Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into mpk/add-long-error-message-for-E0311

37 files changed, 1621 insertions, 860 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 938f8aa77a5..00000000000
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,254 +0,0 @@
-use rustc_errors::{fluent, AddSubdiagnostic, DiagnosticMessage, DiagnosticStyledString};
-use rustc_hir::FnRetTy;
-use rustc_macros::SessionDiagnostic;
-use rustc_span::{BytePos, Span};
-
-use crate::infer::error_reporting::{
-    need_type_info::{GeneratorKindAsDiagArg, UnderspecifiedArgKind},
-    ObligationCauseAsDiagArg,
-};
-
-#[derive(SessionDiagnostic)]
-#[diag(infer::opaque_hidden_type)]
-pub struct OpaqueHiddenTypeDiag {
-    #[primary_span]
-    #[label]
-    pub span: Span,
-    #[note(infer::opaque_type)]
-    pub opaque_type: Span,
-    #[note(infer::hidden_type)]
-    pub hidden_type: Span,
-}
-
-#[derive(SessionDiagnostic)]
-#[diag(infer::type_annotations_needed, code = "E0282")]
-pub struct AnnotationRequired<'a> {
-    #[primary_span]
-    pub span: Span,
-    pub source_kind: &'static str,
-    pub source_name: &'a str,
-    #[label]
-    pub failure_span: Option<Span>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub bad_label: Option<InferenceBadError<'a>>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub infer_subdiags: Vec<SourceKindSubdiag<'a>>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub multi_suggestions: Vec<SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a>>,
-}
-
-// Copy of `AnnotationRequired` for E0283
-#[derive(SessionDiagnostic)]
-#[diag(infer::type_annotations_needed, code = "E0283")]
-pub struct AmbigousImpl<'a> {
-    #[primary_span]
-    pub span: Span,
-    pub source_kind: &'static str,
-    pub source_name: &'a str,
-    #[label]
-    pub failure_span: Option<Span>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub bad_label: Option<InferenceBadError<'a>>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub infer_subdiags: Vec<SourceKindSubdiag<'a>>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub multi_suggestions: Vec<SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a>>,
-}
-
-// Copy of `AnnotationRequired` for E0284
-#[derive(SessionDiagnostic)]
-#[diag(infer::type_annotations_needed, code = "E0284")]
-pub struct AmbigousReturn<'a> {
-    #[primary_span]
-    pub span: Span,
-    pub source_kind: &'static str,
-    pub source_name: &'a str,
-    #[label]
-    pub failure_span: Option<Span>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub bad_label: Option<InferenceBadError<'a>>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub infer_subdiags: Vec<SourceKindSubdiag<'a>>,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub multi_suggestions: Vec<SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(SessionDiagnostic)]
-#[diag(infer::need_type_info_in_generator, code = "E0698")]
-pub struct NeedTypeInfoInGenerator<'a> {
-    #[primary_span]
-    pub span: Span,
-    pub generator_kind: GeneratorKindAsDiagArg,
-    #[subdiagnostic]
-    pub bad_label: InferenceBadError<'a>,
-}
-
-// Used when a better one isn't available
-#[derive(SessionSubdiagnostic)]
-#[label(infer::label_bad)]
-pub struct InferenceBadError<'a> {
-    #[primary_span]
-    pub span: Span,
-    pub bad_kind: &'static str,
-    pub prefix_kind: UnderspecifiedArgKind,
-    pub has_parent: bool,
-    pub prefix: &'a str,
-    pub parent_prefix: &'a str,
-    pub parent_name: String,
-    pub name: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(SessionSubdiagnostic)]
-pub enum SourceKindSubdiag<'a> {
-    #[suggestion_verbose(
-        infer::source_kind_subdiag_let,
-        code = ": {type_name}",
-        applicability = "has-placeholders"
-    )]
-    LetLike {
-        #[primary_span]
-        span: Span,
-        name: String,
-        type_name: String,
-        kind: &'static str,
-        x_kind: &'static str,
-        prefix_kind: UnderspecifiedArgKind,
-        prefix: &'a str,
-        arg_name: String,
-    },
-    #[label(infer::source_kind_subdiag_generic_label)]
-    GenericLabel {
-        #[primary_span]
-        span: Span,
-        is_type: bool,
-        param_name: String,
-        parent_exists: bool,
-        parent_prefix: String,
-        parent_name: String,
-    },
-    #[suggestion_verbose(
-        infer::source_kind_subdiag_generic_suggestion,
-        code = "::<{args}>",
-        applicability = "has-placeholders"
-    )]
-    GenericSuggestion {
-        #[primary_span]
-        span: Span,
-        arg_count: usize,
-        args: String,
-    },
-}
-
-// Has to be implemented manually because multipart suggestions are not supported by the derive macro.
-// Would be a part of `SourceKindSubdiag` otherwise.
-pub enum SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a> {
-    FullyQualified {
-        span: Span,
-        def_path: String,
-        adjustment: &'a str,
-        successor: (&'a str, BytePos),
-    },
-    ClosureReturn {
-        ty_info: String,
-        data: &'a FnRetTy<'a>,
-        should_wrap_expr: Option<Span>,
-    },
-}
-
-impl AddSubdiagnostic for SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'_> {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
-        match self {
-            Self::FullyQualified { span, def_path, adjustment, successor } => {
-                let suggestion = vec![
-                    (span.shrink_to_lo(), format!("{def_path}({adjustment}")),
-                    (span.shrink_to_hi().with_hi(successor.1), successor.0.to_string()),
-                ];
-                diag.multipart_suggestion_verbose(
-                    fluent::infer::source_kind_fully_qualified,
-                    suggestion,
-                    rustc_errors::Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
-                );
-            }
-            Self::ClosureReturn { ty_info, data, should_wrap_expr } => {
-                let (arrow, post) = match data {
-                    FnRetTy::DefaultReturn(_) => ("-> ", " "),
-                    _ => ("", ""),
-                };
-                let suggestion = match should_wrap_expr {
-                    Some(end_span) => vec![
-                        (data.span(), format!("{}{}{}{{ ", arrow, ty_info, post)),
-                        (end_span, " }".to_string()),
-                    ],
-                    None => vec![(data.span(), format!("{}{}{}", arrow, ty_info, post))],
-                };
-                diag.multipart_suggestion_verbose(
-                    fluent::infer::source_kind_closure_return,
-                    suggestion,
-                    rustc_errors::Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub enum RegionOriginNote<'a> {
-    Plain {
-        span: Span,
-        msg: DiagnosticMessage,
-    },
-    WithName {
-        span: Span,
-        msg: DiagnosticMessage,
-        name: &'a str,
-        continues: bool,
-    },
-    WithRequirement {
-        span: Span,
-        requirement: ObligationCauseAsDiagArg<'a>,
-        expected_found: Option<(DiagnosticStyledString, DiagnosticStyledString)>,
-    },
-}
-
-impl AddSubdiagnostic for RegionOriginNote<'_> {
-    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
-        let mut label_or_note = |span, msg: DiagnosticMessage| {
-            let sub_count = diag.children.iter().filter(|d| d.span.is_dummy()).count();
-            let expanded_sub_count = diag.children.iter().filter(|d| !d.span.is_dummy()).count();
-            let span_is_primary = diag.span.primary_spans().iter().all(|&sp| sp == span);
-            if span_is_primary && sub_count == 0 && expanded_sub_count == 0 {
-                diag.span_label(span, msg);
-            } else if span_is_primary && expanded_sub_count == 0 {
-                diag.note(msg);
-            } else {
-                diag.span_note(span, msg);
-            }
-        };
-        match self {
-            RegionOriginNote::Plain { span, msg } => {
-                label_or_note(span, msg);
-            }
-            RegionOriginNote::WithName { span, msg, name, continues } => {
-                label_or_note(span, msg);
-                diag.set_arg("name", name);
-                diag.set_arg("continues", continues);
-            }
-            RegionOriginNote::WithRequirement {
-                span,
-                requirement,
-                expected_found: Some((expected, found)),
-            } => {
-                label_or_note(span, fluent::infer::subtype);
-                diag.set_arg("requirement", requirement);
-
-                diag.note_expected_found(&"", expected, &"", found);
-            }
-            RegionOriginNote::WithRequirement { span, requirement, expected_found: None } => {
-                // FIXME: this really should be handled at some earlier stage. Our
-                // handling of region checking when type errors are present is
-                // *terrible*.
-                label_or_note(span, fluent::infer::subtype_2);
-                diag.set_arg("requirement", requirement);
-            }
-        };
-    }
-}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..85b877652c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+use hir::GenericParamKind;
+use rustc_errors::{
+    fluent, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, DiagnosticMessage, DiagnosticStyledString, MultiSpan,
+};
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::{FnRetTy, Ty};
+use rustc_macros::{Diagnostic, Subdiagnostic};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{Region, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_span::symbol::kw;
+use rustc_span::{symbol::Ident, BytePos, Span};
+
+use crate::infer::error_reporting::{
+    need_type_info::{GeneratorKindAsDiagArg, UnderspecifiedArgKind},
+    ObligationCauseAsDiagArg,
+};
+
+pub mod note_and_explain;
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(infer::opaque_hidden_type)]
+pub struct OpaqueHiddenTypeDiag {
+    #[primary_span]
+    #[label]
+    pub span: Span,
+    #[note(infer::opaque_type)]
+    pub opaque_type: Span,
+    #[note(infer::hidden_type)]
+    pub hidden_type: Span,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(infer::type_annotations_needed, code = "E0282")]
+pub struct AnnotationRequired<'a> {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub source_kind: &'static str,
+    pub source_name: &'a str,
+    #[label]
+    pub failure_span: Option<Span>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub bad_label: Option<InferenceBadError<'a>>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub infer_subdiags: Vec<SourceKindSubdiag<'a>>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub multi_suggestions: Vec<SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a>>,
+}
+
+// Copy of `AnnotationRequired` for E0283
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(infer::type_annotations_needed, code = "E0283")]
+pub struct AmbigousImpl<'a> {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub source_kind: &'static str,
+    pub source_name: &'a str,
+    #[label]
+    pub failure_span: Option<Span>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub bad_label: Option<InferenceBadError<'a>>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub infer_subdiags: Vec<SourceKindSubdiag<'a>>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub multi_suggestions: Vec<SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a>>,
+}
+
+// Copy of `AnnotationRequired` for E0284
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(infer::type_annotations_needed, code = "E0284")]
+pub struct AmbigousReturn<'a> {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub source_kind: &'static str,
+    pub source_name: &'a str,
+    #[label]
+    pub failure_span: Option<Span>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub bad_label: Option<InferenceBadError<'a>>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub infer_subdiags: Vec<SourceKindSubdiag<'a>>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub multi_suggestions: Vec<SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(infer::need_type_info_in_generator, code = "E0698")]
+pub struct NeedTypeInfoInGenerator<'a> {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub generator_kind: GeneratorKindAsDiagArg,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub bad_label: InferenceBadError<'a>,
+}
+
+// Used when a better one isn't available
+#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
+#[label(infer::label_bad)]
+pub struct InferenceBadError<'a> {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub bad_kind: &'static str,
+    pub prefix_kind: UnderspecifiedArgKind,
+    pub has_parent: bool,
+    pub prefix: &'a str,
+    pub parent_prefix: &'a str,
+    pub parent_name: String,
+    pub name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
+pub enum SourceKindSubdiag<'a> {
+    #[suggestion_verbose(
+        infer::source_kind_subdiag_let,
+        code = ": {type_name}",
+        applicability = "has-placeholders"
+    )]
+    LetLike {
+        #[primary_span]
+        span: Span,
+        name: String,
+        type_name: String,
+        kind: &'static str,
+        x_kind: &'static str,
+        prefix_kind: UnderspecifiedArgKind,
+        prefix: &'a str,
+        arg_name: String,
+    },
+    #[label(infer::source_kind_subdiag_generic_label)]
+    GenericLabel {
+        #[primary_span]
+        span: Span,
+        is_type: bool,
+        param_name: String,
+        parent_exists: bool,
+        parent_prefix: String,
+        parent_name: String,
+    },
+    #[suggestion_verbose(
+        infer::source_kind_subdiag_generic_suggestion,
+        code = "::<{args}>",
+        applicability = "has-placeholders"
+    )]
+    GenericSuggestion {
+        #[primary_span]
+        span: Span,
+        arg_count: usize,
+        args: String,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]
+pub enum SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a> {
+    #[multipart_suggestion_verbose(
+        infer::source_kind_fully_qualified,
+        applicability = "has-placeholders"
+    )]
+    FullyQualified {
+        #[suggestion_part(code = "{def_path}({adjustment}")]
+        span_lo: Span,
+        #[suggestion_part(code = "{successor_pos}")]
+        span_hi: Span,
+        def_path: String,
+        adjustment: &'a str,
+        successor_pos: &'a str,
+    },
+    #[multipart_suggestion_verbose(
+        infer::source_kind_closure_return,
+        applicability = "has-placeholders"
+    )]
+    ClosureReturn {
+        #[suggestion_part(code = "{start_span_code}")]
+        start_span: Span,
+        start_span_code: String,
+        #[suggestion_part(code = " }}")]
+        end_span: Option<Span>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<'a> SourceKindMultiSuggestion<'a> {
+    pub fn new_fully_qualified(
+        span: Span,
+        def_path: String,
+        adjustment: &'a str,
+        successor: (&'a str, BytePos),
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::FullyQualified {
+            span_lo: span.shrink_to_lo(),
+            span_hi: span.shrink_to_hi().with_hi(successor.1),
+            def_path,
+            adjustment,
+            successor_pos: successor.0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_closure_return(
+        ty_info: String,
+        data: &'a FnRetTy<'a>,
+        should_wrap_expr: Option<Span>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let (arrow, post) = match data {
+            FnRetTy::DefaultReturn(_) => ("-> ", " "),
+            _ => ("", ""),
+        };
+        let (start_span, start_span_code, end_span) = match should_wrap_expr {
+            Some(end_span) => {
+                (data.span(), format!("{}{}{}{{ ", arrow, ty_info, post), Some(end_span))
+            }
+            None => (data.span(), format!("{}{}{}", arrow, ty_info, post), None),
+        };
+        Self::ClosureReturn { start_span, start_span_code, end_span }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum RegionOriginNote<'a> {
+    Plain {
+        span: Span,
+        msg: DiagnosticMessage,
+    },
+    WithName {
+        span: Span,
+        msg: DiagnosticMessage,
+        name: &'a str,
+        continues: bool,
+    },
+    WithRequirement {
+        span: Span,
+        requirement: ObligationCauseAsDiagArg<'a>,
+        expected_found: Option<(DiagnosticStyledString, DiagnosticStyledString)>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl AddToDiagnostic for RegionOriginNote<'_> {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        let mut label_or_note = |span, msg: DiagnosticMessage| {
+            let sub_count = diag.children.iter().filter(|d| d.span.is_dummy()).count();
+            let expanded_sub_count = diag.children.iter().filter(|d| !d.span.is_dummy()).count();
+            let span_is_primary = diag.span.primary_spans().iter().all(|&sp| sp == span);
+            if span_is_primary && sub_count == 0 && expanded_sub_count == 0 {
+                diag.span_label(span, msg);
+            } else if span_is_primary && expanded_sub_count == 0 {
+                diag.note(msg);
+            } else {
+                diag.span_note(span, msg);
+            }
+        };
+        match self {
+            RegionOriginNote::Plain { span, msg } => {
+                label_or_note(span, msg);
+            }
+            RegionOriginNote::WithName { span, msg, name, continues } => {
+                label_or_note(span, msg);
+                diag.set_arg("name", name);
+                diag.set_arg("continues", continues);
+            }
+            RegionOriginNote::WithRequirement {
+                span,
+                requirement,
+                expected_found: Some((expected, found)),
+            } => {
+                label_or_note(span, fluent::infer::subtype);
+                diag.set_arg("requirement", requirement);
+
+                diag.note_expected_found(&"", expected, &"", found);
+            }
+            RegionOriginNote::WithRequirement { span, requirement, expected_found: None } => {
+                // FIXME: this really should be handled at some earlier stage. Our
+                // handling of region checking when type errors are present is
+                // *terrible*.
+                label_or_note(span, fluent::infer::subtype_2);
+                diag.set_arg("requirement", requirement);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum LifetimeMismatchLabels {
+    InRet {
+        param_span: Span,
+        ret_span: Span,
+        span: Span,
+        label_var1: Option<Ident>,
+    },
+    Normal {
+        hir_equal: bool,
+        ty_sup: Span,
+        ty_sub: Span,
+        span: Span,
+        sup: Option<Ident>,
+        sub: Option<Ident>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl AddToDiagnostic for LifetimeMismatchLabels {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        match self {
+            LifetimeMismatchLabels::InRet { param_span, ret_span, span, label_var1 } => {
+                diag.span_label(param_span, fluent::infer::declared_different);
+                diag.span_label(ret_span, fluent::infer::nothing);
+                diag.span_label(span, fluent::infer::data_returned);
+                diag.set_arg("label_var1_exists", label_var1.is_some());
+                diag.set_arg("label_var1", label_var1.map(|x| x.to_string()).unwrap_or_default());
+            }
+            LifetimeMismatchLabels::Normal {
+                hir_equal,
+                ty_sup,
+                ty_sub,
+                span,
+                sup: label_var1,
+                sub: label_var2,
+            } => {
+                if hir_equal {
+                    diag.span_label(ty_sup, fluent::infer::declared_multiple);
+                    diag.span_label(ty_sub, fluent::infer::nothing);
+                    diag.span_label(span, fluent::infer::data_lifetime_flow);
+                } else {
+                    diag.span_label(ty_sup, fluent::infer::types_declared_different);
+                    diag.span_label(ty_sub, fluent::infer::nothing);
+                    diag.span_label(span, fluent::infer::data_flows);
+                    diag.set_arg("label_var1_exists", label_var1.is_some());
+                    diag.set_arg(
+                        "label_var1",
+                        label_var1.map(|x| x.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    );
+                    diag.set_arg("label_var2_exists", label_var2.is_some());
+                    diag.set_arg(
+                        "label_var2",
+                        label_var2.map(|x| x.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion<'a> {
+    pub tcx: TyCtxt<'a>,
+    pub sub: Region<'a>,
+    pub ty_sup: &'a Ty<'a>,
+    pub ty_sub: &'a Ty<'a>,
+    pub add_note: bool,
+}
+
+impl AddToDiagnostic for AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion<'_> {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        let mut mk_suggestion = || {
+            let (
+                hir::Ty { kind: hir::TyKind::Rptr(lifetime_sub, _), .. },
+                hir::Ty { kind: hir::TyKind::Rptr(lifetime_sup, _), .. },
+            ) = (self.ty_sub, self.ty_sup) else {
+                return false;
+            };
+
+            if !lifetime_sub.name.is_anonymous() || !lifetime_sup.name.is_anonymous() {
+                return false;
+            };
+
+            let Some(anon_reg) = self.tcx.is_suitable_region(self.sub) else {
+                return false;
+            };
+
+            let hir_id = self.tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(anon_reg.def_id);
+
+            let node = self.tcx.hir().get(hir_id);
+            let is_impl = matches!(&node, hir::Node::ImplItem(_));
+            let generics = match node {
+                hir::Node::Item(&hir::Item {
+                    kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(_, ref generics, ..),
+                    ..
+                })
+                | hir::Node::TraitItem(&hir::TraitItem { ref generics, .. })
+                | hir::Node::ImplItem(&hir::ImplItem { ref generics, .. }) => generics,
+                _ => return false,
+            };
+
+            let suggestion_param_name = generics
+                .params
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|p| matches!(p.kind, GenericParamKind::Lifetime { .. }))
+                .map(|p| p.name.ident().name)
+                .find(|i| *i != kw::UnderscoreLifetime);
+            let introduce_new = suggestion_param_name.is_none();
+            let suggestion_param_name =
+                suggestion_param_name.map(|n| n.to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| "'a".to_owned());
+
+            debug!(?lifetime_sup.span);
+            debug!(?lifetime_sub.span);
+            let make_suggestion = |span: rustc_span::Span| {
+                if span.is_empty() {
+                    (span, format!("{}, ", suggestion_param_name))
+                } else if let Ok("&") = self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span).as_deref()
+                {
+                    (span.shrink_to_hi(), format!("{} ", suggestion_param_name))
+                } else {
+                    (span, suggestion_param_name.clone())
+                }
+            };
+            let mut suggestions =
+                vec![make_suggestion(lifetime_sub.span), make_suggestion(lifetime_sup.span)];
+
+            if introduce_new {
+                let new_param_suggestion = if let Some(first) =
+                    generics.params.iter().find(|p| !p.name.ident().span.is_empty())
+                {
+                    (first.span.shrink_to_lo(), format!("{}, ", suggestion_param_name))
+                } else {
+                    (generics.span, format!("<{}>", suggestion_param_name))
+                };
+
+                suggestions.push(new_param_suggestion);
+            }
+
+            diag.multipart_suggestion(
+                fluent::infer::lifetime_param_suggestion,
+                suggestions,
+                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+            );
+            diag.set_arg("is_impl", is_impl);
+            true
+        };
+        if mk_suggestion() && self.add_note {
+            diag.note(fluent::infer::lifetime_param_suggestion_elided);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(infer::lifetime_mismatch, code = "E0623")]
+pub struct LifetimeMismatch<'a> {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub span: Span,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub labels: LifetimeMismatchLabels,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub suggestion: AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion<'a>,
+}
+
+pub struct IntroducesStaticBecauseUnmetLifetimeReq {
+    pub unmet_requirements: MultiSpan,
+    pub binding_span: Span,
+}
+
+impl AddToDiagnostic for IntroducesStaticBecauseUnmetLifetimeReq {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(mut self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        self.unmet_requirements
+            .push_span_label(self.binding_span, fluent::infer::msl_introduces_static);
+        diag.span_note(self.unmet_requirements, fluent::infer::msl_unmet_req);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ImplNote {
+    pub impl_span: Option<Span>,
+}
+
+impl AddToDiagnostic for ImplNote {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        match self.impl_span {
+            Some(span) => diag.span_note(span, fluent::infer::msl_impl_note),
+            None => diag.note(fluent::infer::msl_impl_note),
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum TraitSubdiag {
+    Note { span: Span },
+    Sugg { span: Span },
+}
+
+// FIXME(#100717) used in `Vec<TraitSubdiag>` so requires eager translation/list support
+impl AddToDiagnostic for TraitSubdiag {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        match self {
+            TraitSubdiag::Note { span } => {
+                diag.span_note(span, "this has an implicit `'static` lifetime requirement");
+            }
+            TraitSubdiag::Sugg { span } => {
+                diag.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                    span,
+                    "consider relaxing the implicit `'static` requirement",
+                    " + '_".to_owned(),
+                    rustc_errors::Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Diagnostic)]
+#[diag(infer::mismatched_static_lifetime)]
+pub struct MismatchedStaticLifetime<'a> {
+    #[primary_span]
+    pub cause_span: Span,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub unmet_lifetime_reqs: IntroducesStaticBecauseUnmetLifetimeReq,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub expl: Option<note_and_explain::RegionExplanation<'a>>,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub impl_note: ImplNote,
+    #[subdiagnostic]
+    pub trait_subdiags: Vec<TraitSubdiag>,
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/note_and_explain.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/note_and_explain.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7f54918f736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/errors/note_and_explain.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::find_anon_type;
+use rustc_errors::{self, fluent, AddToDiagnostic, IntoDiagnosticArg};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_span::{symbol::kw, Span};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct DescriptionCtx<'a> {
+    span: Option<Span>,
+    kind: &'a str,
+    arg: String,
+    num_arg: u32,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DescriptionCtx<'a> {
+    fn new<'tcx>(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        alt_span: Option<Span>,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        let mut me = DescriptionCtx::default();
+        me.span = alt_span;
+        match *region {
+            ty::ReEarlyBound(_) | ty::ReFree(_) => {
+                return Self::from_early_bound_and_free_regions(tcx, region);
+            }
+            ty::ReStatic => {
+                me.kind = "restatic";
+            }
+
+            ty::RePlaceholder(_) => return None,
+
+            // FIXME(#13998) RePlaceholder should probably print like
+            // ReFree rather than dumping Debug output on the user.
+            //
+            // We shouldn't really be having unification failures with ReVar
+            // and ReLateBound though.
+            ty::ReVar(_) | ty::ReLateBound(..) | ty::ReErased => {
+                me.kind = "revar";
+                me.arg = format!("{:?}", region);
+            }
+        };
+        Some(me)
+    }
+
+    fn from_early_bound_and_free_regions<'tcx>(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        let mut me = DescriptionCtx::default();
+        let scope = region.free_region_binding_scope(tcx).expect_local();
+        match *region {
+            ty::ReEarlyBound(ref br) => {
+                let mut sp = tcx.def_span(scope);
+                if let Some(param) =
+                    tcx.hir().get_generics(scope).and_then(|generics| generics.get_named(br.name))
+                {
+                    sp = param.span;
+                }
+                if br.has_name() {
+                    me.kind = "as_defined";
+                    me.arg = br.name.to_string();
+                } else {
+                    me.kind = "as_defined_anon";
+                };
+                me.span = Some(sp)
+            }
+            ty::ReFree(ref fr) => {
+                if !fr.bound_region.is_named()
+                    && let Some((ty, _)) = find_anon_type(tcx, region, &fr.bound_region)
+                {
+                    me.kind = "defined_here";
+                    me.span = Some(ty.span);
+                } else {
+                    match fr.bound_region {
+                        ty::BoundRegionKind::BrNamed(_, name) => {
+                            let mut sp = tcx.def_span(scope);
+                            if let Some(param) =
+                                tcx.hir().get_generics(scope).and_then(|generics| generics.get_named(name))
+                            {
+                                sp = param.span;
+                            }
+                            if name == kw::UnderscoreLifetime {
+                                me.kind = "as_defined_anon";
+                            } else {
+                                me.kind = "as_defined";
+                                me.arg = name.to_string();
+                            };
+                            me.span = Some(sp);
+                        }
+                        ty::BrAnon(idx) => {
+                            me.kind = "anon_num_here";
+                            me.num_arg = idx+1;
+                            me.span = Some(tcx.def_span(scope));
+                        },
+                        _ => {
+                            me.kind = "defined_here_reg";
+                            me.arg = region.to_string();
+                            me.span = Some(tcx.def_span(scope));
+                        },
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => bug!(),
+        }
+        Some(me)
+    }
+
+    fn add_to(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        diag.set_arg("desc_kind", self.kind);
+        diag.set_arg("desc_arg", self.arg);
+        diag.set_arg("desc_num_arg", self.num_arg);
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum PrefixKind {
+    Empty,
+}
+
+pub enum SuffixKind {
+    Continues,
+}
+
+impl IntoDiagnosticArg for PrefixKind {
+    fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> rustc_errors::DiagnosticArgValue<'static> {
+        let kind = match self {
+            Self::Empty => "empty",
+        }
+        .into();
+        rustc_errors::DiagnosticArgValue::Str(kind)
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoDiagnosticArg for SuffixKind {
+    fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> rustc_errors::DiagnosticArgValue<'static> {
+        let kind = match self {
+            Self::Continues => "continues",
+        }
+        .into();
+        rustc_errors::DiagnosticArgValue::Str(kind)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RegionExplanation<'a> {
+    desc: DescriptionCtx<'a>,
+    prefix: PrefixKind,
+    suffix: SuffixKind,
+}
+
+impl RegionExplanation<'_> {
+    pub fn new<'tcx>(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        alt_span: Option<Span>,
+        prefix: PrefixKind,
+        suffix: SuffixKind,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(Self { desc: DescriptionCtx::new(tcx, region, alt_span)?, prefix, suffix })
+    }
+}
+
+impl AddToDiagnostic for RegionExplanation<'_> {
+    fn add_to_diagnostic(self, diag: &mut rustc_errors::Diagnostic) {
+        if let Some(span) = self.desc.span {
+            diag.span_note(span, fluent::infer::region_explanation);
+        } else {
+            diag.note(fluent::infer::region_explanation);
+        }
+        self.desc.add_to(diag);
+        diag.set_arg("pref_kind", self.prefix);
+        diag.set_arg("suff_kind", self.suffix);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs
index 46f8c0e8d8b..9488d0a6cbb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs
@@ -180,11 +180,7 @@ impl CanonicalizeMode for CanonicalizeQueryResponse {
         r: ty::Region<'tcx>,
     ) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
         match *r {
-            ty::ReFree(_)
-            | ty::ReErased
-            | ty::ReStatic
-            | ty::ReEmpty(ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT)
-            | ty::ReEarlyBound(..) => r,
+            ty::ReFree(_) | ty::ReErased | ty::ReStatic | ty::ReEarlyBound(..) => r,
 
             ty::RePlaceholder(placeholder) => canonicalizer.canonical_var_for_region(
                 CanonicalVarInfo { kind: CanonicalVarKind::PlaceholderRegion(placeholder) },
@@ -199,10 +195,6 @@ impl CanonicalizeMode for CanonicalizeQueryResponse {
                 )
             }
 
-            ty::ReEmpty(ui) => {
-                bug!("canonicalizing 'empty in universe {:?}", ui) // FIXME
-            }
-
             _ => {
                 // Other than `'static` or `'empty`, the query
                 // response should be executing in a fully
@@ -381,7 +373,6 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
             ty::ReStatic
             | ty::ReEarlyBound(..)
             | ty::ReFree(_)
-            | ty::ReEmpty(_)
             | ty::RePlaceholder(..)
             | ty::ReErased => self.canonicalize_mode.canonicalize_free_region(self, r),
         }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs
index 64c759f73d4..56e83489879 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::captures::Captures;
 use rustc_index::vec::Idx;
 use rustc_index::vec::IndexVec;
 use rustc_middle::arena::ArenaAllocatable;
+use rustc_middle::mir::ConstraintCategory;
 use rustc_middle::ty::error::TypeError;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::TypeRelation;
@@ -129,7 +130,9 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
         let region_constraints = self.with_region_constraints(|region_constraints| {
             make_query_region_constraints(
                 tcx,
-                region_obligations.iter().map(|r_o| (r_o.sup_type, r_o.sub_region)),
+                region_obligations
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|r_o| (r_o.sup_type, r_o.sub_region, r_o.origin.to_constraint_category())),
                 region_constraints,
             )
         });
@@ -248,6 +251,8 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
         // the original values `v_o` that was canonicalized into a
         // variable...
 
+        let constraint_category = cause.to_constraint_category();
+
         for (index, original_value) in original_values.var_values.iter().enumerate() {
             // ...with the value `v_r` of that variable from the query.
             let result_value = query_response.substitute_projected(self.tcx, &result_subst, |v| {
@@ -263,12 +268,14 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 (GenericArgKind::Lifetime(v_o), GenericArgKind::Lifetime(v_r)) => {
                     // To make `v_o = v_r`, we emit `v_o: v_r` and `v_r: v_o`.
                     if v_o != v_r {
-                        output_query_region_constraints
-                            .outlives
-                            .push(ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_o.into(), v_r)));
-                        output_query_region_constraints
-                            .outlives
-                            .push(ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_r.into(), v_o)));
+                        output_query_region_constraints.outlives.push((
+                            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_o.into(), v_r)),
+                            constraint_category,
+                        ));
+                        output_query_region_constraints.outlives.push((
+                            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_r.into(), v_o)),
+                            constraint_category,
+                        ));
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -314,7 +321,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 // Screen out `'a: 'a` cases -- we skip the binder here but
                 // only compare the inner values to one another, so they are still at
                 // consistent binding levels.
-                let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = r_c.skip_binder();
+                let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = r_c.0.skip_binder();
                 if k1 != r2.into() { Some(r_c) } else { None }
             }),
         );
@@ -559,7 +566,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
         cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
     ) -> Obligation<'tcx, ty::Predicate<'tcx>> {
-        let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = predicate.skip_binder();
+        let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = predicate.0.skip_binder();
 
         let atom = match k1.unpack() {
             GenericArgKind::Lifetime(r1) => {
@@ -574,7 +581,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 span_bug!(cause.span, "unexpected const outlives {:?}", predicate);
             }
         };
-        let predicate = predicate.rebind(atom).to_predicate(self.tcx);
+        let predicate = predicate.0.rebind(atom).to_predicate(self.tcx);
 
         Obligation::new(cause, param_env, predicate)
     }
@@ -625,7 +632,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
 /// creates query region constraints.
 pub fn make_query_region_constraints<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
-    outlives_obligations: impl Iterator<Item = (Ty<'tcx>, ty::Region<'tcx>)>,
+    outlives_obligations: impl Iterator<Item = (Ty<'tcx>, ty::Region<'tcx>, ConstraintCategory<'tcx>)>,
     region_constraints: &RegionConstraintData<'tcx>,
 ) -> QueryRegionConstraints<'tcx> {
     let RegionConstraintData { constraints, verifys, givens, member_constraints } =
@@ -638,26 +645,31 @@ pub fn make_query_region_constraints<'tcx>(
 
     let outlives: Vec<_> = constraints
         .iter()
-        .map(|(k, _)| match *k {
-            // Swap regions because we are going from sub (<=) to outlives
-            // (>=).
-            Constraint::VarSubVar(v1, v2) => ty::OutlivesPredicate(
-                tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v2)).into(),
-                tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v1)),
-            ),
-            Constraint::VarSubReg(v1, r2) => {
-                ty::OutlivesPredicate(r2.into(), tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v1)))
-            }
-            Constraint::RegSubVar(r1, v2) => {
-                ty::OutlivesPredicate(tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v2)).into(), r1)
-            }
-            Constraint::RegSubReg(r1, r2) => ty::OutlivesPredicate(r2.into(), r1),
+        .map(|(k, origin)| {
+            // no bound vars in the code above
+            let constraint = ty::Binder::dummy(match *k {
+                // Swap regions because we are going from sub (<=) to outlives
+                // (>=).
+                Constraint::VarSubVar(v1, v2) => ty::OutlivesPredicate(
+                    tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v2)).into(),
+                    tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v1)),
+                ),
+                Constraint::VarSubReg(v1, r2) => {
+                    ty::OutlivesPredicate(r2.into(), tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v1)))
+                }
+                Constraint::RegSubVar(r1, v2) => {
+                    ty::OutlivesPredicate(tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v2)).into(), r1)
+                }
+                Constraint::RegSubReg(r1, r2) => ty::OutlivesPredicate(r2.into(), r1),
+            });
+            (constraint, origin.to_constraint_category())
         })
-        .map(ty::Binder::dummy) // no bound vars in the code above
         .chain(
             outlives_obligations
-                .map(|(ty, r)| ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty.into(), r))
-                .map(ty::Binder::dummy), // no bound vars in the code above
+                // no bound vars in the code above
+                .map(|(ty, r, constraint_category)| {
+                    (ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty.into(), r)), constraint_category)
+                }),
         )
         .collect();
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs
index 34b6113427d..389afe22eb7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs
@@ -72,15 +72,16 @@ where
         value
     } else {
         let delegate = FnMutDelegate {
-            regions: |br: ty::BoundRegion| match var_values.var_values[br.var].unpack() {
+            regions: &mut |br: ty::BoundRegion| match var_values.var_values[br.var].unpack() {
                 GenericArgKind::Lifetime(l) => l,
                 r => bug!("{:?} is a region but value is {:?}", br, r),
             },
-            types: |bound_ty: ty::BoundTy| match var_values.var_values[bound_ty.var].unpack() {
+            types: &mut |bound_ty: ty::BoundTy| match var_values.var_values[bound_ty.var].unpack() {
                 GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => ty,
                 r => bug!("{:?} is a type but value is {:?}", bound_ty, r),
             },
-            consts: |bound_ct: ty::BoundVar, _| match var_values.var_values[bound_ct].unpack() {
+            consts: &mut |bound_ct: ty::BoundVar, _| match var_values.var_values[bound_ct].unpack()
+            {
                 GenericArgKind::Const(ct) => ct,
                 c => bug!("{:?} is a const but value is {:?}", bound_ct, c),
             },
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs
index 8bf1de34a9b..9488f1f6bfc 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs
@@ -147,11 +147,7 @@ impl<'infcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'infcx, 'tcx> {
                 ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(a_vid)),
                 ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(b_vid)),
             ) => {
-                self.inner
-                    .borrow_mut()
-                    .const_unification_table()
-                    .unify_var_var(a_vid, b_vid)
-                    .map_err(|e| const_unification_error(a_is_expected, e))?;
+                self.inner.borrow_mut().const_unification_table().union(a_vid, b_vid);
                 return Ok(a);
             }
 
@@ -246,21 +242,17 @@ impl<'infcx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'infcx, 'tcx> {
         let value = ConstInferUnifier { infcx: self, span, param_env, for_universe, target_vid }
             .relate(ct, ct)?;
 
-        self.inner
-            .borrow_mut()
-            .const_unification_table()
-            .unify_var_value(
-                target_vid,
-                ConstVarValue {
-                    origin: ConstVariableOrigin {
-                        kind: ConstVariableOriginKind::ConstInference,
-                        span: DUMMY_SP,
-                    },
-                    val: ConstVariableValue::Known { value },
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().const_unification_table().union_value(
+            target_vid,
+            ConstVarValue {
+                origin: ConstVariableOrigin {
+                    kind: ConstVariableOriginKind::ConstInference,
+                    span: DUMMY_SP,
                 },
-            )
-            .map(|()| value)
-            .map_err(|e| const_unification_error(vid_is_expected, e))
+                val: ConstVariableValue::Known { value },
+            },
+        );
+        Ok(value)
     }
 
     fn unify_integral_variable(
@@ -391,7 +383,7 @@ impl<'infcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'infcx, 'tcx> {
     /// Preconditions:
     ///
     /// - `for_vid` is a "root vid"
-    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace")]
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace", ret)]
     fn generalize(
         &self,
         ty: Ty<'tcx>,
@@ -435,15 +427,8 @@ impl<'infcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'infcx, 'tcx> {
             cache: SsoHashMap::new(),
         };
 
-        let ty = match generalize.relate(ty, ty) {
-            Ok(ty) => ty,
-            Err(e) => {
-                debug!(?e, "failure");
-                return Err(e);
-            }
-        };
+        let ty = generalize.relate(ty, ty)?;
         let needs_wf = generalize.needs_wf;
-        trace!(?ty, ?needs_wf, "success");
         Ok(Generalization { ty, needs_wf })
     }
 
@@ -493,12 +478,13 @@ struct Generalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
 
     param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
 
-    cache: SsoHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, RelateResult<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>>,
+    cache: SsoHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>>,
 }
 
 /// Result from a generalization operation. This includes
 /// not only the generalized type, but also a bool flag
 /// indicating whether further WF checks are needed.
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct Generalization<'tcx> {
     ty: Ty<'tcx>,
 
@@ -599,8 +585,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
     fn tys(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>, t2: Ty<'tcx>) -> RelateResult<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>> {
         assert_eq!(t, t2); // we are abusing TypeRelation here; both LHS and RHS ought to be ==
 
-        if let Some(result) = self.cache.get(&t) {
-            return result.clone();
+        if let Some(&result) = self.cache.get(&t) {
+            return Ok(result);
         }
         debug!("generalize: t={:?}", t);
 
@@ -670,10 +656,10 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
                 Ok(t)
             }
             _ => relate::super_relate_tys(self, t, t),
-        };
+        }?;
 
-        self.cache.insert(t, result.clone());
-        return result;
+        self.cache.insert(t, result);
+        Ok(result)
     }
 
     fn regions(
@@ -694,7 +680,6 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
 
             ty::RePlaceholder(..)
             | ty::ReVar(..)
-            | ty::ReEmpty(_)
             | ty::ReStatic
             | ty::ReEarlyBound(..)
             | ty::ReFree(..) => {
@@ -749,10 +734,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated { def, substs, promoted })
-                if self.tcx().lazy_normalization() =>
-            {
-                assert_eq!(promoted, None);
+            ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::UnevaluatedConst { def, substs }) => {
                 let substs = self.relate_with_variance(
                     ty::Variance::Invariant,
                     ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
@@ -761,7 +743,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
                 )?;
                 Ok(self.tcx().mk_const(ty::ConstS {
                     ty: c.ty(),
-                    kind: ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated { def, substs, promoted }),
+                    kind: ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::UnevaluatedConst { def, substs }),
                 }))
             }
             _ => relate::super_relate_consts(self, c, c),
@@ -776,13 +758,6 @@ pub trait ConstEquateRelation<'tcx>: TypeRelation<'tcx> {
     fn const_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: ty::Const<'tcx>, b: ty::Const<'tcx>);
 }
 
-pub fn const_unification_error<'tcx>(
-    a_is_expected: bool,
-    (a, b): (ty::Const<'tcx>, ty::Const<'tcx>),
-) -> TypeError<'tcx> {
-    TypeError::ConstMismatch(ExpectedFound::new(a_is_expected, a, b))
-}
-
 fn int_unification_error<'tcx>(
     a_is_expected: bool,
     v: (ty::IntVarValue, ty::IntVarValue),
@@ -856,10 +831,9 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
         Ok(a.rebind(self.relate(a.skip_binder(), b.skip_binder())?))
     }
 
-    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
     fn tys(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>, _t: Ty<'tcx>) -> RelateResult<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>> {
         debug_assert_eq!(t, _t);
-        debug!("ConstInferUnifier: t={:?}", t);
 
         match t.kind() {
             &ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(vid)) => {
@@ -883,12 +857,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
                             .borrow_mut()
                             .type_variables()
                             .new_var(self.for_universe, origin);
-                        let u = self.tcx().mk_ty_var(new_var_id);
-                        debug!(
-                            "ConstInferUnifier: replacing original vid={:?} with new={:?}",
-                            vid, u
-                        );
-                        Ok(u)
+                        Ok(self.tcx().mk_ty_var(new_var_id))
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -914,7 +883,6 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
 
             ty::RePlaceholder(..)
             | ty::ReVar(..)
-            | ty::ReEmpty(_)
             | ty::ReStatic
             | ty::ReEarlyBound(..)
             | ty::ReFree(..) => {
@@ -932,14 +900,13 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
     fn consts(
         &mut self,
         c: ty::Const<'tcx>,
         _c: ty::Const<'tcx>,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Const<'tcx>> {
         debug_assert_eq!(c, _c);
-        debug!("ConstInferUnifier: c={:?}", c);
 
         match c.kind() {
             ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(vid)) => {
@@ -980,19 +947,17 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated { def, substs, promoted })
-                if self.tcx().lazy_normalization() =>
-            {
-                assert_eq!(promoted, None);
+            ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::UnevaluatedConst { def, substs }) => {
                 let substs = self.relate_with_variance(
                     ty::Variance::Invariant,
                     ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
                     substs,
                     substs,
                 )?;
+
                 Ok(self.tcx().mk_const(ty::ConstS {
                     ty: c.ty(),
-                    kind: ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated { def, substs, promoted }),
+                    kind: ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::UnevaluatedConst { def, substs }),
                 }))
             }
             _ => relate::super_relate_consts(self, c, c),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs
index 3b1798ca737..59728148a84 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,25 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Equate<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
                         .obligations,
                 );
             }
+            // Optimization of GeneratorWitness relation since we know that all
+            // free regions are replaced with bound regions during construction.
+            // This greatly speeds up equating of GeneratorWitness.
+            (&ty::GeneratorWitness(a_types), &ty::GeneratorWitness(b_types)) => {
+                let a_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(a_types);
+                let b_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(b_types);
+                if a_types.bound_vars() == b_types.bound_vars() {
+                    let (a_types, b_types) = infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(
+                        a_types.map_bound(|a_types| (a_types, b_types.skip_binder())),
+                    );
+                    for (a, b) in std::iter::zip(a_types, b_types) {
+                        self.relate(a, b)?;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Err(ty::error::TypeError::Sorts(ty::relate::expected_found(
+                        self, a, b,
+                    )));
+                }
+            }
 
             _ => {
                 self.fields.infcx.super_combine_tys(self, a, b)?;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
index 3a6119a6273..99469d1e1e7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ use super::{InferCtxt, RegionVariableOrigin, SubregionOrigin, TypeTrace, ValuePa
 
 use crate::infer;
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::find_anon_type::find_anon_type;
+use crate::infer::ExpectedFound;
 use crate::traits::error_reporting::report_object_safety_error;
 use crate::traits::{
     IfExpressionCause, MatchExpressionArmCause, ObligationCause, ObligationCauseCode,
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
 use rustc_errors::{pluralize, struct_span_err, Diagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed, IntoDiagnosticArg};
 use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder, DiagnosticStyledString, MultiSpan};
 use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
 use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
 use rustc_hir::Node;
@@ -68,8 +70,8 @@ use rustc_middle::dep_graph::DepContext;
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{self, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{
-    self, error::TypeError, Binder, List, Region, Subst, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable,
-    TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitable,
+    self, error::TypeError, Binder, List, Region, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperVisitable,
+    TypeVisitable,
 };
 use rustc_span::{sym, symbol::kw, BytePos, DesugaringKind, Pos, Span};
 use rustc_target::spec::abi;
@@ -96,11 +98,6 @@ pub(super) fn note_and_explain_region<'tcx>(
             msg_span_from_free_region(tcx, region, alt_span)
         }
 
-        ty::ReEmpty(ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT) => ("the empty lifetime".to_owned(), alt_span),
-
-        // uh oh, hope no user ever sees THIS
-        ty::ReEmpty(ui) => (format!("the empty lifetime in universe {:?}", ui), alt_span),
-
         ty::RePlaceholder(_) => return,
 
         // FIXME(#13998) RePlaceholder should probably print like
@@ -139,8 +136,6 @@ fn msg_span_from_free_region<'tcx>(
             (msg, Some(span))
         }
         ty::ReStatic => ("the static lifetime".to_owned(), alt_span),
-        ty::ReEmpty(ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT) => ("an empty lifetime".to_owned(), alt_span),
-        ty::ReEmpty(ui) => (format!("an empty lifetime in universe {:?}", ui), alt_span),
         _ => bug!("{:?}", region),
     }
 }
@@ -250,17 +245,7 @@ pub fn unexpected_hidden_region_diagnostic<'tcx>(
 
     // Explain the region we are capturing.
     match *hidden_region {
-        ty::ReEmpty(ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT) => {
-            // All lifetimes shorter than the function body are `empty` in
-            // lexical region resolution. The default explanation of "an empty
-            // lifetime" isn't really accurate here.
-            let message = format!(
-                "hidden type `{}` captures lifetime smaller than the function body",
-                hidden_ty
-            );
-            err.span_note(span, &message);
-        }
-        ty::ReEarlyBound(_) | ty::ReFree(_) | ty::ReStatic | ty::ReEmpty(_) => {
+        ty::ReEarlyBound(_) | ty::ReFree(_) | ty::ReStatic => {
             // Assuming regionck succeeded (*), we ought to always be
             // capturing *some* region from the fn header, and hence it
             // ought to be free. So under normal circumstances, we will go
@@ -386,7 +371,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                     RegionResolutionError::UpperBoundUniverseConflict(
                         _,
                         _,
-                        var_universe,
+                        _,
                         sup_origin,
                         sup_r,
                     ) => {
@@ -397,7 +382,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                         // placeholder. In practice, we expect more
                         // tailored errors that don't really use this
                         // value.
-                        let sub_r = self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReEmpty(var_universe));
+                        let sub_r = self.tcx.lifetimes.re_erased;
 
                         self.report_placeholder_failure(sup_origin, sub_r, sup_r).emit();
                     }
@@ -1434,7 +1419,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     /// the message in `secondary_span` as the primary label, and apply the message that would
     /// otherwise be used for the primary label on the `secondary_span` `Span`. This applies on
     /// E0271, like `src/test/ui/issues/issue-39970.stderr`.
-    #[tracing::instrument(
+    #[instrument(
         level = "debug",
         skip(self, diag, secondary_span, swap_secondary_and_primary, prefer_label)
     )]
@@ -1586,28 +1571,31 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             Some(values) => {
                 let values = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(values);
                 let (is_simple_error, exp_found) = match values {
-                    ValuePairs::Terms(infer::ExpectedFound {
-                        expected: ty::Term::Ty(expected),
-                        found: ty::Term::Ty(found),
-                    }) => {
-                        let is_simple_err = expected.is_simple_text() && found.is_simple_text();
-                        OpaqueTypesVisitor::visit_expected_found(self.tcx, expected, found, span)
-                            .report(diag);
-
-                        (
-                            is_simple_err,
-                            Mismatch::Variable(infer::ExpectedFound { expected, found }),
-                        )
+                    ValuePairs::Terms(infer::ExpectedFound { expected, found }) => {
+                        match (expected.unpack(), found.unpack()) {
+                            (ty::TermKind::Ty(expected), ty::TermKind::Ty(found)) => {
+                                let is_simple_err =
+                                    expected.is_simple_text() && found.is_simple_text();
+                                OpaqueTypesVisitor::visit_expected_found(
+                                    self.tcx, expected, found, span,
+                                )
+                                .report(diag);
+
+                                (
+                                    is_simple_err,
+                                    Mismatch::Variable(infer::ExpectedFound { expected, found }),
+                                )
+                            }
+                            (ty::TermKind::Const(_), ty::TermKind::Const(_)) => {
+                                (false, Mismatch::Fixed("constant"))
+                            }
+                            _ => (false, Mismatch::Fixed("type")),
+                        }
                     }
-                    ValuePairs::Terms(infer::ExpectedFound {
-                        expected: ty::Term::Const(_),
-                        found: ty::Term::Const(_),
-                    }) => (false, Mismatch::Fixed("constant")),
                     ValuePairs::TraitRefs(_) | ValuePairs::PolyTraitRefs(_) => {
                         (false, Mismatch::Fixed("trait"))
                     }
                     ValuePairs::Regions(_) => (false, Mismatch::Fixed("lifetime")),
-                    _ => (false, Mismatch::Fixed("type")),
                 };
                 let vals = match self.values_str(values) {
                     Some((expected, found)) => Some((expected, found)),
@@ -1666,8 +1654,114 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 ),
                 Mismatch::Fixed(s) => (s.into(), s.into(), None),
             };
-            match (&terr, expected == found) {
-                (TypeError::Sorts(values), extra) => {
+
+            enum Similar<'tcx> {
+                Adts { expected: ty::AdtDef<'tcx>, found: ty::AdtDef<'tcx> },
+                PrimitiveFound { expected: ty::AdtDef<'tcx>, found: Ty<'tcx> },
+                PrimitiveExpected { expected: Ty<'tcx>, found: ty::AdtDef<'tcx> },
+            }
+
+            let similarity = |ExpectedFound { expected, found }: ExpectedFound<Ty<'tcx>>| {
+                if let ty::Adt(expected, _) = expected.kind() && let Some(primitive) = found.primitive_symbol() {
+                    let path = self.tcx.def_path(expected.did()).data;
+                    let name = path.last().unwrap().data.get_opt_name();
+                    if name == Some(primitive) {
+                        return Some(Similar::PrimitiveFound { expected: *expected, found });
+                    }
+                } else if let Some(primitive) = expected.primitive_symbol() && let ty::Adt(found, _) = found.kind() {
+                    let path = self.tcx.def_path(found.did()).data;
+                    let name = path.last().unwrap().data.get_opt_name();
+                    if name == Some(primitive) {
+                        return Some(Similar::PrimitiveExpected { expected, found: *found });
+                    }
+                } else if let ty::Adt(expected, _) = expected.kind() && let ty::Adt(found, _) = found.kind() {
+                    if !expected.did().is_local() && expected.did().krate == found.did().krate {
+                        // Most likely types from different versions of the same crate
+                        // are in play, in which case this message isn't so helpful.
+                        // A "perhaps two different versions..." error is already emitted for that.
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    let f_path = self.tcx.def_path(found.did()).data;
+                    let e_path = self.tcx.def_path(expected.did()).data;
+
+                    if let (Some(e_last), Some(f_last)) = (e_path.last(), f_path.last()) && e_last ==  f_last {
+                        return Some(Similar::Adts{expected: *expected, found: *found});
+                    }
+                }
+                None
+            };
+
+            match terr {
+                // If two types mismatch but have similar names, mention that specifically.
+                TypeError::Sorts(values) if let Some(s) = similarity(values) => {
+                    let diagnose_primitive =
+                        |prim: Ty<'tcx>,
+                         shadow: Ty<'tcx>,
+                         defid: DefId,
+                         diagnostic: &mut Diagnostic| {
+                            let name = shadow.sort_string(self.tcx);
+                            diagnostic.note(format!(
+                            "{prim} and {name} have similar names, but are actually distinct types"
+                        ));
+                            diagnostic
+                                .note(format!("{prim} is a primitive defined by the language"));
+                            let def_span = self.tcx.def_span(defid);
+                            let msg = if defid.is_local() {
+                                format!("{name} is defined in the current crate")
+                            } else {
+                                let crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(defid.krate);
+                                format!("{name} is defined in crate `{crate_name}")
+                            };
+                            diagnostic.span_note(def_span, msg);
+                        };
+
+                    let diagnose_adts =
+                        |expected_adt : ty::AdtDef<'tcx>,
+                         found_adt: ty::AdtDef<'tcx>,
+                         diagnostic: &mut Diagnostic| {
+                            let found_name = values.found.sort_string(self.tcx);
+                            let expected_name = values.expected.sort_string(self.tcx);
+
+                            let found_defid = found_adt.did();
+                            let expected_defid = expected_adt.did();
+
+                            diagnostic.note(format!("{found_name} and {expected_name} have similar names, but are actually distinct types"));
+                            for (defid, name) in
+                                [(found_defid, found_name), (expected_defid, expected_name)]
+                            {
+                                let def_span = self.tcx.def_span(defid);
+
+                                let msg = if found_defid.is_local() && expected_defid.is_local() {
+                                    let module = self
+                                        .tcx
+                                        .parent_module_from_def_id(defid.expect_local())
+                                        .to_def_id();
+                                    let module_name = self.tcx.def_path(module).to_string_no_crate_verbose();
+                                    format!("{name} is defined in module `crate{module_name}` of the current crate")
+                                } else if defid.is_local() {
+                                    format!("{name} is defined in the current crate")
+                                } else {
+                                    let crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(defid.krate);
+                                    format!("{name} is defined in crate `{crate_name}`")
+                                };
+                                diagnostic.span_note(def_span, msg);
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                    match s {
+                        Similar::Adts{expected, found} => {
+                            diagnose_adts(expected, found, diag)
+                        }
+                        Similar::PrimitiveFound{expected, found: prim} => {
+                            diagnose_primitive(prim, values.expected, expected.did(), diag)
+                        }
+                        Similar::PrimitiveExpected{expected: prim, found} => {
+                            diagnose_primitive(prim, values.found, found.did(), diag)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                TypeError::Sorts(values) => {
+                    let extra = expected == found;
                     let sort_string = |ty: Ty<'tcx>| match (extra, ty.kind()) {
                         (true, ty::Opaque(def_id, _)) => {
                             let sm = self.tcx.sess.source_map();
@@ -1679,6 +1773,19 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                                 pos.col.to_usize() + 1,
                             )
                         }
+                        (true, ty::Projection(proj))
+                            if self.tcx.def_kind(proj.item_def_id)
+                                == DefKind::ImplTraitPlaceholder =>
+                        {
+                            let sm = self.tcx.sess.source_map();
+                            let pos = sm.lookup_char_pos(self.tcx.def_span(proj.item_def_id).lo());
+                            format!(
+                                " (trait associated opaque type at <{}:{}:{}>)",
+                                sm.filename_for_diagnostics(&pos.file.name),
+                                pos.line,
+                                pos.col.to_usize() + 1,
+                            )
+                        }
                         (true, _) => format!(" ({})", ty.sort_string(self.tcx)),
                         (false, _) => "".to_string(),
                     };
@@ -1707,10 +1814,10 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                         );
                     }
                 }
-                (TypeError::ObjectUnsafeCoercion(_), _) => {
+                TypeError::ObjectUnsafeCoercion(_) => {
                     diag.note_unsuccessful_coercion(found, expected);
                 }
-                (_, _) => {
+                _ => {
                     debug!(
                         "note_type_err: exp_found={:?}, expected={:?} found={:?}",
                         exp_found, expected, found
@@ -2273,11 +2380,11 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             return None;
         }
 
-        Some(match (exp_found.expected, exp_found.found) {
-            (ty::Term::Ty(expected), ty::Term::Ty(found)) => self.cmp(expected, found),
-            (expected, found) => (
-                DiagnosticStyledString::highlighted(expected.to_string()),
-                DiagnosticStyledString::highlighted(found.to_string()),
+        Some(match (exp_found.expected.unpack(), exp_found.found.unpack()) {
+            (ty::TermKind::Ty(expected), ty::TermKind::Ty(found)) => self.cmp(expected, found),
+            _ => (
+                DiagnosticStyledString::highlighted(exp_found.expected.to_string()),
+                DiagnosticStyledString::highlighted(exp_found.found.to_string()),
             ),
         })
     }
@@ -2333,7 +2440,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                         // We do this to avoid suggesting code that ends up as `T: 'a'b`,
                         // instead we suggest `T: 'a + 'b` in that case.
                         let hir_id = self.tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id);
-                        let ast_generics = self.tcx.hir().get_generics(hir_id.owner);
+                        let ast_generics = self.tcx.hir().get_generics(hir_id.owner.def_id);
                         let bounds =
                             ast_generics.and_then(|g| g.bounds_span_for_suggestions(def_id));
                         // `sp` only covers `T`, change it so that it covers
@@ -2374,6 +2481,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         let labeled_user_string = match bound_kind {
             GenericKind::Param(ref p) => format!("the parameter type `{}`", p),
             GenericKind::Projection(ref p) => format!("the associated type `{}`", p),
+            GenericKind::Opaque(def_id, substs) => {
+                format!("the opaque type `{}`", self.tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(def_id, substs))
+            }
         };
 
         if let Some(SubregionOrigin::CompareImplItemObligation {
@@ -2395,19 +2505,23 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             type_param_span: Option<(Span, bool)>,
             bound_kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,
             sub: S,
+            add_lt_sugg: Option<(Span, String)>,
         ) {
             let msg = "consider adding an explicit lifetime bound";
             if let Some((sp, has_lifetimes)) = type_param_span {
                 let suggestion =
                     if has_lifetimes { format!(" + {}", sub) } else { format!(": {}", sub) };
-                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                    sp,
-                    &format!("{}...", msg),
-                    suggestion,
+                let mut suggestions = vec![(sp, suggestion)];
+                if let Some(add_lt_sugg) = add_lt_sugg {
+                    suggestions.push(add_lt_sugg);
+                }
+                err.multipart_suggestion_verbose(
+                    format!("{msg}..."),
+                    suggestions,
                     Applicability::MaybeIncorrect, // Issue #41966
                 );
             } else {
-                let consider = format!("{} `{}: {}`...", msg, bound_kind, sub,);
+                let consider = format!("{} `{}: {}`...", msg, bound_kind, sub);
                 err.help(&consider);
             }
         }
@@ -2423,7 +2537,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                     };
                     let mut sugg =
                         vec![(sp, suggestion), (span.shrink_to_hi(), format!(" + {}", new_lt))];
-                    if let Some(lt) = add_lt_sugg {
+                    if let Some(lt) = add_lt_sugg.clone() {
                         sugg.push(lt);
                         sugg.rotate_right(1);
                     }
@@ -2529,7 +2643,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 // for the bound is not suitable for suggestions when `-Zverbose` is set because it
                 // uses `Debug` output, so we handle it specially here so that suggestions are
                 // always correct.
-                binding_suggestion(&mut err, type_param_span, bound_kind, name);
+                binding_suggestion(&mut err, type_param_span, bound_kind, name, None);
                 err
             }
 
@@ -2542,7 +2656,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                     "{} may not live long enough",
                     labeled_user_string
                 );
-                binding_suggestion(&mut err, type_param_span, bound_kind, "'static");
+                binding_suggestion(&mut err, type_param_span, bound_kind, "'static", None);
                 err
             }
 
@@ -2576,7 +2690,13 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                             new_binding_suggestion(&mut err, type_param_span);
                         }
                         _ => {
-                            binding_suggestion(&mut err, type_param_span, bound_kind, new_lt);
+                            binding_suggestion(
+                                &mut err,
+                                type_param_span,
+                                bound_kind,
+                                new_lt,
+                                add_lt_sugg,
+                            );
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -2755,7 +2875,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for SameTypeModuloInfer<'_, 'tcx> {
     where
         T: relate::Relate<'tcx>,
     {
-        Ok(ty::Binder::dummy(self.relate(a.skip_binder(), b.skip_binder())?))
+        Ok(a.rebind(self.relate(a.skip_binder(), b.skip_binder())?))
     }
 
     fn consts(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs
index e990fe7ecb5..baa97d72a4b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::errors::{
 };
 use crate::infer::type_variable::{TypeVariableOrigin, TypeVariableOriginKind};
 use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use rustc_errors::IntoDiagnostic;
 use rustc_errors::{DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed, IntoDiagnosticArg};
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def::Res;
@@ -15,10 +16,9 @@ use rustc_middle::hir::nested_filter;
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::{ConstVariableOrigin, ConstVariableOriginKind};
 use rustc_middle::ty::adjustment::{Adjust, Adjustment, AutoBorrow, AutoBorrowMutability};
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::{FmtPrinter, PrettyPrinter, Print, Printer};
-use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind, Subst, SubstsRef};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, DefIdTree, InferConst};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind, SubstsRef};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{IsSuggestable, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeckResults};
-use rustc_session::SessionDiagnostic;
 use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, Ident};
 use rustc_span::{BytePos, Span};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ fn ty_to_string<'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> String {
 }
 
 /// We don't want to directly use `ty_to_string` for closures as their type isn't really
-/// something users are familar with. Directly printing the `fn_sig` of closures also
+/// something users are familiar with. Directly printing the `fn_sig` of closures also
 /// doesn't work as they actually use the "rust-call" API.
 fn closure_as_fn_str<'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> String {
     let ty::Closure(_, substs) = ty.kind() else { unreachable!() };
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 multi_suggestions,
                 bad_label,
             }
-            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess),
+            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic),
             TypeAnnotationNeeded::E0283 => AmbigousImpl {
                 span,
                 source_kind,
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 multi_suggestions,
                 bad_label,
             }
-            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess),
+            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic),
             TypeAnnotationNeeded::E0284 => AmbigousReturn {
                 span,
                 source_kind,
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 multi_suggestions,
                 bad_label,
             }
-            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess),
+            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic),
         }
     }
 
@@ -511,20 +511,20 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                     _ => "",
                 };
 
-                multi_suggestions.push(SourceKindMultiSuggestion::FullyQualified {
-                    span: receiver.span,
+                multi_suggestions.push(SourceKindMultiSuggestion::new_fully_qualified(
+                    receiver.span,
                     def_path,
                     adjustment,
                     successor,
-                });
+                ));
             }
             InferSourceKind::ClosureReturn { ty, data, should_wrap_expr } => {
                 let ty_info = ty_to_string(self, ty);
-                multi_suggestions.push(SourceKindMultiSuggestion::ClosureReturn {
+                multi_suggestions.push(SourceKindMultiSuggestion::new_closure_return(
                     ty_info,
                     data,
                     should_wrap_expr,
-                });
+                ));
             }
         }
         match error_code {
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 multi_suggestions,
                 bad_label: None,
             }
-            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess),
+            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic),
             TypeAnnotationNeeded::E0283 => AmbigousImpl {
                 span,
                 source_kind,
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 multi_suggestions,
                 bad_label: None,
             }
-            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess),
+            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic),
             TypeAnnotationNeeded::E0284 => AmbigousReturn {
                 span,
                 source_kind,
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 multi_suggestions,
                 bad_label: None,
             }
-            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess),
+            .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic),
         }
     }
 
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             span,
             generator_kind: GeneratorKindAsDiagArg(kind),
         }
-        .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess)
+        .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic)
     }
 }
 
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(segment, _, _) => {
+            hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(segment, ..) => {
                 if let Some(def_id) = self.typeck_results.type_dependent_def_id(expr.hir_id) {
                     let generics = tcx.generics_of(def_id);
                     let insertable: Option<_> = try {
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                             None?
                         }
                         let substs = self.node_substs_opt(expr.hir_id)?;
-                        let span = tcx.hir().span(segment.hir_id?);
+                        let span = tcx.hir().span(segment.hir_id);
                         let insert_span = segment.ident.span.shrink_to_hi().with_hi(span.hi());
                         InsertableGenericArgs {
                             insert_span,
@@ -957,13 +957,13 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
         path.segments
             .iter()
             .filter_map(move |segment| {
-                let res = segment.res?;
+                let res = segment.res;
                 let generics_def_id = tcx.res_generics_def_id(res)?;
                 let generics = tcx.generics_of(generics_def_id);
                 if generics.has_impl_trait() {
                     return None;
                 }
-                let span = tcx.hir().span(segment.hir_id?);
+                let span = tcx.hir().span(segment.hir_id);
                 let insert_span = segment.ident.span.shrink_to_hi().with_hi(span.hi());
                 Some(InsertableGenericArgs {
                     insert_span,
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                     if !segment.infer_args || generics.has_impl_trait() {
                         None?;
                     }
-                    let span = tcx.hir().span(segment.hir_id?);
+                    let span = tcx.hir().span(segment.hir_id);
                     let insert_span = segment.ident.span.shrink_to_hi().with_hi(span.hi());
                     InsertableGenericArgs { insert_span, substs, generics_def_id: def_id, def_id }
                 };
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                 let generic_args = &generics.own_substs_no_defaults(tcx, substs)
                     [generics.own_counts().lifetimes..];
                 let span = match expr.kind {
-                    ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, _) => path.ident.span,
+                    ExprKind::MethodCall(path, ..) => path.ident.span,
                     _ => expr.span,
                 };
 
@@ -1181,7 +1181,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
             })
             .any(|generics| generics.has_impl_trait())
         };
-        if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, args, span) = expr.kind
+        if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, receiver, args, span) = expr.kind
             && let Some(substs) = self.node_substs_opt(expr.hir_id)
             && substs.iter().any(|arg| self.generic_arg_contains_target(arg))
             && let Some(def_id) = self.typeck_results.type_dependent_def_id(expr.hir_id)
@@ -1189,12 +1189,12 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
             && !has_impl_trait(def_id)
         {
             let successor =
-                args.get(1).map_or_else(|| (")", span.hi()), |arg| (", ", arg.span.lo()));
+                args.get(0).map_or_else(|| (")", span.hi()), |arg| (", ", arg.span.lo()));
             let substs = self.infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(substs);
             self.update_infer_source(InferSource {
                 span: path.ident.span,
                 kind: InferSourceKind::FullyQualifiedMethodCall {
-                    receiver: args.first().unwrap(),
+                    receiver,
                     successor,
                     substs,
                     def_id,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/different_lifetimes.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/different_lifetimes.rs
index 9a2ab3e3224..da0271a345e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/different_lifetimes.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/different_lifetimes.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 //! Error Reporting for Anonymous Region Lifetime Errors
 //! where both the regions are anonymous.
 
+use crate::errors::AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion;
+use crate::errors::LifetimeMismatch;
+use crate::errors::LifetimeMismatchLabels;
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::find_anon_type::find_anon_type;
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::util::AnonymousParamInfo;
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::NiceRegionError;
@@ -8,11 +11,10 @@ use crate::infer::lexical_region_resolve::RegionResolutionError;
 use crate::infer::SubregionOrigin;
 use crate::infer::TyCtxt;
 
-use rustc_errors::{struct_span_err, Applicability, Diagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed};
-use rustc_hir as hir;
-use rustc_hir::{GenericParamKind, Ty};
+use rustc_errors::AddToDiagnostic;
+use rustc_errors::{Diagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_hir::Ty;
 use rustc_middle::ty::Region;
-use rustc_span::symbol::kw;
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
     /// Print the error message for lifetime errors when both the concerned regions are anonymous.
@@ -98,137 +100,50 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
         let sub_is_ret_type =
             self.is_return_type_anon(scope_def_id_sub, bregion_sub, ty_fndecl_sub);
 
-        let span_label_var1 = match anon_param_sup.pat.simple_ident() {
-            Some(simple_ident) => format!(" from `{}`", simple_ident),
-            None => String::new(),
-        };
-
-        let span_label_var2 = match anon_param_sub.pat.simple_ident() {
-            Some(simple_ident) => format!(" into `{}`", simple_ident),
-            None => String::new(),
-        };
-
         debug!(
             "try_report_anon_anon_conflict: sub_is_ret_type={:?} sup_is_ret_type={:?}",
             sub_is_ret_type, sup_is_ret_type
         );
 
-        let mut err = struct_span_err!(self.tcx().sess, span, E0623, "lifetime mismatch");
-
-        match (sup_is_ret_type, sub_is_ret_type) {
+        let labels = match (sup_is_ret_type, sub_is_ret_type) {
             (ret_capture @ Some(ret_span), _) | (_, ret_capture @ Some(ret_span)) => {
                 let param_span =
                     if sup_is_ret_type == ret_capture { ty_sub.span } else { ty_sup.span };
-
-                err.span_label(
+                LifetimeMismatchLabels::InRet {
                     param_span,
-                    "this parameter and the return type are declared with different lifetimes...",
-                );
-                err.span_label(ret_span, "");
-                err.span_label(span, format!("...but data{} is returned here", span_label_var1));
-            }
-
-            (None, None) => {
-                if ty_sup.hir_id == ty_sub.hir_id {
-                    err.span_label(ty_sup.span, "this type is declared with multiple lifetimes...");
-                    err.span_label(ty_sub.span, "");
-                    err.span_label(span, "...but data with one lifetime flows into the other here");
-                } else {
-                    err.span_label(
-                        ty_sup.span,
-                        "these two types are declared with different lifetimes...",
-                    );
-                    err.span_label(ty_sub.span, "");
-                    err.span_label(
-                        span,
-                        format!("...but data{} flows{} here", span_label_var1, span_label_var2),
-                    );
+                    ret_span,
+                    span,
+                    label_var1: anon_param_sup.pat.simple_ident(),
                 }
             }
-        }
 
-        if suggest_adding_lifetime_params(self.tcx(), sub, ty_sup, ty_sub, &mut err) {
-            err.note("each elided lifetime in input position becomes a distinct lifetime");
-        }
+            (None, None) => LifetimeMismatchLabels::Normal {
+                hir_equal: ty_sup.hir_id == ty_sub.hir_id,
+                ty_sup: ty_sup.span,
+                ty_sub: ty_sub.span,
+                span,
+                sup: anon_param_sup.pat.simple_ident(),
+                sub: anon_param_sub.pat.simple_ident(),
+            },
+        };
 
-        let reported = err.emit();
+        let suggestion =
+            AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion { tcx: self.tcx(), sub, ty_sup, ty_sub, add_note: true };
+        let err = LifetimeMismatch { span, labels, suggestion };
+        let reported = self.tcx().sess.emit_err(err);
         Some(reported)
     }
 }
 
+/// Currently only used in rustc_borrowck, probably should be
+/// removed in favour of public_errors::AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion
 pub fn suggest_adding_lifetime_params<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     sub: Region<'tcx>,
-    ty_sup: &Ty<'_>,
-    ty_sub: &Ty<'_>,
+    ty_sup: &'tcx Ty<'_>,
+    ty_sub: &'tcx Ty<'_>,
     err: &mut Diagnostic,
-) -> bool {
-    let (
-        hir::Ty { kind: hir::TyKind::Rptr(lifetime_sub, _), .. },
-        hir::Ty { kind: hir::TyKind::Rptr(lifetime_sup, _), .. },
-    ) = (ty_sub, ty_sup) else {
-        return false;
-    };
-
-    if !lifetime_sub.name.is_anonymous() || !lifetime_sup.name.is_anonymous() {
-        return false;
-    };
-
-    let Some(anon_reg) = tcx.is_suitable_region(sub) else {
-        return false;
-    };
-
-    let hir_id = tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(anon_reg.def_id);
-
-    let node = tcx.hir().get(hir_id);
-    let is_impl = matches!(&node, hir::Node::ImplItem(_));
-    let generics = match node {
-        hir::Node::Item(&hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(_, ref generics, ..), .. })
-        | hir::Node::TraitItem(&hir::TraitItem { ref generics, .. })
-        | hir::Node::ImplItem(&hir::ImplItem { ref generics, .. }) => generics,
-        _ => return false,
-    };
-
-    let suggestion_param_name = generics
-        .params
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|p| matches!(p.kind, GenericParamKind::Lifetime { .. }))
-        .map(|p| p.name.ident().name)
-        .find(|i| *i != kw::UnderscoreLifetime);
-    let introduce_new = suggestion_param_name.is_none();
-    let suggestion_param_name =
-        suggestion_param_name.map(|n| n.to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| "'a".to_owned());
-
-    debug!(?lifetime_sup.span);
-    debug!(?lifetime_sub.span);
-    let make_suggestion = |span: rustc_span::Span| {
-        if span.is_empty() {
-            (span, format!("{}, ", suggestion_param_name))
-        } else if let Ok("&") = tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span).as_deref() {
-            (span.shrink_to_hi(), format!("{} ", suggestion_param_name))
-        } else {
-            (span, suggestion_param_name.clone())
-        }
-    };
-    let mut suggestions =
-        vec![make_suggestion(lifetime_sub.span), make_suggestion(lifetime_sup.span)];
-
-    if introduce_new {
-        let new_param_suggestion =
-            if let Some(first) = generics.params.iter().find(|p| !p.name.ident().span.is_empty()) {
-                (first.span.shrink_to_lo(), format!("{}, ", suggestion_param_name))
-            } else {
-                (generics.span, format!("<{}>", suggestion_param_name))
-            };
-
-        suggestions.push(new_param_suggestion);
-    }
-
-    let mut sugg = String::from("consider introducing a named lifetime parameter");
-    if is_impl {
-        sugg.push_str(" and update trait if needed");
-    }
-    err.multipart_suggestion(sugg, suggestions, Applicability::MaybeIncorrect);
-
-    true
+) {
+    let suggestion = AddLifetimeParamsSuggestion { tcx, sub, ty_sup, ty_sub, add_note: false };
+    suggestion.add_to_diagnostic(err);
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs
index ddad72fdab9..d8f540b7446 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindNestedTypeVisitor<'tcx> {
             hir::TyKind::TraitObject(bounds, ..) => {
                 for bound in bounds {
                     self.current_index.shift_in(1);
-                    self.visit_poly_trait_ref(bound, hir::TraitBoundModifier::None);
+                    self.visit_poly_trait_ref(bound);
                     self.current_index.shift_out(1);
                 }
             }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs
index c20b96cae2e..1410e2b63b0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 //! Error Reporting for when the lifetime for a type doesn't match the `impl` selected for a predicate
 //! to hold.
 
+use crate::errors::{note_and_explain, IntroducesStaticBecauseUnmetLifetimeReq};
+use crate::errors::{ImplNote, MismatchedStaticLifetime, TraitSubdiag};
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::NiceRegionError;
-use crate::infer::error_reporting::note_and_explain_region;
 use crate::infer::lexical_region_resolve::RegionResolutionError;
 use crate::infer::{SubregionOrigin, TypeTrace};
 use crate::traits::ObligationCauseCode;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, ErrorGuaranteed, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_errors::{ErrorGuaranteed, MultiSpan};
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::intravisit::Visitor;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TypeVisitor;
@@ -39,12 +40,23 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
             = *parent.code() else {
             return None;
         };
-        let mut err = self.tcx().sess.struct_span_err(cause.span, "incompatible lifetime on type");
+
         // FIXME: we should point at the lifetime
-        let mut multi_span: MultiSpan = vec![binding_span].into();
-        multi_span.push_span_label(binding_span, "introduces a `'static` lifetime requirement");
-        err.span_note(multi_span, "because this has an unmet lifetime requirement");
-        note_and_explain_region(self.tcx(), &mut err, "", sup, "...", Some(binding_span));
+        let multi_span: MultiSpan = vec![binding_span].into();
+        let multispan_subdiag = IntroducesStaticBecauseUnmetLifetimeReq {
+            unmet_requirements: multi_span,
+            binding_span,
+        };
+
+        let expl = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
+            self.tcx(),
+            sup,
+            Some(binding_span),
+            note_and_explain::PrefixKind::Empty,
+            note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Continues,
+        );
+        let mut impl_span = None;
+        let mut trait_subdiags = Vec::new();
         if let Some(impl_node) = self.tcx().hir().get_if_local(*impl_def_id) {
             // If an impl is local, then maybe this isn't what they want. Try to
             // be as helpful as possible with implicit lifetimes.
@@ -73,31 +85,30 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
                 // there aren't trait objects or because none are implicit, then just
                 // write a single note on the impl itself.
 
-                let impl_span = self.tcx().def_span(*impl_def_id);
-                err.span_note(impl_span, "...does not necessarily outlive the static lifetime introduced by the compatible `impl`");
+                impl_span = Some(self.tcx().def_span(*impl_def_id));
             } else {
                 // Otherwise, point at all implicit static lifetimes
 
-                err.note("...does not necessarily outlive the static lifetime introduced by the compatible `impl`");
                 for span in &traits {
-                    err.span_note(*span, "this has an implicit `'static` lifetime requirement");
+                    trait_subdiags.push(TraitSubdiag::Note { span: *span });
                     // It would be nice to put this immediately under the above note, but they get
                     // pushed to the end.
-                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                        span.shrink_to_hi(),
-                        "consider relaxing the implicit `'static` requirement",
-                        " + '_",
-                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                    );
+                    trait_subdiags.push(TraitSubdiag::Sugg { span: span.shrink_to_hi() });
                 }
             }
         } else {
             // Otherwise just point out the impl.
 
-            let impl_span = self.tcx().def_span(*impl_def_id);
-            err.span_note(impl_span, "...does not necessarily outlive the static lifetime introduced by the compatible `impl`");
+            impl_span = Some(self.tcx().def_span(*impl_def_id));
         }
-        let reported = err.emit();
+        let err = MismatchedStaticLifetime {
+            cause_span: cause.span,
+            unmet_lifetime_reqs: multispan_subdiag,
+            expl,
+            impl_note: ImplNote { impl_span },
+            trait_subdiags,
+        };
+        let reported = self.tcx().sess.emit_err(err);
         Some(reported)
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs
index f804569b074..2ccfcd51b11 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs
@@ -185,8 +185,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
             | ObligationCauseCode::BlockTailExpression(hir_id) = cause.code()
             {
                 let parent_id = tcx.hir().get_parent_item(*hir_id);
-                let parent_id = tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(parent_id);
-                if let Some(fn_decl) = tcx.hir().fn_decl_by_hir_id(parent_id) {
+                if let Some(fn_decl) = tcx.hir().fn_decl_by_hir_id(parent_id.into()) {
                     let mut span: MultiSpan = fn_decl.output.span().into();
                     let mut add_label = true;
                     if let hir::FnRetTy::Return(ty) = fn_decl.output {
@@ -300,7 +299,7 @@ pub fn suggest_new_region_bound(
             continue;
         }
         match fn_return.kind {
-            TyKind::OpaqueDef(item_id, _) => {
+            TyKind::OpaqueDef(item_id, _, _) => {
                 let item = tcx.hir().item(item_id);
                 let ItemKind::OpaqueTy(opaque) = &item.kind else {
                     return;
@@ -415,7 +414,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
         let tcx = self.tcx();
         match tcx.hir().get_if_local(def_id) {
             Some(Node::ImplItem(impl_item)) => {
-                match tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(tcx.hir().get_parent_item(impl_item.hir_id())) {
+                match tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(tcx.hir().get_parent_item(impl_item.hir_id()).def_id)
+                {
                     Some(Node::Item(Item {
                         kind: ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { self_ty, .. }),
                         ..
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
             }
             Some(Node::TraitItem(trait_item)) => {
                 let trait_did = tcx.hir().get_parent_item(trait_item.hir_id());
-                match tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(trait_did) {
+                match tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(trait_did.def_id) {
                     Some(Node::Item(Item { kind: ItemKind::Trait(..), .. })) => {
                         // The method being called is defined in the `trait`, but the `'static`
                         // obligation comes from the `impl`. Find that `impl` so that we can point
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ pub struct TraitObjectVisitor(pub FxHashSet<DefId>);
 impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for TraitObjectVisitor {
     fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
         match t.kind() {
-            ty::Dynamic(preds, re) if re.is_static() => {
+            ty::Dynamic(preds, re, _) if re.is_static() => {
                 if let Some(def_id) = preds.principal_def_id() {
                     self.0.insert(def_id);
                 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs
index da465a76429..a6a39d062d5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs
@@ -154,16 +154,11 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for TypeParamSpanVisitor<'tcx> {
             }
             hir::TyKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(None, path)) => match &path.segments {
                 [segment]
-                    if segment
-                        .res
-                        .map(|res| {
-                            matches!(
-                                res,
-                                Res::SelfTy { trait_: _, alias_to: _ }
-                                    | Res::Def(hir::def::DefKind::TyParam, _)
-                            )
-                        })
-                        .unwrap_or(false) =>
+                    if matches!(
+                        segment.res,
+                        Res::SelfTy { trait_: _, alias_to: _ }
+                            | Res::Def(hir::def::DefKind::TyParam, _)
+                    ) =>
                 {
                     self.types.push(path.span);
                 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs
index cffdf56bb6d..286cfb64a1e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::errors::RegionOriginNote;
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::note_and_explain_region;
 use crate::infer::{self, InferCtxt, SubregionOrigin};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    fluent, struct_span_err, AddSubdiagnostic, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed,
+    fluent, struct_span_err, AddToDiagnostic, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed,
 };
 use rustc_middle::traits::ObligationCauseCode;
 use rustc_middle::ty::error::TypeError;
@@ -77,6 +77,13 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             infer::CheckAssociatedTypeBounds { ref parent, .. } => {
                 self.note_region_origin(err, &parent);
             }
+            infer::AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(span) => {
+                RegionOriginNote::Plain {
+                    span,
+                    msg: fluent::infer::ascribe_user_type_prove_predicate,
+                }
+                .add_to_diagnostic(err);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -356,6 +363,27 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
 
                 err
             }
+            infer::AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(span) => {
+                let mut err =
+                    struct_span_err!(self.tcx.sess, span, E0478, "lifetime bound not satisfied");
+                note_and_explain_region(
+                    self.tcx,
+                    &mut err,
+                    "lifetime instantiated with ",
+                    sup,
+                    "",
+                    None,
+                );
+                note_and_explain_region(
+                    self.tcx,
+                    &mut err,
+                    "but lifetime must outlive ",
+                    sub,
+                    "",
+                    None,
+                );
+                err
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs
index 84004d2b21f..fee15afc7b3 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs
@@ -126,7 +126,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
             | ty::ReFree(_)
             | ty::ReVar(_)
             | ty::RePlaceholder(..)
-            | ty::ReEmpty(_)
             | ty::ReErased => {
                 // replace all free regions with 'erased
                 self.tcx().lifetimes.re_erased
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
index d0d9efe152c..0ce271c0e5d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     /// For more details visit the relevant sections of the [rustc dev guide].
     ///
     /// [rustc dev guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/hrtb.html
-    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
     pub fn replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders<T>(&self, binder: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>) -> T
     where
         T: TypeFoldable<'tcx> + Copy,
@@ -81,19 +81,19 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         let next_universe = self.create_next_universe();
 
         let delegate = FnMutDelegate {
-            regions: |br: ty::BoundRegion| {
+            regions: &mut |br: ty::BoundRegion| {
                 self.tcx.mk_region(ty::RePlaceholder(ty::PlaceholderRegion {
                     universe: next_universe,
                     name: br.kind,
                 }))
             },
-            types: |bound_ty: ty::BoundTy| {
+            types: &mut |bound_ty: ty::BoundTy| {
                 self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
                     universe: next_universe,
                     name: bound_ty.var,
                 }))
             },
-            consts: |bound_var: ty::BoundVar, ty| {
+            consts: &mut |bound_var: ty::BoundVar, ty| {
                 self.tcx.mk_const(ty::ConstS {
                     kind: ty::ConstKind::Placeholder(ty::PlaceholderConst {
                         universe: next_universe,
@@ -104,9 +104,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             },
         };
 
-        let result = self.tcx.replace_bound_vars_uncached(binder, delegate);
-        debug!(?next_universe, ?result);
-        result
+        debug!(?next_universe);
+        self.tcx.replace_bound_vars_uncached(binder, delegate)
     }
 
     /// See [RegionConstraintCollector::leak_check][1].
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs
index 3783cfb4cc5..5f13b2b3deb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ use rustc_data_structures::graph::implementation::{
 use rustc_data_structures::intern::Interned;
 use rustc_index::vec::{Idx, IndexVec};
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::PlaceholderRegion;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{ReEarlyBound, ReEmpty, ReErased, ReFree, ReStatic};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ReEarlyBound, ReErased, ReFree, ReStatic};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{ReLateBound, RePlaceholder, ReVar};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{Region, RegionVid};
 use rustc_span::Span;
@@ -51,6 +52,13 @@ pub struct LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx> {
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) enum VarValue<'tcx> {
+    /// Empty lifetime is for data that is never accessed.  We tag the
+    /// empty lifetime with a universe -- the idea is that we don't
+    /// want `exists<'a> { forall<'b> { 'b: 'a } }` to be satisfiable.
+    /// Therefore, the `'empty` in a universe `U` is less than all
+    /// regions visible from `U`, but not less than regions not visible
+    /// from `U`.
+    Empty(ty::UniverseIndex),
     Value(Region<'tcx>),
     ErrorValue,
 }
@@ -117,7 +125,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
         &mut self,
         errors: &mut Vec<RegionResolutionError<'tcx>>,
     ) -> LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx> {
-        let mut var_data = self.construct_var_data(self.tcx());
+        let mut var_data = self.construct_var_data();
 
         if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
             self.dump_constraints();
@@ -137,13 +145,12 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
 
     /// Initially, the value for all variables is set to `'empty`, the
     /// empty region. The `expansion` phase will grow this larger.
-    fn construct_var_data(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx> {
+    fn construct_var_data(&self) -> LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx> {
         LexicalRegionResolutions {
             values: IndexVec::from_fn_n(
                 |vid| {
                     let vid_universe = self.var_infos[vid].universe;
-                    let re_empty = tcx.mk_region(ty::ReEmpty(vid_universe));
-                    VarValue::Value(re_empty)
+                    VarValue::Empty(vid_universe)
                 },
                 self.num_vars(),
             ),
@@ -189,20 +196,131 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Gets the LUb of a given region and the empty region
+    fn lub_empty(&self, a_region: Region<'tcx>) -> Result<Region<'tcx>, PlaceholderRegion> {
+        match *a_region {
+            ReLateBound(..) | ReErased => {
+                bug!("cannot relate region: {:?}", a_region);
+            }
+
+            ReVar(v_id) => {
+                span_bug!(
+                    self.var_infos[v_id].origin.span(),
+                    "lub invoked with non-concrete regions: {:?}",
+                    a_region,
+                );
+            }
+
+            ReStatic => {
+                // nothing lives longer than `'static`
+                Ok(self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static)
+            }
+
+            ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_) => {
+                // All empty regions are less than early-bound, free,
+                // and scope regions.
+                Ok(a_region)
+            }
+
+            RePlaceholder(placeholder) => Err(placeholder),
+        }
+    }
+
     fn expansion(&self, var_values: &mut LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx>) {
+        // In the first pass, we expand region vids according to constraints we
+        // have previously found. In the second pass, we loop through the region
+        // vids we expanded and expand *across* region vids (effectively
+        // "expanding" new `RegSubVar` constraints).
+
+        // Tracks the `VarSubVar` constraints generated for each region vid. We
+        // later use this to expand across vids.
         let mut constraints = IndexVec::from_elem_n(Vec::new(), var_values.values.len());
+        // Tracks the changed region vids.
         let mut changes = Vec::new();
         for constraint in self.data.constraints.keys() {
-            let (a_vid, a_region, b_vid, b_data) = match *constraint {
+            match *constraint {
                 Constraint::RegSubVar(a_region, b_vid) => {
                     let b_data = var_values.value_mut(b_vid);
-                    (None, a_region, b_vid, b_data)
+
+                    if self.expand_node(a_region, b_vid, b_data) {
+                        changes.push(b_vid);
+                    }
                 }
                 Constraint::VarSubVar(a_vid, b_vid) => match *var_values.value(a_vid) {
                     VarValue::ErrorValue => continue,
+                    VarValue::Empty(a_universe) => {
+                        let b_data = var_values.value_mut(b_vid);
+
+                        let changed = (|| match *b_data {
+                            VarValue::Empty(b_universe) => {
+                                // Empty regions are ordered according to the universe
+                                // they are associated with.
+                                let ui = a_universe.min(b_universe);
+
+                                debug!(
+                                    "Expanding value of {:?} \
+                                    from empty lifetime with universe {:?} \
+                                    to empty lifetime with universe {:?}",
+                                    b_vid, b_universe, ui
+                                );
+
+                                *b_data = VarValue::Empty(ui);
+                                true
+                            }
+                            VarValue::Value(cur_region) => {
+                                let lub = match self.lub_empty(cur_region) {
+                                    Ok(r) => r,
+                                    // If the empty and placeholder regions are in the same universe,
+                                    // then the LUB is the Placeholder region (which is the cur_region).
+                                    // If they are not in the same universe, the LUB is the Static lifetime.
+                                    Err(placeholder) if a_universe == placeholder.universe => {
+                                        cur_region
+                                    }
+                                    Err(_) => self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static,
+                                };
+
+                                if lub == cur_region {
+                                    return false;
+                                }
+
+                                debug!(
+                                    "Expanding value of {:?} from {:?} to {:?}",
+                                    b_vid, cur_region, lub
+                                );
+
+                                *b_data = VarValue::Value(lub);
+                                true
+                            }
+
+                            VarValue::ErrorValue => false,
+                        })();
+
+                        if changed {
+                            changes.push(b_vid);
+                        }
+                        match b_data {
+                            VarValue::Value(Region(Interned(ReStatic, _)))
+                            | VarValue::ErrorValue => (),
+                            _ => {
+                                constraints[a_vid].push((a_vid, b_vid));
+                                constraints[b_vid].push((a_vid, b_vid));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
                     VarValue::Value(a_region) => {
                         let b_data = var_values.value_mut(b_vid);
-                        (Some(a_vid), a_region, b_vid, b_data)
+
+                        if self.expand_node(a_region, b_vid, b_data) {
+                            changes.push(b_vid);
+                        }
+                        match b_data {
+                            VarValue::Value(Region(Interned(ReStatic, _)))
+                            | VarValue::ErrorValue => (),
+                            _ => {
+                                constraints[a_vid].push((a_vid, b_vid));
+                                constraints[b_vid].push((a_vid, b_vid));
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                 },
                 Constraint::RegSubReg(..) | Constraint::VarSubReg(..) => {
@@ -210,18 +328,6 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
                     // is done, in `collect_errors`.
                     continue;
                 }
-            };
-            if self.expand_node(a_region, b_vid, b_data) {
-                changes.push(b_vid);
-            }
-            if let Some(a_vid) = a_vid {
-                match b_data {
-                    VarValue::Value(Region(Interned(ReStatic, _))) | VarValue::ErrorValue => (),
-                    _ => {
-                        constraints[a_vid].push((a_vid, b_vid));
-                        constraints[b_vid].push((a_vid, b_vid));
-                    }
-                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -242,6 +348,10 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Expands the value of the region represented with `b_vid` with current
+    /// value `b_data` to the lub of `b_data` and `a_region`. The corresponds
+    /// with the constraint `'?b: 'a` (`'a <: '?b`), where `'a` is some known
+    /// region and `'?b` is some region variable.
     fn expand_node(
         &self,
         a_region: Region<'tcx>,
@@ -263,14 +373,28 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
         }
 
         match *b_data {
+            VarValue::Empty(empty_ui) => {
+                let lub = match self.lub_empty(a_region) {
+                    Ok(r) => r,
+                    // If this empty region is from a universe that can
+                    // name the placeholder, then the placeholder is
+                    // larger; otherwise, the only ancestor is `'static`.
+                    Err(placeholder) if empty_ui.can_name(placeholder.universe) => {
+                        self.tcx().mk_region(RePlaceholder(placeholder))
+                    }
+                    Err(_) => self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static,
+                };
+
+                debug!("Expanding value of {:?} from empty lifetime to {:?}", b_vid, lub);
+
+                *b_data = VarValue::Value(lub);
+                true
+            }
             VarValue::Value(cur_region) => {
                 // This is a specialized version of the `lub_concrete_regions`
                 // check below for a common case, here purely as an
                 // optimization.
                 let b_universe = self.var_infos[b_vid].universe;
-                if let ReEmpty(a_universe) = *a_region && a_universe == b_universe {
-                    return false;
-                }
 
                 let mut lub = self.lub_concrete_regions(a_region, cur_region);
                 if lub == cur_region {
@@ -300,6 +424,78 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// True if `a <= b`.
+    fn sub_region_values(&self, a: VarValue<'tcx>, b: VarValue<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        match (a, b) {
+            // Error region is `'static`
+            (VarValue::ErrorValue, _) | (_, VarValue::ErrorValue) => return true,
+            (VarValue::Empty(a_ui), VarValue::Empty(b_ui)) => {
+                // Empty regions are ordered according to the universe
+                // they are associated with.
+                a_ui.min(b_ui) == b_ui
+            }
+            (VarValue::Value(a), VarValue::Empty(_)) => {
+                match *a {
+                    ReLateBound(..) | ReErased => {
+                        bug!("cannot relate region: {:?}", a);
+                    }
+
+                    ReVar(v_id) => {
+                        span_bug!(
+                            self.var_infos[v_id].origin.span(),
+                            "lub_concrete_regions invoked with non-concrete region: {:?}",
+                            a
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    ReStatic | ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_) => {
+                        // nothing lives longer than `'static`
+
+                        // All empty regions are less than early-bound, free,
+                        // and scope regions.
+
+                        false
+                    }
+
+                    RePlaceholder(_) => {
+                        // The LUB is either `a` or `'static`
+                        false
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            (VarValue::Empty(a_ui), VarValue::Value(b)) => {
+                match *b {
+                    ReLateBound(..) | ReErased => {
+                        bug!("cannot relate region: {:?}", b);
+                    }
+
+                    ReVar(v_id) => {
+                        span_bug!(
+                            self.var_infos[v_id].origin.span(),
+                            "lub_concrete_regions invoked with non-concrete regions: {:?}",
+                            b
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    ReStatic | ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_) => {
+                        // nothing lives longer than `'static`
+                        // All empty regions are less than early-bound, free,
+                        // and scope regions.
+                        true
+                    }
+
+                    RePlaceholder(placeholder) => {
+                        // If this empty region is from a universe that can
+                        // name the placeholder, then the placeholder is
+                        // larger; otherwise, the only ancestor is `'static`.
+                        if a_ui.can_name(placeholder.universe) { true } else { false }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            (VarValue::Value(a), VarValue::Value(b)) => self.sub_concrete_regions(a, b),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// True if `a <= b`, but not defined over inference variables.
     #[instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]
     fn sub_concrete_regions(&self, a: Region<'tcx>, b: Region<'tcx>) -> bool {
@@ -333,9 +529,9 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
     ///
     /// Neither `a` nor `b` may be an inference variable (hence the
     /// term "concrete regions").
-    #[instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]
+    #[instrument(level = "trace", skip(self), ret)]
     fn lub_concrete_regions(&self, a: Region<'tcx>, b: Region<'tcx>) -> Region<'tcx> {
-        let r = match (*a, *b) {
+        match (*a, *b) {
             (ReLateBound(..), _) | (_, ReLateBound(..)) | (ReErased, _) | (_, ReErased) => {
                 bug!("cannot relate region: LUB({:?}, {:?})", a, b);
             }
@@ -355,37 +551,6 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static
             }
 
-            (ReEmpty(_), ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_)) => {
-                // All empty regions are less than early-bound, free,
-                // and scope regions.
-                b
-            }
-
-            (ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_), ReEmpty(_)) => {
-                // All empty regions are less than early-bound, free,
-                // and scope regions.
-                a
-            }
-
-            (ReEmpty(a_ui), ReEmpty(b_ui)) => {
-                // Empty regions are ordered according to the universe
-                // they are associated with.
-                let ui = a_ui.min(b_ui);
-                self.tcx().mk_region(ReEmpty(ui))
-            }
-
-            (ReEmpty(empty_ui), RePlaceholder(placeholder))
-            | (RePlaceholder(placeholder), ReEmpty(empty_ui)) => {
-                // If this empty region is from a universe that can
-                // name the placeholder, then the placeholder is
-                // larger; otherwise, the only ancestor is `'static`.
-                if empty_ui.can_name(placeholder.universe) {
-                    self.tcx().mk_region(RePlaceholder(placeholder))
-                } else {
-                    self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static
-                }
-            }
-
             (ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_), ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_)) => {
                 self.region_rels.lub_free_regions(a, b)
             }
@@ -399,11 +564,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
                     self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static
                 }
             }
-        };
-
-        debug!("lub_concrete_regions({:?}, {:?}) = {:?}", a, b, r);
-
-        r
+        }
     }
 
     /// After expansion is complete, go and check upper bounds (i.e.,
@@ -512,7 +673,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
 
         for (node_vid, value) in var_data.values.iter_enumerated() {
             match *value {
-                VarValue::Value(_) => { /* Inference successful */ }
+                VarValue::Empty(_) | VarValue::Value(_) => { /* Inference successful */ }
                 VarValue::ErrorValue => {
                     // Inference impossible: this value contains
                     // inconsistent constraints.
@@ -833,12 +994,25 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
             }
 
             VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(r) => {
-                self.sub_concrete_regions(min, var_values.normalize(self.tcx(), *r))
+                let a = match *min {
+                    ty::ReVar(rid) => var_values.values[rid],
+                    _ => VarValue::Value(min),
+                };
+                let b = match **r {
+                    ty::ReVar(rid) => var_values.values[rid],
+                    _ => VarValue::Value(*r),
+                };
+                self.sub_region_values(a, b)
             }
 
-            VerifyBound::IsEmpty => {
-                matches!(*min, ty::ReEmpty(_))
-            }
+            VerifyBound::IsEmpty => match *min {
+                ty::ReVar(rid) => match var_values.values[rid] {
+                    VarValue::ErrorValue => false,
+                    VarValue::Empty(_) => true,
+                    VarValue::Value(_) => false,
+                },
+                _ => false,
+            },
 
             VerifyBound::AnyBound(bs) => {
                 bs.iter().any(|b| self.bound_is_met(b, var_values, generic_ty, min))
@@ -880,6 +1054,7 @@ impl<'tcx> LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx> {
     ) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
         let result = match *r {
             ty::ReVar(rid) => match self.values[rid] {
+                VarValue::Empty(_) => r,
                 VarValue::Value(r) => r,
                 VarValue::ErrorValue => tcx.lifetimes.re_static,
             },
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
index 60ebf8b949d..efc9c1ca46f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@ use rustc_data_structures::undo_log::Rollback;
 use rustc_data_structures::unify as ut;
 use rustc_errors::{DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed};
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
+use rustc_hir::hir_id::OwnerId;
 use rustc_middle::infer::canonical::{Canonical, CanonicalVarValues};
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::{ConstVarValue, ConstVariableValue};
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::{ConstVariableOrigin, ConstVariableOriginKind, ToType};
 use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::{ErrorHandled, EvalToValTreeResult};
+use rustc_middle::mir::ConstraintCategory;
 use rustc_middle::traits::select;
 use rustc_middle::ty::abstract_const::{AbstractConst, FailureKind};
 use rustc_middle::ty::error::{ExpectedFound, TypeError};
@@ -353,12 +355,11 @@ pub enum ValuePairs<'tcx> {
 
 impl<'tcx> ValuePairs<'tcx> {
     pub fn ty(&self) -> Option<(Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)> {
-        if let ValuePairs::Terms(ExpectedFound {
-            expected: ty::Term::Ty(expected),
-            found: ty::Term::Ty(found),
-        }) = self
+        if let ValuePairs::Terms(ExpectedFound { expected, found }) = self
+            && let Some(expected) = expected.ty()
+            && let Some(found) = found.ty()
         {
-            Some((*expected, *found))
+            Some((expected, found))
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -409,7 +410,11 @@ pub enum SubregionOrigin<'tcx> {
 
     /// Comparing the signature and requirements of an impl method against
     /// the containing trait.
-    CompareImplItemObligation { span: Span, impl_item_def_id: LocalDefId, trait_item_def_id: DefId },
+    CompareImplItemObligation {
+        span: Span,
+        impl_item_def_id: LocalDefId,
+        trait_item_def_id: DefId,
+    },
 
     /// Checking that the bounds of a trait's associated type hold for a given impl
     CheckAssociatedTypeBounds {
@@ -417,12 +422,24 @@ pub enum SubregionOrigin<'tcx> {
         impl_item_def_id: LocalDefId,
         trait_item_def_id: DefId,
     },
+
+    AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(Span),
 }
 
 // `SubregionOrigin` is used a lot. Make sure it doesn't unintentionally get bigger.
 #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_pointer_width = "64"))]
 static_assert_size!(SubregionOrigin<'_>, 32);
 
+impl<'tcx> SubregionOrigin<'tcx> {
+    pub fn to_constraint_category(&self) -> ConstraintCategory<'tcx> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Subtype(type_trace) => type_trace.cause.to_constraint_category(),
+            Self::AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(span) => ConstraintCategory::Predicate(*span),
+            _ => ConstraintCategory::BoringNoLocation,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Times when we replace late-bound regions with variables:
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub enum LateBoundRegionConversionTime {
@@ -567,9 +584,9 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxtBuilder<'tcx> {
     /// Used only by `rustc_typeck` during body type-checking/inference,
     /// will initialize `in_progress_typeck_results` with fresh `TypeckResults`.
     /// Will also change the scope for opaque type defining use checks to the given owner.
-    pub fn with_fresh_in_progress_typeck_results(mut self, table_owner: LocalDefId) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_fresh_in_progress_typeck_results(mut self, table_owner: OwnerId) -> Self {
         self.fresh_typeck_results = Some(RefCell::new(ty::TypeckResults::new(table_owner)));
-        self.with_opaque_type_inference(DefiningAnchor::Bind(table_owner))
+        self.with_opaque_type_inference(DefiningAnchor::Bind(table_owner.def_id))
     }
 
     /// Whenever the `InferCtxt` should be able to handle defining uses of opaque types,
@@ -689,8 +706,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
     pub fn try_unify_abstract_consts(
         &self,
-        a: ty::Unevaluated<'tcx, ()>,
-        b: ty::Unevaluated<'tcx, ()>,
+        a: ty::UnevaluatedConst<'tcx>,
+        b: ty::UnevaluatedConst<'tcx>,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
     ) -> bool {
         // Reject any attempt to unify two unevaluated constants that contain inference
@@ -1006,7 +1023,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
         predicate: ty::PolyCoercePredicate<'tcx>,
-    ) -> Option<InferResult<'tcx, ()>> {
+    ) -> Result<InferResult<'tcx, ()>, (TyVid, TyVid)> {
         let subtype_predicate = predicate.map_bound(|p| ty::SubtypePredicate {
             a_is_expected: false, // when coercing from `a` to `b`, `b` is expected
             a: p.a,
@@ -1020,7 +1037,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
         predicate: ty::PolySubtypePredicate<'tcx>,
-    ) -> Option<InferResult<'tcx, ()>> {
+    ) -> Result<InferResult<'tcx, ()>, (TyVid, TyVid)> {
         // Check for two unresolved inference variables, in which case we can
         // make no progress. This is partly a micro-optimization, but it's
         // also an opportunity to "sub-unify" the variables. This isn't
@@ -1039,12 +1056,12 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         match (r_a.kind(), r_b.kind()) {
             (&ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(a_vid)), &ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(b_vid))) => {
                 self.inner.borrow_mut().type_variables().sub(a_vid, b_vid);
-                return None;
+                return Err((a_vid, b_vid));
             }
             _ => {}
         }
 
-        Some(self.commit_if_ok(|_snapshot| {
+        Ok(self.commit_if_ok(|_snapshot| {
             let ty::SubtypePredicate { a_is_expected, a, b } =
                 self.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(predicate);
 
@@ -1333,7 +1350,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     /// `resolve_vars_if_possible` as well as `fully_resolve`.
     ///
     /// Make sure to call [`InferCtxt::process_registered_region_obligations`]
-    /// first, or preferrably use [`InferCtxt::check_region_obligations_and_report_errors`]
+    /// first, or preferably use [`InferCtxt::check_region_obligations_and_report_errors`]
     /// to do both of these operations together.
     pub fn resolve_regions_and_report_errors(
         &self,
@@ -1674,7 +1691,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     pub fn try_const_eval_resolve(
         &self,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
-        unevaluated: ty::Unevaluated<'tcx>,
+        unevaluated: ty::UnevaluatedConst<'tcx>,
         ty: Ty<'tcx>,
         span: Option<Span>,
     ) -> Result<ty::Const<'tcx>, ErrorHandled> {
@@ -1709,7 +1726,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     pub fn const_eval_resolve(
         &self,
         mut param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
-        unevaluated: ty::Unevaluated<'tcx>,
+        unevaluated: ty::UnevaluatedConst<'tcx>,
         span: Option<Span>,
     ) -> EvalToValTreeResult<'tcx> {
         let mut substs = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(unevaluated.substs);
@@ -1718,7 +1735,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         // Postpone the evaluation of constants whose substs depend on inference
         // variables
         if substs.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
-            let ac = AbstractConst::new(self.tcx, unevaluated.shrink());
+            let ac = AbstractConst::new(self.tcx, unevaluated);
             match ac {
                 Ok(None) => {
                     substs = InternalSubsts::identity_for_item(self.tcx, unevaluated.def.did);
@@ -1740,11 +1757,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         debug!(?param_env_erased);
         debug!(?substs_erased);
 
-        let unevaluated = ty::Unevaluated {
-            def: unevaluated.def,
-            substs: substs_erased,
-            promoted: unevaluated.promoted,
-        };
+        let unevaluated = ty::UnevaluatedConst { def: unevaluated.def, substs: substs_erased };
 
         // The return value is the evaluated value which doesn't contain any reference to inference
         // variables, thus we don't need to substitute back the original values.
@@ -1832,7 +1845,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TyOrConstInferVar<'tcx> {
 
     /// Tries to extract an inference variable from a type, returns `None`
     /// for types other than `ty::Infer(_)` (or `InferTy::Fresh*`).
-    pub fn maybe_from_ty(ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn maybe_from_ty(ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Option<Self> {
         match *ty.kind() {
             ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(v)) => Some(TyOrConstInferVar::Ty(v)),
             ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(v)) => Some(TyOrConstInferVar::TyInt(v)),
@@ -1843,7 +1856,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TyOrConstInferVar<'tcx> {
 
     /// Tries to extract an inference variable from a constant, returns `None`
     /// for constants other than `ty::ConstKind::Infer(_)` (or `InferConst::Fresh`).
-    pub fn maybe_from_const(ct: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> Option<Self> {
+    fn maybe_from_const(ct: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> Option<Self> {
         match ct.kind() {
             ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(v)) => Some(TyOrConstInferVar::Const(v)),
             _ => None,
@@ -1992,6 +2005,7 @@ impl<'tcx> SubregionOrigin<'tcx> {
             DataBorrowed(_, a) => a,
             ReferenceOutlivesReferent(_, a) => a,
             CompareImplItemObligation { span, .. } => span,
+            AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(span) => span,
             CheckAssociatedTypeBounds { ref parent, .. } => parent.span(),
         }
     }
@@ -2024,6 +2038,10 @@ impl<'tcx> SubregionOrigin<'tcx> {
                 parent: Box::new(default()),
             },
 
+            traits::ObligationCauseCode::AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(span) => {
+                SubregionOrigin::AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(span)
+            }
+
             _ => default(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs
index e7e93116a66..bb6f6ae60e2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ where
         true
     }
 
-    #[instrument(skip(self, info), level = "trace")]
+    #[instrument(skip(self, info), level = "trace", ret)]
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
@@ -560,8 +560,6 @@ where
 
         self.ambient_variance = old_ambient_variance;
 
-        debug!(?r);
-
         Ok(r)
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs
index 233a5004a39..9bf92f08aa5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_data_structures::vec_map::VecMap;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_middle::traits::ObligationCause;
+use rustc_middle::ty::error::{ExpectedFound, TypeError};
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::BottomUpFolder;
-use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArgKind, Subst};
+use rustc_middle::ty::GenericArgKind;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{
     self, OpaqueHiddenType, OpaqueTypeKey, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperVisitable,
     TypeVisitable, TypeVisitor,
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                     // for opaque types, and then use that kind to fix the spans for type errors
                     // that we see later on.
                     let ty_var = self.next_ty_var(TypeVariableOrigin {
-                        kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::TypeInference,
+                        kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::OpaqueTypeInference(def_id),
                         span,
                     });
                     obligations.extend(
@@ -176,16 +177,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         } else if let Some(res) = process(b, a) {
             res
         } else {
-            // Rerun equality check, but this time error out due to
-            // different types.
-            match self.at(cause, param_env).define_opaque_types(false).eq(a, b) {
-                Ok(_) => span_bug!(
-                    cause.span,
-                    "opaque types are never equal to anything but themselves: {:#?}",
-                    (a.kind(), b.kind())
-                ),
-                Err(e) => Err(e),
-            }
+            let (a, b) = self.resolve_vars_if_possible((a, b));
+            Err(TypeError::Sorts(ExpectedFound::new(true, a, b)))
         }
     }
 
@@ -390,7 +383,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         });
     }
 
-    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace")]
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace", ret)]
     pub fn opaque_type_origin(&self, def_id: LocalDefId, span: Span) -> Option<OpaqueTyOrigin> {
         let opaque_hir_id = self.tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id);
         let parent_def_id = match self.defining_use_anchor {
@@ -421,16 +414,14 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         in_definition_scope.then_some(*origin)
     }
 
-    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace")]
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace", ret)]
     fn opaque_ty_origin_unchecked(&self, def_id: LocalDefId, span: Span) -> OpaqueTyOrigin {
-        let origin = match self.tcx.hir().expect_item(def_id).kind {
+        match self.tcx.hir().expect_item(def_id).kind {
             hir::ItemKind::OpaqueTy(hir::OpaqueTy { origin, .. }) => origin,
             ref itemkind => {
                 span_bug!(span, "weird opaque type: {:?}, {:#?}", def_id, itemkind)
             }
-        };
-        trace!(?origin);
-        origin
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -625,7 +616,7 @@ fn may_define_opaque_type(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId, opaque_hir_id: hi
     let scope = tcx.hir().get_defining_scope(opaque_hir_id);
     // We walk up the node tree until we hit the root or the scope of the opaque type.
     while hir_id != scope && hir_id != hir::CRATE_HIR_ID {
-        hir_id = tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(tcx.hir().get_parent_item(hir_id));
+        hir_id = tcx.hir().get_parent_item(hir_id).into();
     }
     // Syntactically, we are allowed to define the concrete type if:
     let res = hir_id == scope;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types/table.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types/table.rs
index fb12da0cc13..4d124554afb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types/table.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types/table.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl<'tcx> OpaqueTypeStorage<'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[instrument(level = "debug")]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", ret)]
     pub fn take_opaque_types(&mut self) -> OpaqueTypeMap<'tcx> {
         std::mem::take(&mut self.opaque_types)
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs
index b2d7f4a663a..14ee9f05190 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 // RFC for reference.
 
 use rustc_data_structures::sso::SsoHashSet;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, SubstsRef, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
 use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -45,6 +46,8 @@ pub enum Component<'tcx> {
     // them. This gives us room to improve the regionck reasoning in
     // the future without breaking backwards compat.
     EscapingProjection(Vec<Component<'tcx>>),
+
+    Opaque(DefId, SubstsRef<'tcx>),
 }
 
 /// Push onto `out` all the things that must outlive `'a` for the condition
@@ -120,6 +123,17 @@ fn compute_components<'tcx>(
                 out.push(Component::Param(p));
             }
 
+            // Ignore lifetimes found in opaque types. Opaque types can
+            // have lifetimes in their substs which their hidden type doesn't
+            // actually use. If we inferred that an opaque type is outlived by
+            // its parameter lifetimes, then we could prove that any lifetime
+            // outlives any other lifetime, which is unsound.
+            // See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/84305 for
+            // more details.
+            ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) => {
+                out.push(Component::Opaque(def_id, substs));
+            },
+
             // For projections, we prefer to generate an obligation like
             // `<P0 as Trait<P1...Pn>>::Foo: 'a`, because this gives the
             // regionck more ways to prove that it holds. However,
@@ -168,7 +182,6 @@ fn compute_components<'tcx>(
             ty::Float(..) |       // OutlivesScalar
             ty::Never |           // ...
             ty::Adt(..) |         // OutlivesNominalType
-            ty::Opaque(..) |      // OutlivesNominalType (ish)
             ty::Foreign(..) |     // OutlivesNominalType
             ty::Str |             // OutlivesScalar (ish)
             ty::Slice(..) |       // ...
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/env.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/env.rs
index 872886da362..113d4f09066 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/env.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/env.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ pub struct OutlivesEnvironment<'tcx> {
 }
 
 /// Builder of OutlivesEnvironment.
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct OutlivesEnvironmentBuilder<'tcx> {
     param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
     region_relation: TransitiveRelationBuilder<Region<'tcx>>,
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ impl<'tcx> OutlivesEnvironment<'tcx> {
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> OutlivesEnvironmentBuilder<'tcx> {
     #[inline]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug")]
     fn build(self) -> OutlivesEnvironment<'tcx> {
         OutlivesEnvironment {
             param_env: self.param_env,
@@ -140,6 +142,10 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> OutlivesEnvironmentBuilder<'tcx> {
                     self.region_bound_pairs
                         .insert(ty::OutlivesPredicate(GenericKind::Projection(projection_b), r_a));
                 }
+                OutlivesBound::RegionSubOpaque(r_a, def_id, substs) => {
+                    self.region_bound_pairs
+                        .insert(ty::OutlivesPredicate(GenericKind::Opaque(def_id, substs), r_a));
+                }
                 OutlivesBound::RegionSubRegion(r_a, r_b) => {
                     if let (ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_), ReVar(vid_b)) = (r_a.kind(), r_b.kind()) {
                         infcx
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs
index 2a085288fb7..2d19d1823fd 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ pub mod verify;
 use rustc_middle::traits::query::OutlivesBound;
 use rustc_middle::ty;
 
-#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(param_env))]
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(param_env), ret)]
 pub fn explicit_outlives_bounds<'tcx>(
     param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
 ) -> impl Iterator<Item = OutlivesBound<'tcx>> + 'tcx {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs
index fe78890ff6e..229b69b92e6 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs
@@ -68,9 +68,11 @@ use crate::infer::{
 };
 use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, ObligationCauseCode};
 use rustc_data_structures::undo_log::UndoLogs;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::LocalDefId;
+use rustc_middle::mir::ConstraintCategory;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::GenericArgKind;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Region, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Region, SubstsRef, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
 use smallvec::smallvec;
 
 impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
@@ -163,7 +165,8 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
 
             let outlives =
                 &mut TypeOutlives::new(self, self.tcx, &region_bound_pairs, None, param_env);
-            outlives.type_must_outlive(origin, sup_type, sub_region);
+            let category = origin.to_constraint_category();
+            outlives.type_must_outlive(origin, sup_type, sub_region, category);
         }
     }
 
@@ -207,6 +210,7 @@ pub trait TypeOutlivesDelegate<'tcx> {
         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         a: ty::Region<'tcx>,
         b: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        constraint_category: ConstraintCategory<'tcx>,
     );
 
     fn push_verify(
@@ -255,12 +259,13 @@ where
         origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         ty: Ty<'tcx>,
         region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        category: ConstraintCategory<'tcx>,
     ) {
         assert!(!ty.has_escaping_bound_vars());
 
         let mut components = smallvec![];
         push_outlives_components(self.tcx, ty, &mut components);
-        self.components_must_outlive(origin, &components, region);
+        self.components_must_outlive(origin, &components, region, category);
     }
 
     fn components_must_outlive(
@@ -268,21 +273,25 @@ where
         origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         components: &[Component<'tcx>],
         region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        category: ConstraintCategory<'tcx>,
     ) {
         for component in components.iter() {
             let origin = origin.clone();
             match component {
                 Component::Region(region1) => {
-                    self.delegate.push_sub_region_constraint(origin, region, *region1);
+                    self.delegate.push_sub_region_constraint(origin, region, *region1, category);
                 }
                 Component::Param(param_ty) => {
                     self.param_ty_must_outlive(origin, region, *param_ty);
                 }
+                Component::Opaque(def_id, substs) => {
+                    self.opaque_must_outlive(*def_id, substs, origin, region)
+                }
                 Component::Projection(projection_ty) => {
                     self.projection_must_outlive(origin, region, *projection_ty);
                 }
                 Component::EscapingProjection(subcomponents) => {
-                    self.components_must_outlive(origin, &subcomponents, region);
+                    self.components_must_outlive(origin, &subcomponents, region, category);
                 }
                 Component::UnresolvedInferenceVariable(v) => {
                     // ignore this, we presume it will yield an error
@@ -309,17 +318,69 @@ where
         );
 
         let generic = GenericKind::Param(param_ty);
-        let verify_bound = self.verify_bound.generic_bound(generic);
+        let verify_bound = self.verify_bound.param_bound(param_ty);
         self.delegate.push_verify(origin, generic, region, verify_bound);
     }
 
-    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    fn opaque_must_outlive(
+        &mut self,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+        origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
+        region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        self.generic_must_outlive(
+            origin,
+            region,
+            GenericKind::Opaque(def_id, substs),
+            def_id,
+            substs,
+            true,
+            |ty| match *ty.kind() {
+                ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) => (def_id, substs),
+                _ => bug!("expected only projection types from env, not {:?}", ty),
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
     fn projection_must_outlive(
         &mut self,
         origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
         projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
     ) {
+        self.generic_must_outlive(
+            origin,
+            region,
+            GenericKind::Projection(projection_ty),
+            projection_ty.item_def_id,
+            projection_ty.substs,
+            false,
+            |ty| match ty.kind() {
+                ty::Projection(projection_ty) => (projection_ty.item_def_id, projection_ty.substs),
+                _ => bug!("expected only projection types from env, not {:?}", ty),
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, filter))]
+    fn generic_must_outlive(
+        &mut self,
+        origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
+        region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        generic: GenericKind<'tcx>,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+        is_opaque: bool,
+        filter: impl Fn(Ty<'tcx>) -> (DefId, SubstsRef<'tcx>),
+    ) {
+        // An optimization for a common case with opaque types.
+        if substs.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
         // This case is thorny for inference. The fundamental problem is
         // that there are many cases where we have choice, and inference
         // doesn't like choice (the current region inference in
@@ -338,16 +399,15 @@ where
         // These are guaranteed to apply, no matter the inference
         // results.
         let trait_bounds: Vec<_> =
-            self.verify_bound.projection_declared_bounds_from_trait(projection_ty).collect();
+            self.verify_bound.declared_region_bounds(def_id, substs).collect();
 
         debug!(?trait_bounds);
 
         // Compute the bounds we can derive from the environment. This
         // is an "approximate" match -- in some cases, these bounds
         // may not apply.
-        let mut approx_env_bounds =
-            self.verify_bound.projection_approx_declared_bounds_from_env(projection_ty);
-        debug!("projection_must_outlive: approx_env_bounds={:?}", approx_env_bounds);
+        let mut approx_env_bounds = self.verify_bound.approx_declared_bounds_from_env(generic);
+        debug!(?approx_env_bounds);
 
         // Remove outlives bounds that we get from the environment but
         // which are also deducible from the trait. This arises (cc
@@ -361,14 +421,8 @@ where
             // If the declaration is `trait Trait<'b> { type Item: 'b; }`, then `projection_declared_bounds_from_trait`
             // will be invoked with `['b => ^1]` and so we will get `^1` returned.
             let bound = bound_outlives.skip_binder();
-            match *bound.0.kind() {
-                ty::Projection(projection_ty) => self
-                    .verify_bound
-                    .projection_declared_bounds_from_trait(projection_ty)
-                    .all(|r| r != bound.1),
-
-                _ => panic!("expected only projection types from env, not {:?}", bound.0),
-            }
+            let (def_id, substs) = filter(bound.0);
+            self.verify_bound.declared_region_bounds(def_id, substs).all(|r| r != bound.1)
         });
 
         // If declared bounds list is empty, the only applicable rule is
@@ -385,23 +439,11 @@ where
         // the problem is to add `T: 'r`, which isn't true. So, if there are no
         // inference variables, we use a verify constraint instead of adding
         // edges, which winds up enforcing the same condition.
-        let needs_infer = projection_ty.needs_infer();
-        if approx_env_bounds.is_empty() && trait_bounds.is_empty() && needs_infer {
-            debug!("projection_must_outlive: no declared bounds");
-
-            for k in projection_ty.substs {
-                match k.unpack() {
-                    GenericArgKind::Lifetime(lt) => {
-                        self.delegate.push_sub_region_constraint(origin.clone(), region, lt);
-                    }
-                    GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => {
-                        self.type_must_outlive(origin.clone(), ty, region);
-                    }
-                    GenericArgKind::Const(_) => {
-                        // Const parameters don't impose constraints.
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+        let needs_infer = substs.needs_infer();
+        if approx_env_bounds.is_empty() && trait_bounds.is_empty() && (needs_infer || is_opaque) {
+            debug!("no declared bounds");
+
+            self.substs_must_outlive(substs, origin, region);
 
             return;
         }
@@ -431,9 +473,10 @@ where
                 .all(|b| b == Some(trait_bounds[0]))
         {
             let unique_bound = trait_bounds[0];
-            debug!("projection_must_outlive: unique trait bound = {:?}", unique_bound);
-            debug!("projection_must_outlive: unique declared bound appears in trait ref");
-            self.delegate.push_sub_region_constraint(origin, region, unique_bound);
+            debug!(?unique_bound);
+            debug!("unique declared bound appears in trait ref");
+            let category = origin.to_constraint_category();
+            self.delegate.push_sub_region_constraint(origin, region, unique_bound, category);
             return;
         }
 
@@ -442,11 +485,42 @@ where
         // projection outlive; in some cases, this may add insufficient
         // edges into the inference graph, leading to inference failures
         // even though a satisfactory solution exists.
-        let generic = GenericKind::Projection(projection_ty);
-        let verify_bound = self.verify_bound.generic_bound(generic);
+        let verify_bound = self.verify_bound.projection_opaque_bounds(
+            generic,
+            def_id,
+            substs,
+            &mut Default::default(),
+        );
         debug!("projection_must_outlive: pushing {:?}", verify_bound);
         self.delegate.push_verify(origin, generic, region, verify_bound);
     }
+
+    fn substs_must_outlive(
+        &mut self,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+        origin: infer::SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
+        region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let constraint = origin.to_constraint_category();
+        for k in substs {
+            match k.unpack() {
+                GenericArgKind::Lifetime(lt) => {
+                    self.delegate.push_sub_region_constraint(
+                        origin.clone(),
+                        region,
+                        lt,
+                        constraint,
+                    );
+                }
+                GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => {
+                    self.type_must_outlive(origin.clone(), ty, region, constraint);
+                }
+                GenericArgKind::Const(_) => {
+                    // Const parameters don't impose constraints.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeOutlivesDelegate<'tcx> for &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
@@ -455,6 +529,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeOutlivesDelegate<'tcx> for &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         a: ty::Region<'tcx>,
         b: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        _constraint_category: ConstraintCategory<'tcx>,
     ) {
         self.sub_regions(origin, a, b)
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs
index be03c8b5bae..a5c21f0fb9b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use crate::infer::region_constraints::VerifyIfEq;
 /// like are used. This is a particular challenge since this function is invoked
 /// very late in inference and hence cannot make use of the normal inference
 /// machinery.
-#[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx, param_env))]
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx, param_env))]
 pub fn extract_verify_if_eq<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub fn extract_verify_if_eq<'tcx>(
 }
 
 /// True if a (potentially higher-ranked) outlives
-#[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx, param_env))]
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx, param_env))]
 pub(super) fn can_match_erased_ty<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Match<'tcx> {
 
     /// Binds the pattern variable `br` to `value`; returns an `Err` if the pattern
     /// is already bound to a different value.
-    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
     fn bind(
         &mut self,
         br: ty::BoundRegion,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
index c7d7ef40d9d..f470b2eb8c1 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ use crate::infer::outlives::components::{compute_components_recursive, Component
 use crate::infer::outlives::env::RegionBoundPairs;
 use crate::infer::region_constraints::VerifyIfEq;
 use crate::infer::{GenericKind, VerifyBound};
-use rustc_data_structures::captures::Captures;
 use rustc_data_structures::sso::SsoHashSet;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
-use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, Subst};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, EarlyBinder, OutlivesPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::GenericArg;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, EarlyBinder, OutlivesPredicate, SubstsRef, Ty, TyCtxt};
 
 use smallvec::smallvec;
 
@@ -38,25 +37,13 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
         Self { tcx, region_bound_pairs, implicit_region_bound, param_env }
     }
 
-    /// Returns a "verify bound" that encodes what we know about
-    /// `generic` and the regions it outlives.
-    pub fn generic_bound(&self, generic: GenericKind<'tcx>) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
-        let mut visited = SsoHashSet::new();
-        match generic {
-            GenericKind::Param(param_ty) => self.param_bound(param_ty),
-            GenericKind::Projection(projection_ty) => {
-                self.projection_bound(projection_ty, &mut visited)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn param_bound(&self, param_ty: ty::ParamTy) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
-        debug!("param_bound(param_ty={:?})", param_ty);
-
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    pub fn param_bound(&self, param_ty: ty::ParamTy) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
         // Start with anything like `T: 'a` we can scrape from the
         // environment. If the environment contains something like
         // `for<'a> T: 'a`, then we know that `T` outlives everything.
         let declared_bounds_from_env = self.declared_generic_bounds_from_env(param_ty);
+        debug!(?declared_bounds_from_env);
         let mut param_bounds = vec![];
         for declared_bound in declared_bounds_from_env {
             let bound_region = declared_bound.map_bound(|outlives| outlives.1);
@@ -65,6 +52,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 param_bounds.push(VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(region));
             } else {
                 // This is `for<'a> T: 'a`. This means that `T` outlives everything! All done here.
+                debug!("found that {param_ty:?} outlives any lifetime, returning empty vector");
                 return VerifyBound::AllBounds(vec![]);
             }
         }
@@ -72,6 +60,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
         // Add in the default bound of fn body that applies to all in
         // scope type parameters:
         if let Some(r) = self.implicit_region_bound {
+            debug!("adding implicit region bound of {r:?}");
             param_bounds.push(VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(r));
         }
 
@@ -103,41 +92,31 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
     /// the clause from the environment only applies if `'0 = 'a`,
     /// which we don't know yet. But we would still include `'b` in
     /// this list.
-    pub fn projection_approx_declared_bounds_from_env(
+    pub fn approx_declared_bounds_from_env(
         &self,
-        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+        generic: GenericKind<'tcx>,
     ) -> Vec<ty::Binder<'tcx, ty::OutlivesPredicate<Ty<'tcx>, ty::Region<'tcx>>>> {
-        let projection_ty = GenericKind::Projection(projection_ty).to_ty(self.tcx);
+        let projection_ty = generic.to_ty(self.tcx);
         let erased_projection_ty = self.tcx.erase_regions(projection_ty);
         self.declared_generic_bounds_from_env_for_erased_ty(erased_projection_ty)
     }
 
-    /// Searches the where-clauses in scope for regions that
-    /// `projection_ty` is known to outlive. Currently requires an
-    /// exact match.
-    pub fn projection_declared_bounds_from_trait(
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, visited))]
+    pub fn projection_opaque_bounds(
         &self,
-        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = ty::Region<'tcx>> + 'cx + Captures<'tcx> {
-        self.declared_projection_bounds_from_trait(projection_ty)
-    }
-
-    pub fn projection_bound(
-        &self,
-        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+        generic: GenericKind<'tcx>,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
         visited: &mut SsoHashSet<GenericArg<'tcx>>,
     ) -> VerifyBound<'tcx> {
-        debug!("projection_bound(projection_ty={:?})", projection_ty);
-
-        let projection_ty_as_ty =
-            self.tcx.mk_projection(projection_ty.item_def_id, projection_ty.substs);
+        let generic_ty = generic.to_ty(self.tcx);
 
         // Search the env for where clauses like `P: 'a`.
-        let env_bounds = self
-            .projection_approx_declared_bounds_from_env(projection_ty)
+        let projection_opaque_bounds = self
+            .approx_declared_bounds_from_env(generic)
             .into_iter()
             .map(|binder| {
-                if let Some(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty, r)) = binder.no_bound_vars() && ty == projection_ty_as_ty {
+                if let Some(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty, r)) = binder.no_bound_vars() && ty == generic_ty {
                     // Micro-optimize if this is an exact match (this
                     // occurs often when there are no region variables
                     // involved).
@@ -147,21 +126,19 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
                     VerifyBound::IfEq(verify_if_eq_b)
                 }
             });
-
         // Extend with bounds that we can find from the trait.
-        let trait_bounds = self
-            .projection_declared_bounds_from_trait(projection_ty)
-            .map(|r| VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(r));
+        let trait_bounds =
+            self.declared_region_bounds(def_id, substs).map(|r| VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(r));
 
         // see the extensive comment in projection_must_outlive
         let recursive_bound = {
             let mut components = smallvec![];
-            let ty = self.tcx.mk_projection(projection_ty.item_def_id, projection_ty.substs);
-            compute_components_recursive(self.tcx, ty.into(), &mut components, visited);
+            compute_components_recursive(self.tcx, generic_ty.into(), &mut components, visited);
             self.bound_from_components(&components, visited)
         };
 
-        VerifyBound::AnyBound(env_bounds.chain(trait_bounds).collect()).or(recursive_bound)
+        VerifyBound::AnyBound(projection_opaque_bounds.chain(trait_bounds).collect())
+            .or(recursive_bound)
     }
 
     fn bound_from_components(
@@ -193,7 +170,18 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
         match *component {
             Component::Region(lt) => VerifyBound::OutlivedBy(lt),
             Component::Param(param_ty) => self.param_bound(param_ty),
-            Component::Projection(projection_ty) => self.projection_bound(projection_ty, visited),
+            Component::Opaque(did, substs) => self.projection_opaque_bounds(
+                GenericKind::Opaque(did, substs),
+                did,
+                substs,
+                visited,
+            ),
+            Component::Projection(projection_ty) => self.projection_opaque_bounds(
+                GenericKind::Projection(projection_ty),
+                projection_ty.item_def_id,
+                projection_ty.substs,
+                visited,
+            ),
             Component::EscapingProjection(ref components) => {
                 self.bound_from_components(components, visited)
             }
@@ -291,30 +279,6 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
     /// }
     /// ```
     ///
-    /// then this function would return `'x`. This is subject to the
-    /// limitations around higher-ranked bounds described in
-    /// `region_bounds_declared_on_associated_item`.
-    fn declared_projection_bounds_from_trait(
-        &self,
-        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = ty::Region<'tcx>> + 'cx + Captures<'tcx> {
-        debug!("projection_bounds(projection_ty={:?})", projection_ty);
-        let tcx = self.tcx;
-        self.region_bounds_declared_on_associated_item(projection_ty.item_def_id)
-            .map(move |r| EarlyBinder(r).subst(tcx, projection_ty.substs))
-    }
-
-    /// Given the `DefId` of an associated item, returns any region
-    /// bounds attached to that associated item from the trait definition.
-    ///
-    /// For example:
-    ///
-    /// ```rust
-    /// trait Foo<'a> {
-    ///     type Bar: 'a;
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    ///
     /// If we were given the `DefId` of `Foo::Bar`, we would return
     /// `'a`. You could then apply the substitutions from the
     /// projection to convert this into your namespace. This also
@@ -334,17 +298,20 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
     ///
     /// This is for simplicity, and because we are not really smart
     /// enough to cope with such bounds anywhere.
-    fn region_bounds_declared_on_associated_item(
+    pub fn declared_region_bounds(
         &self,
-        assoc_item_def_id: DefId,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
     ) -> impl Iterator<Item = ty::Region<'tcx>> {
         let tcx = self.tcx;
-        let bounds = tcx.item_bounds(assoc_item_def_id);
+        let bounds = tcx.item_bounds(def_id);
+        trace!("{:#?}", bounds);
         bounds
             .into_iter()
             .filter_map(|p| p.to_opt_type_outlives())
             .filter_map(|p| p.no_bound_vars())
             .map(|b| b.1)
+            .map(move |r| EarlyBinder(r).subst(tcx, substs))
     }
 
     /// Searches through a predicate list for a predicate `T: 'a`.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs
index 780e6ead10e..67b3da68720 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ use rustc_data_structures::intern::Interned;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_data_structures::undo_log::UndoLogs;
 use rustc_data_structures::unify as ut;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_index::vec::IndexVec;
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::{RegionVidKey, UnifiedRegion};
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::SubstsRef;
 use rustc_middle::ty::ReStatic;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{ReLateBound, ReVar};
@@ -168,6 +170,7 @@ pub struct Verify<'tcx> {
 pub enum GenericKind<'tcx> {
     Param(ty::ParamTy),
     Projection(ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>),
+    Opaque(DefId, SubstsRef<'tcx>),
 }
 
 /// Describes the things that some `GenericKind` value `G` is known to
@@ -426,21 +429,21 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         data
     }
 
-    pub fn data(&self) -> &RegionConstraintData<'tcx> {
+    pub(super) fn data(&self) -> &RegionConstraintData<'tcx> {
         &self.data
     }
 
-    pub fn start_snapshot(&mut self) -> RegionSnapshot {
+    pub(super) fn start_snapshot(&mut self) -> RegionSnapshot {
         debug!("RegionConstraintCollector: start_snapshot");
         RegionSnapshot { any_unifications: self.any_unifications }
     }
 
-    pub fn rollback_to(&mut self, snapshot: RegionSnapshot) {
+    pub(super) fn rollback_to(&mut self, snapshot: RegionSnapshot) {
         debug!("RegionConstraintCollector: rollback_to({:?})", snapshot);
         self.any_unifications = snapshot.any_unifications;
     }
 
-    pub fn new_region_var(
+    pub(super) fn new_region_var(
         &mut self,
         universe: ty::UniverseIndex,
         origin: RegionVariableOrigin,
@@ -455,12 +458,12 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the universe for the given variable.
-    pub fn var_universe(&self, vid: RegionVid) -> ty::UniverseIndex {
+    pub(super) fn var_universe(&self, vid: RegionVid) -> ty::UniverseIndex {
         self.var_infos[vid].universe
     }
 
     /// Returns the origin for the given variable.
-    pub fn var_origin(&self, vid: RegionVid) -> RegionVariableOrigin {
+    pub(super) fn var_origin(&self, vid: RegionVid) -> RegionVariableOrigin {
         self.var_infos[vid].origin
     }
 
@@ -492,7 +495,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         self.undo_log.push(AddVerify(index));
     }
 
-    pub fn add_given(&mut self, sub: Region<'tcx>, sup: ty::RegionVid) {
+    pub(super) fn add_given(&mut self, sub: Region<'tcx>, sup: ty::RegionVid) {
         // cannot add givens once regions are resolved
         if self.data.givens.insert((sub, sup)) {
             debug!("add_given({:?} <= {:?})", sub, sup);
@@ -501,7 +504,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn make_eqregion(
+    pub(super) fn make_eqregion(
         &mut self,
         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         sub: Region<'tcx>,
@@ -530,7 +533,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn member_constraint(
+    pub(super) fn member_constraint(
         &mut self,
         key: ty::OpaqueTypeKey<'tcx>,
         definition_span: Span,
@@ -554,7 +557,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     #[instrument(skip(self, origin), level = "debug")]
-    pub fn make_subregion(
+    pub(super) fn make_subregion(
         &mut self,
         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         sub: Region<'tcx>,
@@ -585,7 +588,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn verify_generic_bound(
+    pub(super) fn verify_generic_bound(
         &mut self,
         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
         kind: GenericKind<'tcx>,
@@ -595,7 +598,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         self.add_verify(Verify { kind, origin, region: sub, bound });
     }
 
-    pub fn lub_regions(
+    pub(super) fn lub_regions(
         &mut self,
         tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
@@ -613,7 +616,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn glb_regions(
+    pub(super) fn glb_regions(
         &mut self,
         tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
         origin: SubregionOrigin<'tcx>,
@@ -634,7 +637,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     /// Resolves the passed RegionVid to the root RegionVid in the unification table
-    pub fn opportunistic_resolve_var(&mut self, rid: ty::RegionVid) -> ty::RegionVid {
+    pub(super) fn opportunistic_resolve_var(&mut self, rid: ty::RegionVid) -> ty::RegionVid {
         self.unification_table().find(rid).vid
     }
 
@@ -699,7 +702,6 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
             ty::ReStatic | ty::ReErased | ty::ReFree(..) | ty::ReEarlyBound(..) => {
                 ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT
             }
-            ty::ReEmpty(ui) => ui,
             ty::RePlaceholder(placeholder) => placeholder.universe,
             ty::ReVar(vid) => self.var_universe(vid),
             ty::ReLateBound(..) => bug!("universe(): encountered bound region {:?}", region),
@@ -748,6 +750,9 @@ impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for GenericKind<'tcx> {
         match *self {
             GenericKind::Param(ref p) => write!(f, "{:?}", p),
             GenericKind::Projection(ref p) => write!(f, "{:?}", p),
+            GenericKind::Opaque(def_id, substs) => ty::tls::with(|tcx| {
+                write!(f, "{}", tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(def_id, tcx.lift(substs).unwrap()))
+            }),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -757,6 +762,9 @@ impl<'tcx> fmt::Display for GenericKind<'tcx> {
         match *self {
             GenericKind::Param(ref p) => write!(f, "{}", p),
             GenericKind::Projection(ref p) => write!(f, "{}", p),
+            GenericKind::Opaque(def_id, substs) => ty::tls::with(|tcx| {
+                write!(f, "{}", tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(def_id, tcx.lift(substs).unwrap()))
+            }),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -766,6 +774,7 @@ impl<'tcx> GenericKind<'tcx> {
         match *self {
             GenericKind::Param(ref p) => p.to_ty(tcx),
             GenericKind::Projection(ref p) => tcx.mk_projection(p.item_def_id, p.substs),
+            GenericKind::Opaque(def_id, substs) => tcx.mk_opaque(def_id, substs),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs
index b7eab5d4328..375dd670fab 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs
@@ -164,6 +164,24 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
                 );
                 Ok(ga)
             }
+            // Optimization of GeneratorWitness relation since we know that all
+            // free regions are replaced with bound regions during construction.
+            // This greatly speeds up subtyping of GeneratorWitness.
+            (&ty::GeneratorWitness(a_types), &ty::GeneratorWitness(b_types)) => {
+                let a_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(a_types);
+                let b_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(b_types);
+                if a_types.bound_vars() == b_types.bound_vars() {
+                    let (a_types, b_types) = infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(
+                        a_types.map_bound(|a_types| (a_types, b_types.skip_binder())),
+                    );
+                    for (a, b) in std::iter::zip(a_types, b_types) {
+                        self.relate(a, b)?;
+                    }
+                    Ok(a)
+                } else {
+                    Err(ty::error::TypeError::Sorts(ty::relate::expected_found(self, a, b)))
+                }
+            }
 
             _ => {
                 self.fields.infcx.super_combine_tys(self, a, b)?;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/type_variable.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/type_variable.rs
index a0e2965b605..7ff08645253 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/type_variable.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/type_variable.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ pub enum TypeVariableOriginKind {
     MiscVariable,
     NormalizeProjectionType,
     TypeInference,
+    OpaqueTypeInference(DefId),
     TypeParameterDefinition(Symbol, Option<DefId>),
 
     /// One of the upvars or closure kind parameters in a `ClosureSubsts`
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/undo_log.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/undo_log.rs
index 74a26ebc39f..611961ab1cc 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/undo_log.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/undo_log.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl Default for InferCtxtUndoLogs<'_> {
 }
 
 /// The UndoLogs trait defines how we undo a particular kind of action (of type T). We can undo any
-/// action that is convertable into an UndoLog (per the From impls above).
+/// action that is convertible into an UndoLog (per the From impls above).
 impl<'tcx, T> UndoLogs<T> for InferCtxtUndoLogs<'tcx>
 where
     UndoLog<'tcx>: From<T>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/lib.rs
index 931ebca7d01..b91c098ab03 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/lib.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,8 @@
 #![feature(box_patterns)]
 #![feature(control_flow_enum)]
 #![feature(extend_one)]
-#![cfg_attr(bootstrap, feature(label_break_value))]
 #![feature(let_chains)]
-#![feature(let_else)]
+#![feature(if_let_guard)]
 #![feature(min_specialization)]
 #![feature(never_type)]
 #![feature(try_blocks)]
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/mod.rs
index 4df4de21a0f..c8600ded987 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/mod.rs
@@ -67,6 +67,14 @@ impl<'tcx> PredicateObligation<'tcx> {
             recursion_depth: self.recursion_depth,
         })
     }
+
+    pub fn without_const(mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> PredicateObligation<'tcx> {
+        self.param_env = self.param_env.without_const();
+        if let ty::PredicateKind::Trait(trait_pred) = self.predicate.kind().skip_binder() && trait_pred.is_const_if_const() {
+            self.predicate = tcx.mk_predicate(self.predicate.kind().map_bound(|_| ty::PredicateKind::Trait(trait_pred.without_const())));
+        }
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> TraitObligation<'tcx> {
@@ -105,6 +113,8 @@ pub struct FulfillmentError<'tcx> {
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum FulfillmentErrorCode<'tcx> {
+    /// Inherently impossible to fulfill; this trait is implemented if and only if it is already implemented.
+    CodeCycle(Vec<Obligation<'tcx, ty::Predicate<'tcx>>>),
     CodeSelectionError(SelectionError<'tcx>),
     CodeProjectionError(MismatchedProjectionTypes<'tcx>),
     CodeSubtypeError(ExpectedFound<Ty<'tcx>>, TypeError<'tcx>), // always comes from a SubtypePredicate
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/structural_impls.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/structural_impls.rs
index 573d2d1e330..1c6ab6a082b 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/structural_impls.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/structural_impls.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for traits::FulfillmentErrorCode<'tcx> {
                 write!(f, "CodeConstEquateError({:?}, {:?})", a, b)
             }
             super::CodeAmbiguity => write!(f, "Ambiguity"),
+            super::CodeCycle(ref cycle) => write!(f, "Cycle({:?})", cycle),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/util.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/util.rs
index f5a1edf6d81..e12c069dcc1 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/util.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/traits/util.rs
@@ -246,6 +246,13 @@ impl<'tcx> Elaborator<'tcx> {
 
                             Component::UnresolvedInferenceVariable(_) => None,
 
+                            Component::Opaque(def_id, substs) => {
+                                let ty = tcx.mk_opaque(def_id, substs);
+                                Some(ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(
+                                    ty, r_min,
+                                )))
+                            }
+
                             Component::Projection(projection) => {
                                 // We might end up here if we have `Foo<<Bar as Baz>::Assoc>: 'a`.
                                 // With this, we can deduce that `<Bar as Baz>::Assoc: 'a`.
@@ -262,8 +269,9 @@ impl<'tcx> Elaborator<'tcx> {
                                 None
                             }
                         })
-                        .map(ty::Binder::dummy)
-                        .map(|predicate_kind| predicate_kind.to_predicate(tcx))
+                        .map(|predicate_kind| {
+                            bound_predicate.rebind(predicate_kind).to_predicate(tcx)
+                        })
                         .filter(|&predicate| visited.insert(predicate))
                         .map(|predicate| {
                             predicate_obligation(