type error method suggestions use whitelisted identity-like conversions

Previously, on a type mismatch (and if this wasn't preëmpted by a
higher-priority suggestion), we would look for argumentless methods
returning the expected type, and list them in a `help` note.

This had two major shortcomings. Firstly, a lot of the suggestions didn't
really make sense (if you used a &str where a String was expected,
`.to_ascii_uppercase()` is probably not the solution you were hoping
for). Secondly, we weren't generating suggestions from the most useful
traits!

We address the first problem with an internal
`#[rustc_conversion_suggestion]` attribute meant to mark methods that keep
the "same value" in the relevant sense, just converting the type. We
address the second problem by making `FnCtxt.probe_for_return_type` pass
the `ProbeScope::AllTraits` to `probe_op`: this would seem to be safe
because grep reveals no other callers of `probe_for_return_type`.

Also, structured suggestions are preferred (because they're pretty, but
also for RLS and friends).

Also also, we make the E0055 autoderef recursion limit error use the
one-time-diagnostics set, because we can potentially hit the limit a lot
during probing. (Without this,
test/ui/did_you_mean/recursion_limit_deref.rs would report "aborting due to
51 errors").

Unfortunately, the trait probing is still not all one would hope for: at a
minimum, we don't know how to rule out `into()` in cases where it wouldn't
actually work, and we don't know how to rule in `.to_owned()` where it
would. Issues #46459 and #46460 have been filed and are ref'd in a FIXME.

This is hoped to resolve #42929, #44672, and #45777.

14 files changed, 147 insertions, 65 deletions

diff --git a/src/liballoc/slice.rs b/src/liballoc/slice.rs
index fa73197885b..914dd12e5e2 100644
--- a/src/liballoc/slice.rs
+++ b/src/liballoc/slice.rs
@@ -1595,6 +1595,7 @@ impl<T> [T] {
     /// let x = s.to_vec();
     /// // Here, `s` and `x` can be modified independently.
     /// ```
+    #[rustc_conversion_suggestion]
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<T>
diff --git a/src/liballoc/string.rs b/src/liballoc/string.rs
index ca493ab27e3..8d99d0bc8f4 100644
--- a/src/liballoc/string.rs
+++ b/src/liballoc/string.rs
@@ -2034,6 +2034,7 @@ pub trait ToString {
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(five, i.to_string());
     /// ```
+    #[rustc_conversion_suggestion]
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     fn to_string(&self) -> String;
 }
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/autoderef.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/autoderef.rs
index 7832db7dcb5..169959d12b5 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/autoderef.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/autoderef.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use super::{FnCtxt, LvalueOp};
 use super::method::MethodCallee;
 
 use rustc::infer::InferOk;
+use rustc::session::DiagnosticMessageId;
 use rustc::traits;
 use rustc::ty::{self, Ty, TraitRef};
 use rustc::ty::{ToPredicate, TypeFoldable};
@@ -56,19 +57,25 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> Iterator for Autoderef<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
             return Some((self.cur_ty, 0));
         }
 
-        if self.steps.len() == tcx.sess.recursion_limit.get() {
+        if self.steps.len() >= tcx.sess.recursion_limit.get() {
             // We've reached the recursion limit, error gracefully.
             let suggested_limit = tcx.sess.recursion_limit.get() * 2;
-            struct_span_err!(tcx.sess,
-                             self.span,
-                             E0055,
-                             "reached the recursion limit while auto-dereferencing {:?}",
-                             self.cur_ty)
-                .span_label(self.span, "deref recursion limit reached")
-                .help(&format!(
-                        "consider adding a `#[recursion_limit=\"{}\"]` attribute to your crate",
+            let msg = format!("reached the recursion limit while auto-dereferencing {:?}",
+                              self.cur_ty);
+            let error_id = (DiagnosticMessageId::ErrorId(55), Some(self.span), msg.clone());
+            let fresh = tcx.sess.one_time_diagnostics.borrow_mut().insert(error_id);
+            if fresh {
+                struct_span_err!(tcx.sess,
+                                 self.span,
+                                 E0055,
+                                 "reached the recursion limit while auto-dereferencing {:?}",
+                                 self.cur_ty)
+                    .span_label(self.span, "deref recursion limit reached")
+                    .help(&format!(
+                        "consider adding a `#![recursion_limit=\"{}\"]` attribute to your crate",
                         suggested_limit))
-                .emit();
+                    .emit();
+            }
             return None;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/demand.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/demand.rs
index 45ddae5c644..6703bbba86b 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/demand.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/demand.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.
 
+use std::iter;
 
 use check::FnCtxt;
 use rustc::infer::InferOk;
@@ -137,49 +138,45 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
         if let Some((msg, suggestion)) = self.check_ref(expr, checked_ty, expected) {
             err.span_suggestion(expr.span, msg, suggestion);
         } else {
-            let mode = probe::Mode::MethodCall;
-            let suggestions = self.probe_for_return_type(syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
-                                                         mode,
-                                                         expected,
-                                                         checked_ty,
-                                                         ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID);
-            if suggestions.len() > 0 {
-                err.help(&format!("here are some functions which \
-                                   might fulfill your needs:\n{}",
-                                  self.get_best_match(&suggestions).join("\n")));
+            let methods = self.get_conversion_methods(expected, checked_ty);
+            if let Ok(expr_text) = self.tcx.sess.codemap().span_to_snippet(expr.span) {
+                let suggestions = iter::repeat(expr_text).zip(methods.iter())
+                    .map(|(receiver, method)| format!("{}.{}()", receiver, method.name))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                if !suggestions.is_empty() {
+                    err.span_suggestions(expr.span,
+                                         "try using a conversion method",
+                                         suggestions);
+                }
             }
         }
         (expected, Some(err))
     }
 
-    fn format_method_suggestion(&self, method: &AssociatedItem) -> String {
-        format!("- .{}({})",
-                method.name,
-                if self.has_no_input_arg(method) {
-                    ""
-                } else {
-                    "..."
-                })
-    }
-
-    fn display_suggested_methods(&self, methods: &[AssociatedItem]) -> Vec<String> {
-        methods.iter()
-               .take(5)
-               .map(|method| self.format_method_suggestion(&*method))
-               .collect::<Vec<String>>()
-    }
+    fn get_conversion_methods(&self, expected: Ty<'tcx>, checked_ty: Ty<'tcx>)
+                              -> Vec<AssociatedItem> {
+        let mut methods = self.probe_for_return_type(syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
+                                                     probe::Mode::MethodCall,
+                                                     expected,
+                                                     checked_ty,
+                                                     ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID);
+        methods.retain(|m| {
+            self.has_no_input_arg(m) &&
+                self.tcx.get_attrs(m.def_id).iter()
+                // This special internal attribute is used to whitelist
+                // "identity-like" conversion methods to be suggested here.
+                //
+                // FIXME (#46459 and #46460): ideally
+                // `std::convert::Into::into` and `std::borrow:ToOwned` would
+                // also be `#[rustc_conversion_suggestion]`, if not for
+                // method-probing false-positives and -negatives (respectively).
+                //
+                // FIXME? Other potential candidate methods: `as_ref` and
+                // `as_mut`?
+                .find(|a| a.check_name("rustc_conversion_suggestion")).is_some()
+        });
 
-    fn get_best_match(&self, methods: &[AssociatedItem]) -> Vec<String> {
-        let no_argument_methods: Vec<_> =
-            methods.iter()
-                   .filter(|ref x| self.has_no_input_arg(&*x))
-                   .map(|x| x.clone())
-                   .collect();
-        if no_argument_methods.len() > 0 {
-            self.display_suggested_methods(&no_argument_methods)
-        } else {
-            self.display_suggested_methods(&methods)
-        }
+        methods
     }
 
     // This function checks if the method isn't static and takes other arguments than `self`.
diff --git a/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs b/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs
index 53bb0e577a4..012e2831edb 100644
--- a/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs
+++ b/src/librustc_typeck/check/method/probe.rs
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                scope_expr_id);
         let method_names =
             self.probe_op(span, mode, None, Some(return_type), IsSuggestion(true),
-                          self_ty, scope_expr_id, ProbeScope::TraitsInScope,
+                          self_ty, scope_expr_id, ProbeScope::AllTraits,
                           |probe_cx| Ok(probe_cx.candidate_method_names()))
                 .unwrap_or(vec![]);
          method_names
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
                  self.probe_op(
                      span, mode, Some(method_name), Some(return_type),
                      IsSuggestion(true), self_ty, scope_expr_id,
-                     ProbeScope::TraitsInScope, |probe_cx| probe_cx.pick()
+                     ProbeScope::AllTraits, |probe_cx| probe_cx.pick()
                  ).ok().map(|pick| pick.item)
              })
             .collect()
diff --git a/src/libstd/lib.rs b/src/libstd/lib.rs
index 29ea87aaf78..0d4e310480d 100644
--- a/src/libstd/lib.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/lib.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
 
 // Turn warnings into errors, but only after stage0, where it can be useful for
 // code to emit warnings during language transitions
-#![deny(warnings)]
+#![cfg_attr(not(stage0), deny(warnings))]
 
 // std may use features in a platform-specific way
 #![allow(unused_features)]
diff --git a/src/libstd/path.rs b/src/libstd/path.rs
index bed9efcb846..6328e4a8447 100644
--- a/src/libstd/path.rs
+++ b/src/libstd/path.rs
@@ -1702,6 +1702,7 @@ impl Path {
     /// let path_buf = Path::new("foo.txt").to_path_buf();
     /// assert_eq!(path_buf, std::path::PathBuf::from("foo.txt"));
     /// ```
+    #[rustc_conversion_suggestion]
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     pub fn to_path_buf(&self) -> PathBuf {
         PathBuf::from(self.inner.to_os_string())
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs b/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs
index e5ef9393e7b..d3e78b3be26 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs
@@ -966,6 +966,13 @@ pub const BUILTIN_ATTRIBUTES: &'static [(&'static str, AttributeType, AttributeG
                                       never be stable",
                                      cfg_fn!(rustc_attrs))),
 
+    // whitelists "identity-like" conversion methods to suggest on type mismatch
+    ("rustc_conversion_suggestion", Whitelisted, Gated(Stability::Unstable,
+                                                       "rustc_attrs",
+                                                       "this is an internal attribute that will \
+                                                        never be stable",
+                                                       cfg_fn!(rustc_attrs))),
+
     ("wasm_import_memory", Whitelisted, Gated(Stability::Unstable,
                                  "wasm_import_memory",
                                  "wasm_import_memory attribute is currently unstable",
diff --git a/src/test/ui/deref-suggestion.stderr b/src/test/ui/deref-suggestion.stderr
index 98ec3d9693f..4c2896e2207 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/deref-suggestion.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/deref-suggestion.stderr
@@ -2,16 +2,13 @@ error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/deref-suggestion.rs:18:9
    |
 18 |     foo(s); //~ ERROR mismatched types
-   |         ^ expected struct `std::string::String`, found reference
+   |         ^
+   |         |
+   |         expected struct `std::string::String`, found reference
+   |         help: try using a conversion method: `s.to_string()`
    |
    = note: expected type `std::string::String`
               found type `&std::string::String`
-   = help: here are some functions which might fulfill your needs:
-           - .escape_debug()
-           - .escape_default()
-           - .escape_unicode()
-           - .to_ascii_lowercase()
-           - .to_ascii_uppercase()
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/deref-suggestion.rs:23:10
diff --git a/src/test/ui/did_you_mean/recursion_limit_deref.stderr b/src/test/ui/did_you_mean/recursion_limit_deref.stderr
index 951b0b10580..860c6bb5b90 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/did_you_mean/recursion_limit_deref.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/did_you_mean/recursion_limit_deref.stderr
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ error[E0055]: reached the recursion limit while auto-dereferencing I
 62 |     let x: &Bottom = &t; //~ ERROR mismatched types
    |                      ^^ deref recursion limit reached
    |
-   = help: consider adding a `#[recursion_limit="20"]` attribute to your crate
+   = help: consider adding a `#![recursion_limit="20"]` attribute to your crate
 
 error[E0055]: reached the recursion limit while auto-dereferencing I
   |
-  = help: consider adding a `#[recursion_limit="20"]` attribute to your crate
+  = help: consider adding a `#![recursion_limit="20"]` attribute to your crate
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/recursion_limit_deref.rs:62:22
diff --git a/src/test/ui/span/coerce-suggestions.stderr b/src/test/ui/span/coerce-suggestions.stderr
index 07852619765..06f0e6ec228 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/span/coerce-suggestions.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/span/coerce-suggestions.stderr
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@ error[E0308]: mismatched types
    |
    = note: expected type `usize`
               found type `std::string::String`
-   = help: here are some functions which might fulfill your needs:
-           - .capacity()
-           - .len()
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/coerce-suggestions.rs:19:19
@@ -44,7 +41,10 @@ error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/coerce-suggestions.rs:27:9
    |
 27 |     f = box f;
-   |         ^^^^^ cyclic type of infinite size
+   |         ^^^^^
+   |         |
+   |         cyclic type of infinite size
+   |         help: try using a conversion method: `box f.to_string()`
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
   --> $DIR/coerce-suggestions.rs:31:9
diff --git a/src/test/ui/span/issue-34264.stderr b/src/test/ui/span/issue-34264.stderr
index 3794d6ba2de..18860a7456e 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/span/issue-34264.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/span/issue-34264.stderr
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ error[E0308]: mismatched types
    |
    = note: expected type `usize`
               found type `&'static str`
-   = help: here are some functions which might fulfill your needs:
-           - .len()
 
 error[E0061]: this function takes 2 parameters but 3 parameters were supplied
   --> $DIR/issue-34264.rs:20:5
diff --git a/src/test/ui/suggestions/conversion-methods.rs b/src/test/ui/suggestions/conversion-methods.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8a53bc3ca93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui/suggestions/conversion-methods.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+
+fn main() {
+    let _tis_an_instants_play: String = "'Tis a fond Ambush—"; //~ ERROR mismatched types
+    let _just_to_make_bliss: PathBuf = Path::new("/ern/her/own/surprise");
+    //~^ ERROR mismatched types
+
+    let _but_should_the_play: String = 2; // Perhaps surprisingly, we suggest .to_string() here
+    //~^ ERROR mismatched types
+
+    let _prove_piercing_earnest: Vec<usize> = &[1, 2, 3]; //~ ERROR mismatched types
+}
diff --git a/src/test/ui/suggestions/conversion-methods.stderr b/src/test/ui/suggestions/conversion-methods.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..96fdc29d952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/ui/suggestions/conversion-methods.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/conversion-methods.rs:15:41
+   |
+15 |     let _tis_an_instants_play: String = "'Tis a fond Ambush—"; //~ ERROR mismatched types
+   |                                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |                                         |
+   |                                         expected struct `std::string::String`, found reference
+   |                                         help: try using a conversion method: `"'Tis a fond Ambush—".to_string()`
+   |
+   = note: expected type `std::string::String`
+              found type `&'static str`
+
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/conversion-methods.rs:16:40
+   |
+16 |     let _just_to_make_bliss: PathBuf = Path::new("/ern/her/own/surprise");
+   |                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   |                                        |
+   |                                        expected struct `std::path::PathBuf`, found reference
+   |                                        help: try using a conversion method: `Path::new("/ern/her/own/surprise").to_path_buf()`
+   |
+   = note: expected type `std::path::PathBuf`
+              found type `&std::path::Path`
+
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/conversion-methods.rs:19:40
+   |
+19 |     let _but_should_the_play: String = 2; // Perhaps surprisingly, we suggest .to_string() here
+   |                                        ^
+   |                                        |
+   |                                        expected struct `std::string::String`, found integral variable
+   |                                        help: try using a conversion method: `2.to_string()`
+   |
+   = note: expected type `std::string::String`
+              found type `{integer}`
+
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> $DIR/conversion-methods.rs:22:47
+   |
+22 |     let _prove_piercing_earnest: Vec<usize> = &[1, 2, 3]; //~ ERROR mismatched types
+   |                                               ^^^^^^^^^^
+   |                                               |
+   |                                               expected struct `std::vec::Vec`, found reference
+   |                                               help: try using a conversion method: `&[1, 2, 3].to_vec()`
+   |
+   = note: expected type `std::vec::Vec<usize>`
+              found type `&[{integer}; 3]`
+
+error: aborting due to 4 previous errors
+