Rollup merge of #66895 - Centril:rustc_feature, r=oli-obk

Feature gating *declarations* => new crate `rustc_feature`

This PR moves the data-oriented parts of feature gating into its own crate, `rustc_feature`.
The parts consist of some data types as well as `accepted`, `active`, `removed`, and `builtin_attrs`.

Feature gate checking itself remains in `syntax::feature_gate::check`. The parts which define how to emit feature gate errors could probably be moved to `rustc_errors` or to the new `rustc_session` crate introduced in #66878. The visitor itself could probably be moved as a pass in `rustc_passes` depending on how the dependency edges work out.

The PR also contains some drive-by cleanup of feature gate checking. As such, the PR probably best read commit-by-commit.

r? @oli-obk
cc @petrochenkov
cc @Mark-Simulacrum

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