Add sample defaults for config.toml

- Allow including defaults in `src/bootstrap/defaults` using `profile = "..."`
- Add default config files
- Combine config files using the merge dependency.
- Add comments to default config files
- Add a README asking to open an issue if the defaults are bad
- Give a loud error if trying to merge `.target`, since it's not
  currently supported
- Use an exhaustive match
- Use `<none>` in config.toml.example to avoid confusion
- Fix bugs in `Merge` derives

Previously, it would completely ignore the profile defaults if there
were any settings in `config.toml`. I sent an email to the `merge` maintainer
asking them to make the behavior in this commit the default.

This introduces a new dependency on `merge` that hasn't yet been vetted.

I want to improve the output when `include = "x"` isn't found:

```
thread 'main' panicked at 'fs::read_to_string(&file) failed with No such file or directory (os error 2) ("configuration file did not exist")', src/bootstrap/config.rs:522:28
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
failed to run: /home/joshua/rustc/build/bootstrap/debug/bootstrap test tidy
Build completed unsuccessfully in 0:00:00
```

However that seems like it could be fixed in a follow-up.

5 files changed, 51 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/bootstrap/defaults/README.md b/src/bootstrap/defaults/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a91fc3538eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bootstrap/defaults/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# About bootstrap defaults
+
+These defaults are intended to be a good starting point for working with x.py,
+with the understanding that no one set of defaults make sense for everyone.
+
+They are still experimental, and we'd appreciate your help improving them!
+If you use a setting that's not in these defaults that you think others would benefit from, please [file an issue] or make a PR with the changes.
+Similarly, if one of these defaults doesn't match what you use personally,
+please open an issue to get it changed.
+
+[file an issue]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/new/choose
diff --git a/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.codegen b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.codegen
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a9505922ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.codegen
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# These defaults are meant for contributors to the compiler who modify codegen or LLVM
+[llvm]
+# This enables debug-assertions in LLVM,
+# catching logic errors in codegen much earlier in the process.
+assertions = true
+
+[rust]
+# This enables `RUSTC_LOG=debug`, avoiding confusing situations
+# where adding `debug!()` appears to do nothing.
+# However, it makes running the compiler slightly slower.
+debug-logging = true
+# This greatly increases the speed of rebuilds, especially when there are only minor changes. However, it makes the initial build slightly slower.
+incremental = true
diff --git a/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.compiler b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.compiler
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4772de8a2cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.compiler
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# These defaults are meant for contributors to the compiler who do not modify codegen or LLVM
+[rust]
+# This enables `RUSTC_LOG=debug`, avoiding confusing situations
+# where adding `debug!()` appears to do nothing.
+# However, it makes running the compiler slightly slower.
+debug-logging = true
+# This greatly increases the speed of rebuilds, especially when there are only minor changes. However, it makes the initial build slightly slower.
+incremental = true
diff --git a/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.library b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.library
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e4316f4d864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.library
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# These defaults are meant for contributors to the standard library and documentation.
+[build]
+# When building the standard library, you almost never want to build the compiler itself.
+build-stage = 0
+test-stage = 0
+bench-stage = 0
+
+[rust]
+# This greatly increases the speed of rebuilds, especially when there are only minor changes. However, it makes the initial build slightly slower.
+incremental = true
diff --git a/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.user b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.user
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6647061d88f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bootstrap/defaults/config.toml.user
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# These defaults are meant for users and distro maintainers building from source, without intending to make multiple changes.
+[build]
+# When compiling from source, you almost always want a full stage 2 build,
+# which has all the latest optimizations from nightly.
+build-stage = 2
+test-stage = 2
+doc-stage = 2
+# When compiling from source, you usually want all tools.
+extended = true