLoader, MetadataLoaderDyn};
-use rustc_session::output::{filename_for_input, filename_for_metadata};
+use rustc_session::output::filename_for_input;
 use rustc_session::search_paths::PathKind;
 use rustc_session::{Limit, Session};
 use rustc_span::symbol::{sym, Symbol};
 use rustc_span::FileName;
 use rustc_trait_selection::traits;
 use rustc_typeck as typeck;
-use tempfile::Builder as TempFileBuilder;
 use tracing::{info, warn};
 
 use std::any::Any;
@@ -993,69 +989,6 @@ fn analysis(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, (): ()) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn encode_and_write_metadata(
-    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
-    outputs: &OutputFilenames,
-) -> (EncodedMetadata, bool) {
-    #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-    enum MetadataKind {
-        None,
-        Uncompressed,
-        Compressed,
-    }
-
-    let metadata_kind = tcx
-        .sess
-        .crate_types()
-        .iter()
-        .map(|ty| match *ty {
-            CrateType::Executable | CrateType::Staticlib | CrateType::Cdylib => MetadataKind::None,
-
-            CrateType::Rlib => MetadataKind::Uncompressed,
-
-            CrateType::Dylib | CrateType::ProcMacro => MetadataKind::Compressed,
-        })
-        .max()
-        .unwrap_or(MetadataKind::None);
-
-    let metadata = match metadata_kind {
-        MetadataKind::None => EncodedMetadata::new(),
-        MetadataKind::Uncompressed | MetadataKind::Compressed => encode_metadata(tcx),
-    };
-
-    let _prof_timer = tcx.sess.prof.generic_activity("write_crate_metadata");
-
-    let need_metadata_file = tcx.sess.opts.output_types.contains_key(&OutputType::Metadata);
-    if need_metadata_file {
-        let crate_name = tcx.crate_name(LOCAL_CRATE);
-        let out_filename = filename_for_metadata(tcx.sess, crate_name.as_str(), outputs);
-        // To avoid races with another rustc process scanning the output directory,
-        // we need to write the file somewhere else and atomically move it to its
-        // final destination, with an `fs::rename` call. In order for the rename to
-        // always succeed, the temporary file needs to be on the same filesystem,
-        // which is why we create it inside the output directory specifically.
-        let metadata_tmpdir = TempFileBuilder::new()
-            .prefix("rmeta")
-            .tempdir_in(out_filename.parent().unwrap())
-            .unwrap_or_else(|err| tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("couldn't create a temp dir: {}", err)));
-        let metadata_tmpdir = MaybeTempDir::new(metadata_tmpdir, tcx.sess.opts.cg.save_temps);
-        let metadata_filename = emit_metadata(tcx.sess, metadata.raw_data(), &metadata_tmpdir);
-        if let Err(e) = util::non_durable_rename(&metadata_filename, &out_filename) {
-            tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("failed to write {}: {}", out_filename.display(), e));
-        }
-        if tcx.sess.opts.json_artifact_notifications {
-            tcx.sess
-                .parse_sess
-                .span_diagnostic
-                .emit_artifact_notification(&out_filename, "metadata");
-        }
-    }
-
-    let need_metadata_module = metadata_kind == MetadataKind::Compressed;
-
-    (metadata, need_metadata_module)
-}
-
 /// Runs the codegen backend, after which the AST and analysis can
 /// be discarded.
 pub fn start_codegen<'tcx>(
@@ -1065,7 +998,8 @@ pub fn start_codegen<'tcx>(
 ) -> Box<dyn Any> {
     info!("Pre-codegen\n{:?}", tcx.debug_stats());
 
-    let (metadata, need_metadata_module) = encode_and_write_metadata(tcx, outputs);
+    let (metadata, need_metadata_module) =
+        rustc_metadata::fs::encode_and_write_metadata(tcx, outputs);
 
     let codegen = tcx.sess.time("codegen_crate", move || {
         codegen_backend.codegen_crate(tcx, metadata, need_metadata_module)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
index 01173bff126..97856ecf22c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
@@ -650,24 +650,6 @@ pub fn build_output_filenames(
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
-pub fn non_durable_rename(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-    std::fs::rename(src, dst)
-}
-
-/// This function attempts to bypass the auto_da_alloc heuristic implemented by some filesystems
-/// such as btrfs and ext4. When renaming over a file that already exists then they will "helpfully"
-/// write back the source file before committing the rename in case a developer forgot some of
-/// the fsyncs in the open/write/fsync(file)/rename/fsync(dir) dance for atomic file updates.
-///
-/// To avoid triggering this heuristic we delete the destination first, if it exists.
-/// The cost of an extra syscall is much lower than getting descheduled for the sync IO.
-#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-pub fn non_durable_rename(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(dst);
-    std::fs::rename(src, dst)
-}
-
 /// Returns a version string such as "1.46.0 (04488afe3 2020-08-24)"
 pub fn version_str() -> Option<&'static str> {
     option_env!("CFG_VERSION")
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_metadata/Cargo.toml
index 3ab4a8b7294..2c5db9d8b27 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ odht = { version = "0.3.1", features = ["nightly"] }
 snap = "1"
 tracing = "0.1"
 smallvec = { version = "1.8.1", features = ["union", "may_dangle"] }
+tempfile = "3.2"
 rustc_middle = { path = "../rustc_middle" }
 rustc_attr = { path = "../rustc_attr" }
 rustc_data_structures = { path = "../rustc_data_structures" }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/fs.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/fs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e6072901aaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/fs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+use crate::{encode_metadata, EncodedMetadata};
+
+use rustc_data_structures::temp_dir::MaybeTempDir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
+use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
+use rustc_session::config::{CrateType, OutputFilenames, OutputType};
+use rustc_session::output::filename_for_metadata;
+use rustc_session::Session;
+use tempfile::Builder as TempFileBuilder;
+
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+// FIXME(eddyb) maybe include the crate name in this?
+pub const METADATA_FILENAME: &str = "lib.rmeta";
+
+/// We use a temp directory here to avoid races between concurrent rustc processes,
+/// such as builds in the same directory using the same filename for metadata while
+/// building an `.rlib` (stomping over one another), or writing an `.rmeta` into a
+/// directory being searched for `extern crate` (observing an incomplete file).
+/// The returned path is the temporary file containing the complete metadata.
+pub fn emit_metadata(sess: &Session, metadata: &[u8], tmpdir: &MaybeTempDir) -> PathBuf {
+    let out_filename = tmpdir.as_ref().join(METADATA_FILENAME);
+    let result = fs::write(&out_filename, metadata);
+
+    if let Err(e) = result {
+        sess.fatal(&format!("failed to write {}: {}", out_filename.display(), e));
+    }
+
+    out_filename
+}
+
+pub fn encode_and_write_metadata(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    outputs: &OutputFilenames,
+) -> (EncodedMetadata, bool) {
+    #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+    enum MetadataKind {
+        None,
+        Uncompressed,
+        Compressed,
+    }
+
+    let metadata_kind = tcx
+        .sess
+        .crate_types()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|ty| match *ty {
+            CrateType::Executable | CrateType::Staticlib | CrateType::Cdylib => MetadataKind::None,
+
+            CrateType::Rlib => MetadataKind::Uncompressed,
+
+            CrateType::Dylib | CrateType::ProcMacro => MetadataKind::Compressed,
+        })
+        .max()
+        .unwrap_or(MetadataKind::None);
+
+    let crate_name = tcx.crate_name(LOCAL_CRATE);
+    let out_filename = filename_for_metadata(tcx.sess, crate_name.as_str(), outputs);
+    // To avoid races with another rustc process scanning the output directory,
+    // we need to write the file somewhere else and atomically move it to its
+    // final destination, with an `fs::rename` call. In order for the rename to
+    // always succeed, the temporary file needs to be on the same filesystem,
+    // which is why we create it inside the output directory specifically.
+    let metadata_tmpdir = TempFileBuilder::new()
+        .prefix("rmeta")
+        .tempdir_in(out_filename.parent().unwrap_or_else(|| Path::new("")))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|err| tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("couldn't create a temp dir: {}", err)));
+    let metadata_tmpdir = MaybeTempDir::new(metadata_tmpdir, tcx.sess.opts.cg.save_temps);
+    let metadata_filename = metadata_tmpdir.as_ref().join(METADATA_FILENAME);
+
+    // Always create a file at `metadata_filename`, even if we have nothing to write to it.
+    // This simplifies the creation of the output `out_filename` when requested.
+    match metadata_kind {
+        MetadataKind::None => {
+            std::fs::File::create(&metadata_filename).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+                tcx.sess.fatal(&format!(
+                    "failed to create the file {}: {}",
+                    metadata_filename.display(),
+                    e
+                ))
+            });
+        }
+        MetadataKind::Uncompressed | MetadataKind::Compressed => {
+            encode_metadata(tcx, &metadata_filename);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let _prof_timer = tcx.sess.prof.generic_activity("write_crate_metadata");
+
+    // If the user requests metadata as output, rename `metadata_filename`
+    // to the expected output `out_filename`.  The match above should ensure
+    // this file always exists.
+    let need_metadata_file = tcx.sess.opts.output_types.contains_key(&OutputType::Metadata);
+    let (metadata_filename, metadata_tmpdir) = if need_metadata_file {
+        if let Err(e) = non_durable_rename(&metadata_filename, &out_filename) {
+            tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("failed to write {}: {}", out_filename.display(), e));
+        }
+        if tcx.sess.opts.json_artifact_notifications {
+            tcx.sess
+                .parse_sess
+                .span_diagnostic
+                .emit_artifact_notification(&out_filename, "metadata");
+        }
+        (out_filename, None)
+    } else {
+        (metadata_filename, Some(metadata_tmpdir))
+    };
+
+    // Load metadata back to memory: codegen may need to include it in object files.
+    let metadata =
+        EncodedMetadata::from_path(metadata_filename, metadata_tmpdir).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("failed to create encoded metadata from file: {}", e))
+        });
+
+    let need_metadata_module = metadata_kind == MetadataKind::Compressed;
+
+    (metadata, need_metadata_module)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+pub fn non_durable_rename(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::fs::rename(src, dst)
+}
+
+/// This function attempts to bypass the auto_da_alloc heuristic implemented by some filesystems
+/// such as btrfs and ext4. When renaming over a file that already exists then they will "helpfully"
+/// write back the source file before committing the rename in case a developer forgot some of
+/// the fsyncs in the open/write/fsync(file)/rename/fsync(dir) dance for atomic file updates.
+///
+/// To avoid triggering this heuristic we delete the destination first, if it exists.
+/// The cost of an extra syscall is much lower than getting descheduled for the sync IO.
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub fn non_durable_rename(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(dst);
+    std::fs::rename(src, dst)
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/lib.rs
index 5ad16398695..6440f3e390c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/lib.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ mod native_libs;
 mod rmeta;
 
 pub mod creader;
+pub mod fs;
 pub mod locator;
 
+pub use fs::{emit_metadata, METADATA_FILENAME};
 pub use rmeta::{encode_metadata, EncodedMetadata, METADATA_HEADER};
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
index cd6847245e6..8e973009777 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/encoder.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ use crate::rmeta::*;
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fingerprint::Fingerprint;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxIndexSet};
+use rustc_data_structures::memmap::{Mmap, MmapMut};
 use rustc_data_structures::stable_hasher::{HashStable, StableHasher};
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::{join, par_iter, Lrc, ParallelIterator};
+use rustc_data_structures::temp_dir::MaybeTempDir;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{
@@ -27,8 +29,7 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::codec::TyEncoder;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fast_reject::{self, SimplifiedType, TreatParams};
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::Providers;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, SymbolName, Ty, TyCtxt};
-use rustc_serialize::opaque::MemEncoder;
-use rustc_serialize::{Encodable, Encoder};
+use rustc_serialize::{opaque, Decodable, Decoder, Encodable, Encoder};
 use rustc_session::config::CrateType;
 use rustc_session::cstore::{ForeignModule, LinkagePreference, NativeLib};
 use rustc_span::hygiene::{ExpnIndex, HygieneEncodeContext, MacroKind};
@@ -39,12 +40,14 @@ use rustc_span::{
 use rustc_target::abi::VariantIdx;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::io::{Read, Seek, Write};
 use std::iter;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use tracing::{debug, trace};
 
 pub(super) struct EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
-    opaque: MemEncoder,
+    opaque: opaque::FileEncoder,
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     feat: &'tcx rustc_feature::Features,
 
@@ -729,12 +732,19 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> EncodeContext<'a, 'tcx> {
         assert_eq!(total_bytes, computed_total_bytes);
 
         if tcx.sess.meta_stats() {
+            self.opaque.flush();
+
+            // Rewind and re-read all the metadata to count the zero bytes we wrote.
+            let pos_before_rewind = self.opaque.file().stream_position().unwrap();
             let mut zero_bytes = 0;
-            for e in self.opaque.data.iter() {
-                if *e == 0 {
+            self.opaque.file().rewind().unwrap();
+            let file = std::io::BufReader::new(self.opaque.file());
+            for e in file.bytes() {
+                if e.unwrap() == 0 {
                     zero_bytes += 1;
                 }
             }
+            assert_eq!(self.opaque.file().stream_position().unwrap(), pos_before_rewind);
 
             let perc = |bytes| (bytes * 100) as f64 / total_bytes as f64;
             let p = |label, bytes| {
@@ -2133,24 +2143,58 @@ fn prefetch_mir(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) {
 // will allow us to slice the metadata to the precise length that we just
 // generated regardless of trailing bytes that end up in it.
 
-#[derive(Encodable, Decodable)]
 pub struct EncodedMetadata {
-    raw_data: Vec<u8>,
+    // The declaration order matters because `mmap` should be dropped before `_temp_dir`.
+    mmap: Option<Mmap>,
+    // We need to carry MaybeTempDir to avoid deleting the temporary
+    // directory while accessing the Mmap.
+    _temp_dir: Option<MaybeTempDir>,
 }
 
 impl EncodedMetadata {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn new() -> EncodedMetadata {
-        EncodedMetadata { raw_data: Vec::new() }
+    pub fn from_path(path: PathBuf, temp_dir: Option<MaybeTempDir>) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
+        let file = std::fs::File::open(&path)?;
+        let file_metadata = file.metadata()?;
+        if file_metadata.len() == 0 {
+            return Ok(Self { mmap: None, _temp_dir: None });
+        }
+        let mmap = unsafe { Some(Mmap::map(file)?) };
+        Ok(Self { mmap, _temp_dir: temp_dir })
     }
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn raw_data(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        &self.raw_data
+        self.mmap.as_ref().map(|mmap| mmap.as_ref()).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for EncodedMetadata {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) {
+        let slice = self.raw_data();
+        slice.encode(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for EncodedMetadata {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Self {
+        let len = d.read_usize();
+        let mmap = if len > 0 {
+            let mut mmap = MmapMut::map_anon(len).unwrap();
+            for _ in 0..len {
+                (&mut mmap[..]).write(&[d.read_u8()]).unwrap();
+            }
+            mmap.flush().unwrap();
+            Some(mmap.make_read_only().unwrap())
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        Self { mmap, _temp_dir: None }
     }
 }
 
-pub fn encode_metadata(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> EncodedMetadata {
+pub fn encode_metadata(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, path: &Path) {
     let _prof_timer = tcx.prof.verbose_generic_activity("generate_crate_metadata");
 
     // Since encoding metadata is not in a query, and nothing is cached,
@@ -2158,7 +2202,7 @@ pub fn encode_metadata(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> EncodedMetadata {
     tcx.dep_graph.assert_ignored();
 
     join(
-        || encode_metadata_impl(tcx),
+        || encode_metadata_impl(tcx, path),
         || {
             if tcx.sess.threads() == 1 {
                 return;
@@ -2168,12 +2212,12 @@ pub fn encode_metadata(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> EncodedMetadata {
             // It can be removed if it turns out to cause trouble or be detrimental to performance.
             join(|| prefetch_mir(tcx), || tcx.exported_symbols(LOCAL_CRATE));
         },
-    )
-    .0
+    );
 }
 
-fn encode_metadata_impl(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> EncodedMetadata {
-    let mut encoder = MemEncoder::new();
+fn encode_metadata_impl(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, path: &Path) {
+    let mut encoder = opaque::FileEncoder::new(path)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|err| tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("failed to create file encoder: {}", err)));
     encoder.emit_raw_bytes(METADATA_HEADER);
 
     // Will be filled with the root position after encoding everything.
@@ -2208,20 +2252,29 @@ fn encode_metadata_impl(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> EncodedMetadata {
     // culminating in the `CrateRoot` which points to all of it.
     let root = ecx.encode_crate_root();
 
-    let mut result = ecx.opaque.finish();
+    ecx.opaque.flush();
+
+    let mut file = ecx.opaque.file();
+    // We will return to this position after writing the root position.
+    let pos_before_seek = file.stream_position().unwrap();
 
     // Encode the root position.
     let header = METADATA_HEADER.len();
+    file.seek(std::io::SeekFrom::Start(header as u64))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|err| tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("failed to seek the file: {}", err)));
     let pos = root.position.get();
-    result[header + 0] = (pos >> 24) as u8;
-    result[header + 1] = (pos >> 16) as u8;
-    result[header + 2] = (pos >> 8) as u8;
-    result[header + 3] = (pos >> 0) as u8;
+    file.write_all(&[(pos >> 24) as u8, (pos >> 16) as u8, (pos >> 8) as u8, (pos >> 0) as u8])
+        .unwrap_or_else(|err| tcx.sess.fatal(&format!("failed to write to the file: {}", err)));
 
-    // Record metadata size for self-profiling
-    tcx.prof.artifact_size("crate_metadata", "crate_metadata", result.len() as u64);
+    // Return to the position where we are before writing the root position.
+    file.seek(std::io::SeekFrom::Start(pos_before_seek)).unwrap();
 
-    EncodedMetadata { raw_data: result }
+    // Record metadata size for self-profiling
+    tcx.prof.artifact_size(
+        "crate_metadata",
+        "crate_metadata",
+        file.metadata().unwrap().len() as u64,
+    );
 }
 
 pub fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
@@ -2242,5 +2295,5 @@ pub fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
         },
 
         ..*providers
-    };
+    }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
index a5a9dbb8da2..af1c09f4ae8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/mod.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::fast_reject::SimplifiedType;
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::Providers;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ReprOptions, Ty};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{GeneratorDiagnosticData, ParameterizedOverTcx, TyCtxt};
-use rustc_serialize::opaque::MemEncoder;
+use rustc_serialize::opaque::FileEncoder;
 use rustc_session::config::SymbolManglingVersion;
 use rustc_session::cstore::{CrateDepKind, ForeignModule, LinkagePreference, NativeLib};
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ macro_rules! define_tables {
         }
 
         impl TableBuilders {
-            fn encode(&self, buf: &mut MemEncoder) -> LazyTables {
+            fn encode(&self, buf: &mut FileEncoder) -> LazyTables {
                 LazyTables {
                     $($name: self.$name.encode(buf)),+
                 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/table.rs b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/table.rs
index 5ab4269ae99..42759f0a652 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/table.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_metadata/src/rmeta/table.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use rustc_data_structures::fingerprint::Fingerprint;
 use rustc_hir::def::{CtorKind, CtorOf};
 use rustc_index::vec::Idx;
 use rustc_middle::ty::ParameterizedOverTcx;
-use rustc_serialize::opaque::MemEncoder;
-use rustc_serialize::Encoder;
+use rustc_serialize::opaque::FileEncoder;
+use rustc_serialize::Encoder as _;
 use rustc_span::hygiene::MacroKind;
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ where
         Some(value).write_to_bytes(&mut self.blocks[i]);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn encode<const N: usize>(&self, buf: &mut MemEncoder) -> LazyTable<I, T>
+    pub(crate) fn encode<const N: usize>(&self, buf: &mut FileEncoder) -> LazyTable<I, T>
     where
         Option<T>: FixedSizeEncoding<ByteArray = [u8; N]>,
     {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
index 366efe9cfa5..5c17ef6ace2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
@@ -297,6 +297,10 @@ impl FileEncoder {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn file(&self) -> &File {
+        &self.file
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
         self.buf.len()
diff --git a/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/issue-26092/Makefile b/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/issue-26092/Makefile
index 27631c31c4a..885f45a0224 100644
--- a/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/issue-26092/Makefile
+++ b/src/test/run-make-fulldeps/issue-26092/Makefile
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 -include ../tools.mk
 
+# This test ensures that rustc does not panic with `-o ""` option.
+
 all:
-	$(RUSTC) -o "" blank.rs 2>&1 | $(CGREP) -i 'No such file or directory'
+	$(RUSTC) -o "" blank.rs 2>&1 | $(CGREP) -i 'panic' && exit 1 || exit 0