Add initial implementation of 'sort_at_index' for slices -- analog to C++'s std::nth_element (a.k.a. quickselect)

Add some more notes to the documentation:

- Mention that the median can be found if we used `len() / 2`.
- Mention that this function is usually called "kth element" in other libraries.

Address some comments in PR:

- Change wording on some of the documentation
- Change recursive function into a loop

Update name to `partition_at_index` and add convenience return values.

Address reviewer comments:

- Don't swap on each iteration when searching for min/max element.
- Add some docs about when we panic.
- Test that the sum of the lengths of the output matches the length of the input.
- Style fix for for-loop.

Address more reviewer comments

Fix Rng stuff for test

Fix doc test build

Don't run the partition_at_index test on wasm targets

Miri does not support entropy for test partition_at_index

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