Rollup merge of #47149 - dtolnay:spans, r=jseyfried

Span::resolved_at and Span::located_at to combine behavior of two spans

Proc macro spans serve two mostly unrelated purposes: controlling name resolution and controlling error messages. It can be useful to mix the name resolution behavior of one span with the line/column error message locations of a different span.

In particular, consider the case of a trait brought into scope within the def_site of a custom derive. I want to invoke trait methods on the fields of the user's struct. If the field type does not implement the right trait, I want the error message to underline the corresponding struct field.

Generating the method call with the def_site span is not ideal -- it compiles and runs but error messages sadly always point to the derive attribute like we saw with Macros 1.1.

```
  |
4 | #[derive(HeapSize)]
  |          ^^^^^^^^
```

Generating the method call with the same span as the struct field's ident or type is not correct -- it shows the right underlines but fails to resolve to the trait in scope at the def_site.

```
  |
7 |     bad: std::thread::Thread,
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
```

The correct span for the method call is one that combines the def_site's name resolution with the struct field's line/column.

```rust
field.span.resolved_at(Span::def_site())

// equivalently
Span::def_site().located_at(field.span)
```

Adding both because which one is more natural will depend on context.

Addresses https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/38356#issuecomment-354947143. r? @jseyfried

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