Auto merge of #51366 - japaric:stable-panic-impl, r=Mark-Simulacrum

stabilize #[panic_handler]

closes #44489

### Update(2018-09-07)

This was proposed for stabilization in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44489#issuecomment-398965881 and its FCP with disposition to merge / accept is nearly over. The summary of what's being stabilized can be found in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44489#issuecomment-416645946

Documentation PRs:

- Reference. https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/reference/pull/362
- Nomicon. https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/nomicon/pull/75

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`#[panic_implementation]` was implemented recently in #50338. `#[panic_implementation]` is basically the old `panic_fmt` language item but in a less error prone (\*) shape. There are still some issues and questions to sort out around this feature (cf. #44489) but this PR is meant to start a discussion about those issues / questions with the language team.

(\*) `panic_fmt` was not type checked; changes in its function signature caused serious, silent binary size regressions like the one observed in #43054

Some unresolved questions from #44489:

> Should the Display of PanicInfo format the panic information as "panicked at 'reason',
> src/main.rs:27:4", as "'reason', src/main.rs:27:4", or simply as "reason".

The current implementation formats `PanicInfo` as the first alternative, which is how panic messages are formatted by the `std` panic handler. The `Display` implementation is more than a convenience: `PanicInfo.message` is unstable so it's not possible to replicate the `Display` implementation on stable.

> Is this design compatible, or can it be extended to work, with unwinding implementations for
> no-std environments?

I believe @whitequark made more progress with unwinding in no-std since their last comment in #44489. Perhaps they can give us an update?

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Another unresolved question is where this feature should be documented. The feature currently doesn't have any documentation.

cc @rust-lang/lang
cc @jackpot51 @alevy @phil-opp

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