Rollup merge of #66841 - SimonSapin:float_round_unchecked_to, r=rkruppe

Add `{f32,f64}::approx_unchecked_to<Int>` unsafe methods

As discussed in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/10184

Currently, casting a floating point number to an integer with `as` is Undefined Behavior if the value is out of range. `-Z saturating-float-casts` fixes this soundness hole by making `as` “saturate” to the maximum or minimum value of the integer type (or zero for `NaN`), but has measurable negative performance impact in some benchmarks. There is some consensus in that thread for enabling saturation by default anyway, but provide an `unsafe fn` alternative for users who know through some other mean that their values are in range.

<del>The “fit” wording is copied from https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#fptoui-to-instruction, but I’m not certain what it means exactly. Presumably this is after rounding towards zero, and the doc-test with `i8::MIN` seems to confirm this.</del> Clang presumably uses those LLVM intrinsics to implement C and C++ casts, whose respective standard specify that the value *after truncating to keep its integral part* must be representable in the target type.

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