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authormark <markm@cs.wisc.edu>2020-06-11 21:31:49 -0500
committermark <markm@cs.wisc.edu>2020-07-27 19:51:13 -0500
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parent9be8ffcb0206fc1558069a7b4766090df7877659 (diff)
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rust-2c31b45ae878b821975c4ebd94cc1e49f6073fd0.zip
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+//! # The Rust Standard Library
+//!
+//! The Rust Standard Library is the foundation of portable Rust software, a
+//! set of minimal and battle-tested shared abstractions for the [broader Rust
+//! ecosystem][crates.io]. It offers core types, like [`Vec<T>`] and
+//! [`Option<T>`], library-defined [operations on language
+//! primitives](#primitives), [standard macros](#macros), [I/O] and
+//! [multithreading], among [many other things][other].
+//!
+//! `std` is available to all Rust crates by default. Therefore, the
+//! standard library can be accessed in [`use`] statements through the path
+//! `std`, as in [`use std::env`].
+//!
+//! # How to read this documentation
+//!
+//! If you already know the name of what you are looking for, the fastest way to
+//! find it is to use the <a href="#" onclick="focusSearchBar();">search
+//! bar</a> at the top of the page.
+//!
+//! Otherwise, you may want to jump to one of these useful sections:
+//!
+//! * [`std::*` modules](#modules)
+//! * [Primitive types](#primitives)
+//! * [Standard macros](#macros)
+//! * [The Rust Prelude](prelude/index.html)
+//!
+//! If this is your first time, the documentation for the standard library is
+//! written to be casually perused. Clicking on interesting things should
+//! generally lead you to interesting places. Still, there are important bits
+//! you don't want to miss, so read on for a tour of the standard library and
+//! its documentation!
+//!
+//! Once you are familiar with the contents of the standard library you may
+//! begin to find the verbosity of the prose distracting. At this stage in your
+//! development you may want to press the `[-]` button near the top of the
+//! page to collapse it into a more skimmable view.
+//!
+//! While you are looking at that `[-]` button also notice the `[src]`
+//! button. Rust's API documentation comes with the source code and you are
+//! encouraged to read it. The standard library source is generally high
+//! quality and a peek behind the curtains is often enlightening.
+//!
+//! # What is in the standard library documentation?
+//!
+//! First of all, The Rust Standard Library is divided into a number of focused
+//! modules, [all listed further down this page](#modules). These modules are
+//! the bedrock upon which all of Rust is forged, and they have mighty names
+//! like [`std::slice`] and [`std::cmp`]. Modules' documentation typically
+//! includes an overview of the module along with examples, and are a smart
+//! place to start familiarizing yourself with the library.
+//!
+//! Second, implicit methods on [primitive types] are documented here. This can
+//! be a source of confusion for two reasons:
+//!
+//! 1. While primitives are implemented by the compiler, the standard library
+//!    implements methods directly on the primitive types (and it is the only
+//!    library that does so), which are [documented in the section on
+//!    primitives](#primitives).
+//! 2. The standard library exports many modules *with the same name as
+//!    primitive types*. These define additional items related to the primitive
+//!    type, but not the all-important methods.
+//!
+//! So for example there is a [page for the primitive type
+//! `i32`](primitive.i32.html) that lists all the methods that can be called on
+//! 32-bit integers (very useful), and there is a [page for the module
+//! `std::i32`](i32/index.html) that documents the constant values [`MIN`] and
+//! [`MAX`](i32/constant.MAX.html) (rarely useful).
+//!
+//! Note the documentation for the primitives [`str`] and [`[T]`][slice] (also
+//! called 'slice'). Many method calls on [`String`] and [`Vec<T>`] are actually
+//! calls to methods on [`str`] and [`[T]`][slice] respectively, via [deref
+//! coercions][deref-coercions].
+//!
+//! Third, the standard library defines [The Rust Prelude], a small collection
+//! of items - mostly traits - that are imported into every module of every
+//! crate. The traits in the prelude are pervasive, making the prelude
+//! documentation a good entry point to learning about the library.
+//!
+//! And finally, the standard library exports a number of standard macros, and
+//! [lists them on this page](#macros) (technically, not all of the standard
+//! macros are defined by the standard library - some are defined by the
+//! compiler - but they are documented here the same). Like the prelude, the
+//! standard macros are imported by default into all crates.
+//!
+//! # Contributing changes to the documentation
+//!
+//! Check out the rust contribution guidelines [here](
+//! https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/getting-started.html).
+//! The source for this documentation can be found on
+//! [GitHub](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust).
+//! To contribute changes, make sure you read the guidelines first, then submit
+//! pull-requests for your suggested changes.
+//!
+//! Contributions are appreciated! If you see a part of the docs that can be
+//! improved, submit a PR, or chat with us first on [Discord][rust-discord]
+//! #docs.
+//!
+//! # A Tour of The Rust Standard Library
+//!
+//! The rest of this crate documentation is dedicated to pointing out notable
+//! features of The Rust Standard Library.
+//!
+//! ## Containers and collections
+//!
+//! The [`option`] and [`result`] modules define optional and error-handling
+//! types, [`Option<T>`] and [`Result<T, E>`]. The [`iter`] module defines
+//! Rust's iterator trait, [`Iterator`], which works with the [`for`] loop to
+//! access collections.
+//!
+//! The standard library exposes three common ways to deal with contiguous
+//! regions of memory:
+//!
+//! * [`Vec<T>`] - A heap-allocated *vector* that is resizable at runtime.
+//! * [`[T; n]`][array] - An inline *array* with a fixed size at compile time.
+//! * [`[T]`][slice] - A dynamically sized *slice* into any other kind of contiguous
+//!   storage, whether heap-allocated or not.
+//!
+//! Slices can only be handled through some kind of *pointer*, and as such come
+//! in many flavors such as:
+//!
+//! * `&[T]` - *shared slice*
+//! * `&mut [T]` - *mutable slice*
+//! * [`Box<[T]>`][owned slice] - *owned slice*
+//!
+//! [`str`], a UTF-8 string slice, is a primitive type, and the standard library
+//! defines many methods for it. Rust [`str`]s are typically accessed as
+//! immutable references: `&str`. Use the owned [`String`] for building and
+//! mutating strings.
+//!
+//! For converting to strings use the [`format!`] macro, and for converting from
+//! strings use the [`FromStr`] trait.
+//!
+//! Data may be shared by placing it in a reference-counted box or the [`Rc`]
+//! type, and if further contained in a [`Cell`] or [`RefCell`], may be mutated
+//! as well as shared. Likewise, in a concurrent setting it is common to pair an
+//! atomically-reference-counted box, [`Arc`], with a [`Mutex`] to get the same
+//! effect.
+//!
+//! The [`collections`] module defines maps, sets, linked lists and other
+//! typical collection types, including the common [`HashMap<K, V>`].
+//!
+//! ## Platform abstractions and I/O
+//!
+//! Besides basic data types, the standard library is largely concerned with
+//! abstracting over differences in common platforms, most notably Windows and
+//! Unix derivatives.
+//!
+//! Common types of I/O, including [files], [TCP], [UDP], are defined in the
+//! [`io`], [`fs`], and [`net`] modules.
+//!
+//! The [`thread`] module contains Rust's threading abstractions. [`sync`]
+//! contains further primitive shared memory types, including [`atomic`] and
+//! [`mpsc`], which contains the channel types for message passing.
+//!
+//! [I/O]: io/index.html
+//! [`MIN`]: i32/constant.MIN.html
+//! [TCP]: net/struct.TcpStream.html
+//! [The Rust Prelude]: prelude/index.html
+//! [UDP]: net/struct.UdpSocket.html
+//! [`Arc`]: sync/struct.Arc.html
+//! [owned slice]: boxed/index.html
+//! [`Cell`]: cell/struct.Cell.html
+//! [`FromStr`]: str/trait.FromStr.html
+//! [`HashMap<K, V>`]: collections/struct.HashMap.html
+//! [`Iterator`]: iter/trait.Iterator.html
+//! [`Mutex`]: sync/struct.Mutex.html
+//! [`Option<T>`]: option/enum.Option.html
+//! [`Rc`]: rc/struct.Rc.html
+//! [`RefCell`]: cell/struct.RefCell.html
+//! [`Result<T, E>`]: result/enum.Result.html
+//! [`String`]: string/struct.String.html
+//! [`Vec<T>`]: vec/struct.Vec.html
+//! [array]: primitive.array.html
+//! [slice]: primitive.slice.html
+//! [`atomic`]: sync/atomic/index.html
+//! [`collections`]: collections/index.html
+//! [`for`]: ../book/ch03-05-control-flow.html#looping-through-a-collection-with-for
+//! [`format!`]: macro.format.html
+//! [`fs`]: fs/index.html
+//! [`io`]: io/index.html
+//! [`iter`]: iter/index.html
+//! [`mpsc`]: sync/mpsc/index.html
+//! [`net`]: net/index.html
+//! [`option`]: option/index.html
+//! [`result`]: result/index.html
+//! [`std::cmp`]: cmp/index.html
+//! [`std::slice`]: slice/index.html
+//! [`str`]: primitive.str.html
+//! [`sync`]: sync/index.html
+//! [`thread`]: thread/index.html
+//! [`use std::env`]: env/index.html
+//! [`use`]: ../book/ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html
+//! [crates.io]: https://crates.io
+//! [deref-coercions]: ../book/ch15-02-deref.html#implicit-deref-coercions-with-functions-and-methods
+//! [files]: fs/struct.File.html
+//! [multithreading]: thread/index.html
+//! [other]: #what-is-in-the-standard-library-documentation
+//! [primitive types]: ../book/ch03-02-data-types.html
+//! [rust-discord]: https://discord.gg/rust-lang
+
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "restricted-std"), stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0"))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "restricted-std", unstable(feature = "restricted_std", issue = "none"))]
+#![doc(
+    html_root_url = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/",
+    html_playground_url = "https://play.rust-lang.org/",
+    issue_tracker_base_url = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/",
+    test(no_crate_inject, attr(deny(warnings))),
+    test(attr(allow(dead_code, deprecated, unused_variables, unused_mut)))
+)]
+// Don't link to std. We are std.
+#![no_std]
+#![warn(deprecated_in_future)]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+#![warn(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#![deny(intra_doc_link_resolution_failure)] // rustdoc is run without -D warnings
+#![allow(explicit_outlives_requirements)]
+#![allow(unused_lifetimes)]
+// Tell the compiler to link to either panic_abort or panic_unwind
+#![needs_panic_runtime]
+// std may use features in a platform-specific way
+#![allow(unused_features)]
+#![cfg_attr(test, feature(print_internals, set_stdio, update_panic_count))]
+#![cfg_attr(
+    all(target_vendor = "fortanix", target_env = "sgx"),
+    feature(slice_index_methods, coerce_unsized, sgx_platform, ptr_wrapping_offset_from)
+)]
+#![cfg_attr(all(test, target_vendor = "fortanix", target_env = "sgx"), feature(fixed_size_array))]
+// std is implemented with unstable features, many of which are internal
+// compiler details that will never be stable
+// NB: the following list is sorted to minimize merge conflicts.
+#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]
+#![feature(alloc_layout_extra)]
+#![feature(allocator_api)]
+#![feature(allocator_internals)]
+#![feature(allow_internal_unsafe)]
+#![feature(allow_internal_unstable)]
+#![feature(arbitrary_self_types)]
+#![feature(array_error_internals)]
+#![feature(asm)]
+#![feature(associated_type_bounds)]
+#![feature(atomic_mut_ptr)]
+#![feature(box_syntax)]
+#![feature(c_variadic)]
+#![feature(can_vector)]
+#![feature(cfg_accessible)]
+#![feature(cfg_target_has_atomic)]
+#![feature(cfg_target_thread_local)]
+#![feature(char_error_internals)]
+#![feature(char_internals)]
+#![feature(clamp)]
+#![feature(concat_idents)]
+#![feature(const_cstr_unchecked)]
+#![feature(const_raw_ptr_deref)]
+#![feature(container_error_extra)]
+#![feature(core_intrinsics)]
+#![feature(custom_test_frameworks)]
+#![feature(decl_macro)]
+#![feature(doc_alias)]
+#![feature(doc_cfg)]
+#![feature(doc_keyword)]
+#![feature(doc_masked)]
+#![cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), feature(doc_spotlight))]
+#![feature(dropck_eyepatch)]
+#![feature(duration_constants)]
+#![feature(exact_size_is_empty)]
+#![feature(exhaustive_patterns)]
+#![feature(extend_one)]
+#![feature(external_doc)]
+#![feature(fn_traits)]
+#![feature(format_args_nl)]
+#![feature(future_readiness_fns)]
+#![feature(gen_future)]
+#![feature(generator_trait)]
+#![feature(global_asm)]
+#![feature(hash_raw_entry)]
+#![feature(hashmap_internals)]
+#![feature(int_error_internals)]
+#![feature(int_error_matching)]
+#![feature(integer_atomics)]
+#![feature(into_future)]
+#![feature(lang_items)]
+#![feature(libc)]
+#![feature(link_args)]
+#![feature(linkage)]
+#![feature(llvm_asm)]
+#![feature(log_syntax)]
+#![feature(maybe_uninit_extra)]
+#![feature(maybe_uninit_ref)]
+#![feature(maybe_uninit_slice)]
+#![feature(min_specialization)]
+#![feature(needs_panic_runtime)]
+#![feature(negative_impls)]
+#![feature(never_type)]
+#![feature(nll)]
+#![feature(once_cell)]
+#![feature(optin_builtin_traits)]
+#![feature(or_patterns)]
+#![feature(panic_info_message)]
+#![feature(panic_internals)]
+#![feature(panic_unwind)]
+#![feature(prelude_import)]
+#![feature(ptr_internals)]
+#![feature(raw)]
+#![feature(raw_ref_macros)]
+#![feature(ready_macro)]
+#![feature(renamed_spin_loop)]
+#![feature(rustc_attrs)]
+#![feature(rustc_private)]
+#![feature(shrink_to)]
+#![feature(slice_concat_ext)]
+#![feature(slice_internals)]
+#![feature(slice_strip)]
+#![feature(staged_api)]
+#![feature(std_internals)]
+#![feature(stdsimd)]
+#![feature(stmt_expr_attributes)]
+#![feature(str_internals)]
+#![feature(test)]
+#![feature(thread_local)]
+#![feature(toowned_clone_into)]
+#![feature(total_cmp)]
+#![feature(trace_macros)]
+#![feature(try_reserve)]
+#![feature(unboxed_closures)]
+#![feature(unsafe_block_in_unsafe_fn)]
+#![feature(untagged_unions)]
+#![feature(unwind_attributes)]
+#![feature(vec_into_raw_parts)]
+#![feature(wake_trait)]
+// NB: the above list is sorted to minimize merge conflicts.
+#![default_lib_allocator]
+
+// Explicitly import the prelude. The compiler uses this same unstable attribute
+// to import the prelude implicitly when building crates that depend on std.
+#[prelude_import]
+#[allow(unused)]
+use prelude::v1::*;
+
+// Access to Bencher, etc.
+#[cfg(test)]
+extern crate test;
+
+#[allow(unused_imports)] // macros from `alloc` are not used on all platforms
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate alloc as alloc_crate;
+#[doc(masked)]
+#[allow(unused_extern_crates)]
+extern crate libc;
+
+// We always need an unwinder currently for backtraces
+#[doc(masked)]
+#[allow(unused_extern_crates)]
+extern crate unwind;
+
+// During testing, this crate is not actually the "real" std library, but rather
+// it links to the real std library, which was compiled from this same source
+// code. So any lang items std defines are conditionally excluded (or else they
+// would generate duplicate lang item errors), and any globals it defines are
+// _not_ the globals used by "real" std. So this import, defined only during
+// testing gives test-std access to real-std lang items and globals. See #2912
+#[cfg(test)]
+extern crate std as realstd;
+
+// The standard macros that are not built-in to the compiler.
+#[macro_use]
+mod macros;
+
+// The Rust prelude
+pub mod prelude;
+
+// Public module declarations and re-exports
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::borrow;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::boxed;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::fmt;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::format;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::rc;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::slice;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::str;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::string;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use alloc_crate::vec;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::any;
+#[stable(feature = "simd_arch", since = "1.27.0")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use core::arch;
+#[stable(feature = "core_array", since = "1.36.0")]
+pub use core::array;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::cell;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::char;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::clone;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::cmp;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::convert;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::default;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::hash;
+#[stable(feature = "core_hint", since = "1.27.0")]
+pub use core::hint;
+#[stable(feature = "i128", since = "1.26.0")]
+pub use core::i128;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::i16;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::i32;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::i64;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::i8;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::intrinsics;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::isize;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::iter;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::marker;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::mem;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::ops;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::option;
+#[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
+pub use core::pin;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::ptr;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::raw;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::result;
+#[stable(feature = "i128", since = "1.26.0")]
+pub use core::u128;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::u16;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::u32;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::u64;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::u8;
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::usize;
+
+pub mod f32;
+pub mod f64;
+
+#[macro_use]
+pub mod thread;
+pub mod ascii;
+pub mod backtrace;
+pub mod collections;
+pub mod env;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod ffi;
+pub mod fs;
+pub mod io;
+pub mod net;
+pub mod num;
+pub mod os;
+pub mod panic;
+pub mod path;
+pub mod process;
+pub mod sync;
+pub mod time;
+
+#[unstable(feature = "once_cell", issue = "74465")]
+pub mod lazy;
+
+#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
+pub mod task {
+    //! Types and Traits for working with asynchronous tasks.
+
+    #[doc(inline)]
+    #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
+    pub use core::task::*;
+
+    #[doc(inline)]
+    #[unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+    pub use alloc::task::*;
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
+pub mod future;
+
+// Platform-abstraction modules
+#[macro_use]
+mod sys_common;
+mod sys;
+
+pub mod alloc;
+
+// Private support modules
+mod memchr;
+mod panicking;
+
+// The runtime entry point and a few unstable public functions used by the
+// compiler
+pub mod rt;
+
+// Pull in the `std_detect` crate directly into libstd. The contents of
+// `std_detect` are in a different repository: rust-lang/stdarch.
+//
+// `std_detect` depends on libstd, but the contents of this module are
+// set up in such a way that directly pulling it here works such that the
+// crate uses the this crate as its libstd.
+#[path = "../../stdarch/crates/std_detect/src/mod.rs"]
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations, missing_docs, dead_code)]
+#[unstable(feature = "stdsimd", issue = "48556")]
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+mod std_detect;
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[unstable(feature = "stdsimd", issue = "48556")]
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+pub use std_detect::detect;
+
+// Re-export macros defined in libcore.
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[allow(deprecated, deprecated_in_future)]
+pub use core::{
+    assert_eq, assert_ne, debug_assert, debug_assert_eq, debug_assert_ne, matches, r#try, todo,
+    unimplemented, unreachable, write, writeln,
+};
+
+// Re-export built-in macros defined through libcore.
+#[stable(feature = "builtin_macro_prelude", since = "1.38.0")]
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use core::{
+    asm, assert, cfg, column, compile_error, concat, concat_idents, env, file, format_args,
+    format_args_nl, global_asm, include, include_bytes, include_str, line, llvm_asm, log_syntax,
+    module_path, option_env, stringify, trace_macros,
+};
+
+#[stable(feature = "core_primitive", since = "1.43.0")]
+pub use core::primitive;
+
+// Include a number of private modules that exist solely to provide
+// the rustdoc documentation for primitive types. Using `include!`
+// because rustdoc only looks for these modules at the crate level.
+include!("primitive_docs.rs");
+
+// Include a number of private modules that exist solely to provide
+// the rustdoc documentation for the existing keywords. Using `include!`
+// because rustdoc only looks for these modules at the crate level.
+include!("keyword_docs.rs");
+
+// This is required to avoid an unstable error when `restricted-std` is not
+// enabled. The use of #![feature(restricted_std)] in rustc-std-workspace-std
+// is unconditional, so the unstable feature needs to be defined somewhere.
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "restricted-std"), unstable(feature = "restricted_std", issue = "none"))]
+mod __restricted_std_workaround {}