Accommodate arith-overflow in `core::num`, `std::num`, `coretest::num`.

 * `core::num`: adjust `UnsignedInt::is_power_of_two`,
   `UnsignedInt::next_power_of_two`, `Int::pow`.

   In particular for `Int::pow`: (1.) do not panic when `base`
   overflows if `acc` never observes the overflowed `base`, and (2.)
   if `acc` does observe the overflowed `base`, make sure we only
   panic if we would have otherwise (e.g. during a computation of
   `base * base`).

 * also in `core::num`: avoid underflow during computation of `uint::MAX`.

 * `std::num`: adjust tests `uint::test_uint_from_str_overflow`,
   `uint::test_uint_to_str_overflow`, `strconv`

 * `coretest::num`: adjust `test::test_int_from_str_overflow`.

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