std: Don't assume thread::current() works on panic

Inspecting the current thread's info may not always work due to the TLS value
having been destroyed (or is actively being destroyed). The code for printing
a panic message assumed, however, that it could acquire the thread's name
through this method.

Instead this commit propagates the `Option` outwards to allow the
`std::panicking` module to handle the case where the current thread isn't
present.

While it solves the immediate issue of #24313, there is still another underlying
issue of panicking destructors in thread locals will abort the process.

Closes #24313

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