Add Emscripten-specific linker

It claims to accept most GNU linker options, but in fact most of them
have no effect and instead it requires some special options which are
easier to handle in a separate trait.

Currently added:
 - `export_symbols`: works on executables as special Emscripten case
since staticlibs/dylibs aren't compiled to JS, while exports are
required to be accessible from JS.
Fixes #39171.
 - `optimize` - translates Rust's optimization level to Emscripten
optimization level (whether passed via `-C opt-level=...` or `-O...`).
Fixes #36899.
 - `debuginfo` - translates debug info; Emscripten has 5 debug levels
while Rust has 3, so chose to translate `-C debuginfo=1` to `-g3`
(preserves whitespace, variable and function names for easy debugging).
Fixes #36901.
 - `no_default_libraries` - tells Emscripten to exlude `memcpy` and co.

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