std: Avoid usage of `Once` in `Instant`

This commit removes usage of `Once` from the internal implementation of
time utilities on OSX and Windows. It turns out that we accidentally hit
a deadlock today (#59020) via events that look like:

* A thread invokes `park_timeout`
* Internally, only on OSX, `park_timeout` calls `Instant::elapsed`
* Inside of `Instant::elapsed` on OSX we enter a `Once` to initialize
  global timer data
* Inside of `Once`, it attempts to `park`

This means on the same stack frame, when there's contention, we're
calling `park` from inside `park_timeout`, causing a deadlock!

The solution implemented in this commit was to remove usage of `Once`
and instead just do a small dance with atomics. There's no real need we
need to guarantee that the global information is only learned once, only
that it's only *stored* once. This implementation may have multiple
threads invoke `mach_timebase_info`, but only one will store the global
information which will amortize the cost for all other threads.

A similar fix has been applied to windows to be uniform across our
implementations, but looking at the code on Windows no deadlock was
possible. This is purely just a consistency update for Windows and in
theory a slightly leaner implementation.

Closes #59020

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