Rollup merge of #138641 - jieyouxu:print-supported-crate-types, r=Urgau

Add unstable `--print=supported-crate-types` option

MCP: https://github.com/rust-lang/compiler-team/issues/836
Tracking issue: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/138640

### Test coverage

Two tests:

1. `tests/ui/print-request/stability.rs` to check that `--print=supported-crate-types` is `-Zunstable-options`-gated
2. `tests/ui/print-request/supported-crate-types.rs` is added as a basic smoke test. Observe that the compiler stdout corresponds to the below *Example output* section (e.g. `proc-macro` is unsupported on `wasm32-unknown-unknown` currently).

### Example output

<details>
<summary>For `x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu`</summary>

Notice the presence of `{c,}dylib` and `proc-macro`:
```
bin
cdylib
dylib
lib
proc-macro
rlib
staticlib
```
</details>

<details>
<summary>For `wasm32-unknown-unknown`</summary>

Notice the absence of `dylib` and `proc-macro`:
```
bin
cdylib
lib
rlib
staticlib
```
</details>

<details>
<summary>For `x86_64-unknown-linux-musl`</summary>

Notice the absence of `{c,}dylib` but presence of `proc-macro`:
```
bin
lib
proc-macro
rlib
staticlib
```
</details>

### Documentation

I added an entry in the unstable book's print request section to document this `supported-crate-types` print request.

### Unresolved questions

- [ ] (Name bikeshedding) is `supported-crate-types` a good name for the print request? I'm inclined to say it's good enough for an unstable print request, but may be worth revisiting at stabilization time.

### Stability

This print request being added is *unstable* in this PR. A separate stabilization PR following the usual compiler flag stabilization procedure should be filed for stabilization after some baking time.

### Review remarks

Best reviewed commit-by-commit.

r? compiler

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