Auto merge of #70825 - eddyb:enum-discr-correct-generics-parent, r=nikomatsakis

typeck: always expose explicit enum discriminant `AnonConst`s' parent in `generics_of`.

This is similar to #70452 but for explicit `enum` discriminant constant expressions.
However, unlike #70452, this PR should have no effect on stable code, as while it alleviates #43408 errors, there is no way to actually compile an `enum` with generic parameters *and* explicit discriminants, without `#![feature(arbitrary_enum_discriminant)]`, as explicit discriminant expression don't count as uses of parameters (if they did, they would count as invariant uses).

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There's also 2 other commits here, both related to #70453:
* "ty: use `delay_span_bug` in `ty::AdtDef::eval_explicit_discr`." - hides the ICEs demonstrated on #70453, when there are other errors (which the next commit adds)
* "typeck/wfcheck: require that explicit enum discriminants const-evaluate succesfully." - closes #70453 by picking alternative "2", i.e. erroring when a discriminant doesn't fully const-evaluate from the perspective of the `enum` definition

In the future, it might be possible to allow `enum` discriminants to actually depend on parameters, but that will likely require #68436 + some way to restrict the values so no two variants can end up with overlapping discriminants.

As this PR would close #70453, it shouldn't be merged until a decision is reached there.

r? @nikomatsakis

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