Add `core::macros::matches!( $expr, $pat ) -> bool`

# Motivation

This macro is:

* General-purpose (not domain-specific)
* Simple (the implementation is short)
* Very popular [on crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/matches)
  (currently 37th in all-time downloads)
* The two previous points combined make it number one in
  [left-pad index](https://twitter.com/bascule/status/1184523027888988160)
  score

As such, I feel it is a good candidate for inclusion in the standard library.

In fact I already felt that way five years ago:
https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/14685
(Although the proof of popularity was not as strong at the time.)

Back then, the main concern was that this macro may not be quite
universally-enough useful to belong in the prelude.

# API

Therefore, this PR adds the macro such that using it requires one of:

```
use core::macros::matches;
use std::macros::matches;
```

Like arms of a `match` expression,
the macro supports multiple patterns separated by `|`
and optionally followed by `if` and a guard expression:

```
let foo = 'f';
assert!(matches!(foo, 'A'..='Z' | 'a'..='z'));

let bar = Some(4);
assert!(matches!(bar, Some(x) if x > 2));
```

# Implementation constraints

A combination of reasons make it tricky
for a standard library macro not to be in the prelude.

Currently, all public `macro_rules` macros in the standard library macros
end up “in the prelude” of every crate not through `use std::prelude::v1::*;`
like for other kinds of items,
but through `#[macro_use]` on `extern crate std;`.
(Both are injected by `src/libsyntax_ext/standard_library_imports.rs`.)

`#[macro_use]` seems to import every macro that is available
at the top-level of a crate, even if through a `pub use` re-export.

Therefore, for `matches!` not to be in the prelude, we need it to be
inside of a module rather than at the root of `core` or `std`.

However, the only way to make a `macro_rules` macro public
outside of the crate where it is defined
appears to be `#[macro_export]`.
This exports the macro at the root of the crate
regardless of which module defines it.
See [macro scoping](
https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/macros-by-example.html#scoping-exporting-and-importing)
in the reference.

Therefore, the macro needs to be defined in a crate
that is not `core` or `std`.

# Implementation

This PR adds a new `matches_macro` crate as a private implementation detail
of the standard library.
This crate is `#![no_core]` so that libcore can depend on it.
It contains a `macro_rules` definition with `#[macro_export]`.

libcore and libstd each have a new public `macros` module
that contains a `pub use` re-export of the macro.
Both the module and the macro are unstable, for now.

The existing private `macros` modules are renamed `prelude_macros`,
though their respective source remains in `macros.rs` files.

4 files changed, 29 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/src/test/ui/macros/unknown-builtin.stderr b/src/test/ui/macros/unknown-builtin.stderr
index 33b7b055b4e..27992b466ba 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/macros/unknown-builtin.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/macros/unknown-builtin.stderr
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ LL | macro_rules! unknown { () => () }
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: cannot find a built-in macro with name `line`
-  --> <::core::macros::builtin::line macros>:1:1
+  --> <::core::prelude_macros::builtin::line macros>:1:1
    |
 LL | () => { }
    | ^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/src/test/ui/matches_macro_imported.rs b/src/test/ui/matches_macro_imported.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..76b7e692cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui/matches_macro_imported.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// run-pass
+
+#![feature(matches_macro)]
+
+use std::macros::matches;
+
+fn main() {
+    let foo = 'f';
+    assert!(matches!(foo, 'A'..='Z' | 'a'..='z'));
+
+    let foo = '_';
+    assert!(!matches!(foo, 'A'..='Z' | 'a'..='z'));
+}
diff --git a/src/test/ui/matches_macro_not_in_the_prelude.rs b/src/test/ui/matches_macro_not_in_the_prelude.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..489c7b86645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui/matches_macro_not_in_the_prelude.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#![feature(matches_macro)]
+
+fn main() {
+    let foo = 'f';
+    assert!(matches!(foo, 'A'..='Z' | 'a'..='z'));
+    //~^ Error: cannot find macro `matches` in this scope
+}
diff --git a/src/test/ui/matches_macro_not_in_the_prelude.stderr b/src/test/ui/matches_macro_not_in_the_prelude.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0abe29a835b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui/matches_macro_not_in_the_prelude.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+error: cannot find macro `matches` in this scope
+  --> $DIR/matches_macro_not_in_the_prelude.rs:5:13
+   |
+LL |     assert!(matches!(foo, 'A'..='Z' | 'a'..='z'));
+   |             ^^^^^^^
+
+error: aborting due to previous error
+