rustc: Allow `#[no_mangle]` anywhere in a crate

This commit updates the compiler to allow the `#[no_mangle]` (and
`#[export_name]` attributes) to be located anywhere within a crate.
These attributes are unconditionally processed, causing the compiler to
always generate an exported symbol with the appropriate name.

After some discussion on #54135 it was found that not a great reason
this hasn't been allowed already, and it seems to match the behavior
that many expect! Previously the compiler would only export a
`#[no_mangle]` symbol if it were *publicly reachable*, meaning that it
itself is `pub` and it's otherwise publicly reachable from the root of
the crate. This new definition is that `#[no_mangle]` *is always
reachable*, no matter where it is in a crate or whether it has `pub` or
not.

This should make it much easier to declare an exported symbol with a
known and unique name, even when it's an internal implementation detail
of the crate itself. Note that these symbols will persist beyond LTO as
well, always making their way to the linker.

Along the way this commit removes the `private_no_mangle_functions` lint
(also for statics) as there's no longer any need to lint these
situations. Furthermore a good number of tests were updated now that
symbol visibility has been changed.

Closes #54135

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