rustc: Stabilize options for pipelined compilation

This commit stabilizes options in the compiler necessary for Cargo to
enable "pipelined compilation" by default. The concept of pipelined
compilation, how it's implemented, and what it means for rustc are
documented in #60988. This PR is coupled with a PR against Cargo
(rust-lang/cargo#7143) which updates Cargo's support for pipelined
compliation to rustc, and also enables support by default in Cargo.
(note that the Cargo PR cannot land until this one against rustc lands).

The technical changes performed here were to stabilize the functionality
proposed in #60419 and #60987, the underlying pieces to enable pipelined
compilation support in Cargo. The issues have had some discussion during
stabilization, but the newly stabilized surface area here is:

* A new `--json` flag was added to the compiler.
* The `--json` flag can be passed multiple times.
* The value of the `--json` flag is a comma-separated list of
  directives.
* The `--json` flag cannot be combined with `--color`
* The `--json` flag must be combined with `--error-format=json`
* The acceptable list of directives to `--json` are:
  * `diagnostic-short` - the `rendered` field of diagnostics will have a
    "short" rendering matching `--error-format=short`
  * `diagnostic-rendered-ansi` - the `rendered` field of diagnostics
    will be colorized with ansi color codes embedded in the string field
  * `artifacts` - JSON blobs will be emitted for artifacts being emitted
    by the compiler

The unstable `-Z emit-artifact-notifications` and `--json-rendered`
flags have also been removed during this commit as well.

Closes #60419
Closes #60987
Closes #60988

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