run optimization and codegen on worker threads

Refactor the code in `llvm::back` that invokes LLVM optimization and codegen
passes so that it can be called from worker threads.  (Previously, it used
`&Session` extensively, and `Session` is not `Share`.)  The new code can handle
multiple compilation units, by compiling each unit to `crate.0.o`, `crate.1.o`,
etc., and linking together all the `crate.N.o` files into a single `crate.o`
using `ld -r`.  The later linking steps can then be run unchanged.

The new code preserves the behavior of `--emit`/`-o` when building a single
compilation unit.  With multiple compilation units, the `--emit=asm/ir/bc`
options produce multiple files, so combinations like `--emit=ir -o foo.ll` will
not actually produce `foo.ll` (they instead produce several `foo.N.ll` files).

The new code supports `-Z lto` only when using a single compilation unit.
Compiling with multiple compilation units and `-Z lto` will produce an error.
(I can't think of any good reason to do such a thing.)  Linking with `-Z lto`
against a library that was built as multiple compilation units will also fail,
because the rlib does not contain a `crate.bytecode.deflate` file.  This could
be supported in the future by linking together the `crate.N.bc` files produced
when compiling the library into a single `crate.bc`, or by making the LTO code
support multiple `crate.N.bytecode.deflate` files.

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