Auto merge of #69023 - Centril:parse_fn, r=petrochenkov

parse: unify function front matter parsing

Part of https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/68728.

- `const extern fn` feature gating is now done post-expansion such that we do not have conditional compatibilities of function qualifiers *in parsing*.

- The `FnFrontMatter` grammar becomes:
   ```rust
   Extern = "extern" StringLit ;
   FnQual = "const"? "async"? "unsafe"? Extern? ;
   FnFrontMatter = FnQual "fn" ;
   ```

   That is, all item contexts now *syntactically* allow `const async unsafe extern "C" fn` and use semantic restrictions to rule out combinations previously prevented syntactically. The semantic restrictions include in particular:

   - `fn`s in `extern { ... }` can have no qualifiers.
   - `const` and `async` cannot be combined.

- We change `ast::{Unsafety, Spanned<Constness>}>` into `enum ast::{Unsafe, Const} { Yes(Span), No }` respectively. This change in formulation allow us to exclude `Span` in the case of `No`, which facilitates parsing. Moreover, we also add a `Span` to `IsAsync` which is renamed to `Async`. The new `Span`s in `Unsafety` and `Async` are then taken advantage of for better diagnostics. A reason this change was made is to have a more uniform and clear naming scheme.

  The HIR keeps the structures in AST (with those definitions moved into HIR) for now to avoid regressing perf.

r? @petrochenkov

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