Only visit types once when walking the type tree

This fixes #72408.

Nested closures were resulting in exponential compilation time.

As a performance optimization this change introduces MiniSet,
which is a simple small storage optimized set.

10 files changed, 193 insertions, 39 deletions

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9b5a4c24d25..05d3a9c5621 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3733,6 +3733,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustc_middle"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
  "bitflags",
  "chalk-ir",
  "measureme",
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
index d6f1ca3cf95..e06bfb59580 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::infer::{GenericKind, VerifyBound};
 use rustc_data_structures::captures::Captures;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind, Subst};
+use rustc_middle::ty::walk::MiniSet;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
 
 /// The `TypeOutlives` struct has the job of "lowering" a `T: 'a`
@@ -31,16 +32,23 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
     /// Returns a "verify bound" that encodes what we know about
     /// `generic` and the regions it outlives.
     pub fn generic_bound(&self, generic: GenericKind<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
+        let mut visited = MiniSet::new();
         match generic {
             GenericKind::Param(param_ty) => self.param_bound(param_ty),
-            GenericKind::Projection(projection_ty) => self.projection_bound(projection_ty),
+            GenericKind::Projection(projection_ty) => {
+                self.projection_bound(projection_ty, &mut visited)
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    fn type_bound(&self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
+    fn type_bound(
+        &self,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        visited: &mut MiniSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         match *ty.kind() {
             ty::Param(p) => self.param_bound(p),
-            ty::Projection(data) => self.projection_bound(data),
+            ty::Projection(data) => self.projection_bound(data, visited),
             ty::FnDef(_, substs) => {
                 // HACK(eddyb) ignore lifetimes found shallowly in `substs`.
                 // This is inconsistent with `ty::Adt` (including all substs),
@@ -50,9 +58,9 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 let mut bounds = substs
                     .iter()
                     .filter_map(|child| match child.unpack() {
-                        GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => Some(self.type_bound(ty)),
+                        GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => Some(self.type_bound(ty, visited)),
                         GenericArgKind::Lifetime(_) => None,
-                        GenericArgKind::Const(_) => Some(self.recursive_bound(child)),
+                        GenericArgKind::Const(_) => Some(self.recursive_bound(child, visited)),
                     })
                     .filter(|bound| {
                         // Remove bounds that must hold, since they are not interesting.
@@ -66,7 +74,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
                     ),
                 }
             }
-            _ => self.recursive_bound(ty.into()),
+            _ => self.recursive_bound(ty.into(), visited),
         }
     }
 
@@ -137,7 +145,11 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
         self.declared_projection_bounds_from_trait(projection_ty)
     }
 
-    pub fn projection_bound(&self, projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
+    pub fn projection_bound(
+        &self,
+        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+        visited: &mut MiniSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         debug!("projection_bound(projection_ty={:?})", projection_ty);
 
         let projection_ty_as_ty =
@@ -166,21 +178,25 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
 
         // see the extensive comment in projection_must_outlive
         let ty = self.tcx.mk_projection(projection_ty.item_def_id, projection_ty.substs);
-        let recursive_bound = self.recursive_bound(ty.into());
+        let recursive_bound = self.recursive_bound(ty.into(), visited);
 
         VerifyBound::AnyBound(env_bounds.chain(trait_bounds).collect()).or(recursive_bound)
     }
 
-    fn recursive_bound(&self, parent: GenericArg<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
+    fn recursive_bound(
+        &self,
+        parent: GenericArg<'tcx>,
+        visited: &mut MiniSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         let mut bounds = parent
-            .walk_shallow()
+            .walk_shallow(visited)
             .filter_map(|child| match child.unpack() {
-                GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => Some(self.type_bound(ty)),
+                GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => Some(self.type_bound(ty, visited)),
                 GenericArgKind::Lifetime(lt) => {
                     // Ignore late-bound regions.
                     if !lt.is_late_bound() { Some(VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(lt)) } else { None }
                 }
-                GenericArgKind::Const(_) => Some(self.recursive_bound(child)),
+                GenericArgKind::Const(_) => Some(self.recursive_bound(child, visited)),
             })
             .filter(|bound| {
                 // Remove bounds that must hold, since they are not interesting.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml
index a5a860a38b3..1d84ddad7f5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,5 +28,6 @@ rustc_ast = { path = "../rustc_ast" }
 rustc_span = { path = "../rustc_span" }
 chalk-ir = "0.21.0"
 smallvec = { version = "1.0", features = ["union", "may_dangle"] }
+arrayvec = { version = "0.5.1", default-features = false }
 measureme = "0.7.1"
 rustc_session = { path = "../rustc_session" }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/outlives.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/outlives.rs
index 783f116a87d..01649f44c88 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/outlives.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/outlives.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 // RFC for reference.
 
 use crate::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind};
+use crate::ty::walk::MiniSet;
 use crate::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
@@ -50,12 +51,18 @@ impl<'tcx> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
     /// Push onto `out` all the things that must outlive `'a` for the condition
     /// `ty0: 'a` to hold. Note that `ty0` must be a **fully resolved type**.
     pub fn push_outlives_components(self, ty0: Ty<'tcx>, out: &mut SmallVec<[Component<'tcx>; 4]>) {
-        compute_components(self, ty0, out);
+        let mut visited = MiniSet::new();
+        compute_components(self, ty0, out, &mut visited);
         debug!("components({:?}) = {:?}", ty0, out);
     }
 }
 
-fn compute_components(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, out: &mut SmallVec<[Component<'tcx>; 4]>) {
+fn compute_components(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    out: &mut SmallVec<[Component<'tcx>; 4]>,
+    visited: &mut MiniSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
+) {
     // Descend through the types, looking for the various "base"
     // components and collecting them into `out`. This is not written
     // with `collect()` because of the need to sometimes skip subtrees
@@ -73,11 +80,11 @@ fn compute_components(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, out: &mut SmallVec<[Compo
                 for child in substs {
                     match child.unpack() {
                         GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => {
-                            compute_components(tcx, ty, out);
+                            compute_components(tcx, ty, out, visited);
                         }
                         GenericArgKind::Lifetime(_) => {}
                         GenericArgKind::Const(_) => {
-                            compute_components_recursive(tcx, child, out);
+                            compute_components_recursive(tcx, child, out, visited);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -85,19 +92,19 @@ fn compute_components(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, out: &mut SmallVec<[Compo
 
             ty::Array(element, _) => {
                 // Don't look into the len const as it doesn't affect regions
-                compute_components(tcx, element, out);
+                compute_components(tcx, element, out, visited);
             }
 
             ty::Closure(_, ref substs) => {
                 for upvar_ty in substs.as_closure().upvar_tys() {
-                    compute_components(tcx, upvar_ty, out);
+                    compute_components(tcx, upvar_ty, out, visited);
                 }
             }
 
             ty::Generator(_, ref substs, _) => {
                 // Same as the closure case
                 for upvar_ty in substs.as_generator().upvar_tys() {
-                    compute_components(tcx, upvar_ty, out);
+                    compute_components(tcx, upvar_ty, out, visited);
                 }
 
                 // We ignore regions in the generator interior as we don't
@@ -135,7 +142,8 @@ fn compute_components(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, out: &mut SmallVec<[Compo
                     // OutlivesProjectionComponents.  Continue walking
                     // through and constrain Pi.
                     let mut subcomponents = smallvec![];
-                    compute_components_recursive(tcx, ty.into(), &mut subcomponents);
+                    let mut subvisited = MiniSet::new();
+                    compute_components_recursive(tcx, ty.into(), &mut subcomponents, &mut subvisited);
                     out.push(Component::EscapingProjection(subcomponents.into_iter().collect()));
                 }
             }
@@ -177,7 +185,7 @@ fn compute_components(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, out: &mut SmallVec<[Compo
                 // the "bound regions list".  In our representation, no such
                 // list is maintained explicitly, because bound regions
                 // themselves can be readily identified.
-                compute_components_recursive(tcx, ty.into(), out);
+                compute_components_recursive(tcx, ty.into(), out, visited);
             }
         }
 }
@@ -186,11 +194,12 @@ fn compute_components_recursive(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     parent: GenericArg<'tcx>,
     out: &mut SmallVec<[Component<'tcx>; 4]>,
+    visited: &mut MiniSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
 ) {
-    for child in parent.walk_shallow() {
+    for child in parent.walk_shallow(visited) {
         match child.unpack() {
             GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => {
-                compute_components(tcx, ty, out);
+                compute_components(tcx, ty, out, visited);
             }
             GenericArgKind::Lifetime(lt) => {
                 // Ignore late-bound regions.
@@ -199,7 +208,7 @@ fn compute_components_recursive(
                 }
             }
             GenericArgKind::Const(_) => {
-                compute_components_recursive(tcx, child, out);
+                compute_components_recursive(tcx, child, out, visited);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/walk.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/walk.rs
index 4f55517c6f4..7afa6e6cc05 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/walk.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/walk.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,50 @@
 
 use crate::ty;
 use crate::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind};
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
 use smallvec::{self, SmallVec};
+use std::hash::Hash;
+
+/// Small-storage-optimized implementation of a set
+/// made specifically for walking type tree.
+///
+/// Stores elements in a small array up to a certain length
+/// and switches to `HashSet` when that length is exceeded.
+pub enum MiniSet<T> {
+    Array(ArrayVec<[T; 8]>),
+    Set(FxHashSet<T>),
+}
+
+impl<T: Eq + Hash + Copy> MiniSet<T> {
+    /// Creates an empty `MiniSet`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        MiniSet::Array(ArrayVec::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a value to the set.
+    ///
+    /// If the set did not have this value present, true is returned.
+    ///
+    /// If the set did have this value present, false is returned.
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, elem: T) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            MiniSet::Array(array) => {
+                if array.iter().any(|e| *e == elem) {
+                    false
+                } else {
+                    if array.try_push(elem).is_err() {
+                        let mut set: FxHashSet<T> = array.iter().copied().collect();
+                        set.insert(elem);
+                        *self = MiniSet::Set(set);
+                    }
+                    true
+                }
+            }
+            MiniSet::Set(set) => set.insert(elem),
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 // The TypeWalker's stack is hot enough that it's worth going to some effort to
 // avoid heap allocations.
@@ -12,11 +55,20 @@ type TypeWalkerStack<'tcx> = SmallVec<[GenericArg<'tcx>; 8]>;
 pub struct TypeWalker<'tcx> {
     stack: TypeWalkerStack<'tcx>,
     last_subtree: usize,
+    visited: MiniSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
 }
 
+/// An iterator for walking the type tree.
+///
+/// It's very easy to produce a deeply
+/// nested type tree with a lot of
+/// identical subtrees. In order to work efficiently
+/// in this situation walker only visits each type once.
+/// It maintains a set of visited types and
+/// skips any types that are already there.
 impl<'tcx> TypeWalker<'tcx> {
-    pub fn new(root: GenericArg<'tcx>) -> TypeWalker<'tcx> {
-        TypeWalker { stack: smallvec![root], last_subtree: 1 }
+    pub fn new(root: GenericArg<'tcx>) -> Self {
+        Self { stack: smallvec![root], last_subtree: 1, visited: MiniSet::new() }
     }
 
     /// Skips the subtree corresponding to the last type
@@ -41,11 +93,15 @@ impl<'tcx> Iterator for TypeWalker<'tcx> {
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<GenericArg<'tcx>> {
         debug!("next(): stack={:?}", self.stack);
-        let next = self.stack.pop()?;
-        self.last_subtree = self.stack.len();
-        push_inner(&mut self.stack, next);
-        debug!("next: stack={:?}", self.stack);
-        Some(next)
+        loop {
+            let next = self.stack.pop()?;
+            self.last_subtree = self.stack.len();
+            if self.visited.insert(next) {
+                push_inner(&mut self.stack, next);
+                debug!("next: stack={:?}", self.stack);
+                return Some(next);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -67,9 +123,17 @@ impl GenericArg<'tcx> {
     /// Iterator that walks the immediate children of `self`. Hence
     /// `Foo<Bar<i32>, u32>` yields the sequence `[Bar<i32>, u32]`
     /// (but not `i32`, like `walk`).
-    pub fn walk_shallow(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = GenericArg<'tcx>> {
+    ///
+    /// Iterator only walks items once.
+    /// It accepts visited set, updates it with all visited types
+    /// and skips any types that are already there.
+    pub fn walk_shallow(
+        self,
+        visited: &mut MiniSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = GenericArg<'tcx>> {
         let mut stack = SmallVec::new();
         push_inner(&mut stack, self);
+        stack.retain(|a| visited.insert(*a));
         stack.into_iter()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/test/ui/closures/issue-72408-nested-closures-exponential.rs b/src/test/ui/closures/issue-72408-nested-closures-exponential.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2d6ba936572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui/closures/issue-72408-nested-closures-exponential.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// build-pass
+
+// Closures include captured types twice in a type tree.
+//
+// Wrapping one closure with another leads to doubling
+// the amount of types in the type tree.
+//
+// This test ensures that rust can handle
+// deeply nested type trees with a lot
+// of duplicated subtrees.
+
+fn dup(f: impl Fn(i32) -> i32) -> impl Fn(i32) -> i32 {
+    move |a| f(a * 2)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let f = |a| a;
+
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+
+    // Compiler dies around here if it tries
+    // to walk the tree exhaustively.
+
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+    let f = dup(f);
+
+    println!("Type size was at least {}", f(1));
+}
diff --git a/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.rs b/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.rs
index 72c16fddb4b..89137538425 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.rs
@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ struct D (Box<A>);
 
 impl D {
     pub fn matches<F: Fn()>(&self, f: &F) {
-        //~^ ERROR reached the type-length limit while instantiating `D::matches::<[closure
         let &D(ref a) = self;
         a.matches(f)
+        //~^ ERROR reached the recursion limit while instantiating `A::matches::<[closure
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.stderr b/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.stderr
index b0df46b11fa..c4255b95b70 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/issues/issue-22638.stderr
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
-error: reached the type-length limit while instantiating `D::matches::$CLOSURE`
-  --> $DIR/issue-22638.rs:53:5
+error: reached the recursion limit while instantiating `A::matches::$CLOSURE`
+  --> $DIR/issue-22638.rs:55:9
+   |
+LL |         a.matches(f)
+   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |
+note: `A::matches` defined here
+  --> $DIR/issue-22638.rs:14:5
    |
 LL |     pub fn matches<F: Fn()>(&self, f: &F) {
    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-   |
-   = note: consider adding a `#![type_length_limit="30408681"]` attribute to your crate
 
 error: aborting due to previous error
 
diff --git a/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.rs b/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.rs
index 1f1c8ad9626..921cded5037 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // Test that the type length limit can be changed.
 
 #![allow(dead_code)]
-#![type_length_limit="256"]
+#![type_length_limit="4"]
 
 macro_rules! link {
     ($id:ident, $t:ty) => {
diff --git a/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.stderr b/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.stderr
index f12f259d2f6..e8fddfd4ece 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/type_length_limit.stderr
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ error: reached the type-length limit while instantiating `std::mem::drop::<Optio
 LL | pub fn drop<T>(_x: T) {}
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    |
-   = note: consider adding a `#![type_length_limit="1094"]` attribute to your crate
+   = note: consider adding a `#![type_length_limit="8"]` attribute to your crate
 
 error: aborting due to previous error