Rollup merge of #112281 - jyn514:test-bootstrap-py, r=albertlarsan68

Test the cargo args generated by bootstrap.py

I recommend reviewing this commit-by-commit using the instructions in https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/git.html#moving-large-sections-of-code.

- Test cargo arguments passed by bootstrap.py

  This moves a lot of code around, but the logic itself is not too terribly complicated.

    - Move almost all logic in `def bootstrap` to the `RustBuild` class, to avoid mixing setting configuration with running commands
    - Update various doctests to the new (more complete) RustBuild config. In particular, don't pretend that `bin_root` supports `build` being unset.
    - Change `parse_args` not to use a global, to allow testing it
    - Set BUILD_DIR appropriately so bootstrap.py doesn't panic because cargo isn't found

- Allow passing arguments to `bootstrap_test.py`

    Previous, it used the built-in test runner, which doesn't support options unless they're manually passed in the script.

- Fix progress messages for configure in bootstrap_test.py

    Before it would unconditionally print `configure-args = []`.

r? `@albertlarsan68` cc https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/112089 https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/111979#issuecomment-1568525699

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