rust: Add a `-C default-linker-libraries` option

This commit adds a new codegen option for the compiler which disables
rustc's passing of `-nodefaultlibs` by default on relevant platforms.
Sometimes Rust is linked with C code which fails to link with
`-nodefaultlibs` and is unnecessarily onerous to get linking correctly
with `-nodefaultlibs`.

An example of this is that when you compile C code with sanitizers and
then pass `-fsanitize=address` to the linker, it's incompatible with
`-nodefaultlibs` also being passed to the linker.

In these situations it's easiest to turn off Rust's default passing of
`-nodefaultlibs`, which was more ideological to start with than
anything! Preserving the default is somewhat important but having this
be opt-in shouldn't cause any breakage.

Closes #54237

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