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-rw-r--r--Cargo.lock67
-rw-r--r--crates/hir/src/display.rs2
-rw-r--r--crates/hir/src/lib.rs75
-rw-r--r--crates/hir/src/semantics.rs2
-rw-r--r--crates/hir/src/source_analyzer.rs4
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/Cargo.toml6
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs37
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/builder.rs46
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_db.rs60
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_ext.rs52
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/consteval.rs6
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs11
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs6
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/deconstruct_pat.rs14
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/usefulness.rs2
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs2
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs80
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs32
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/infer/closure.rs22
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs46
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs130
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs30
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs16
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs131
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/interner.rs88
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs67
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/lower.rs150
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/method_resolution.rs59
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/tls.rs2
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/traits.rs8
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/utils.rs12
-rw-r--r--crates/hir_ty/src/walk.rs8
-rw-r--r--crates/proc_macro_api/Cargo.toml12
-rw-r--r--crates/proc_macro_srv/Cargo.toml2
34 files changed, 640 insertions, 647 deletions
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 44ef223557b..cd4324cf3c4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object",
+ "object 0.27.1",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-derive"
-version = "0.74.0"
+version = "0.75.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09d8c85134e234bead3fb78e4abd3ca2bdc228e5897b7f0fcd5265c4f4294375"
+checksum = "d54e3b5f9e3425e6b119ff07568d8d006bfa5a8d6f78a9cbc3530b1e962e316c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -183,9 +183,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-ir"
-version = "0.74.0"
+version = "0.75.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b08046b4a060d3fbf9df521a3aca331ff14d0a50c184b09a7b80edca1bf2aa79"
+checksum = "2b79e5a1d04b79311e90c69356a2c62027853906a7e33b3e070b93c055fc3e8a"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "chalk-derive",
@@ -194,9 +194,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-recursive"
-version = "0.74.0"
+version = "0.75.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8d0190d6f86bdd3395fb4482879cda3e40a14a4c32241805301fb079fd7b62c"
+checksum = "c39f59e975a6ffdee8eae3b396fc903fca18b8d1de674bb2aae4da643db07685"
 dependencies = [
  "chalk-derive",
  "chalk-ir",
@@ -207,9 +207,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-solve"
-version = "0.74.0"
+version = "0.75.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2bb39cbb1887edb2e12513ad811bea9a70faf4f98f4de794c5899c2c2e43e1b4"
+checksum = "a5d2a1db6605aba70a58820bd80ac422b218913a510f1a40beef9efc5371ea1d"
 dependencies = [
  "chalk-derive",
  "chalk-ir",
@@ -765,9 +765,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "0.4.8"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b71991ff56294aa922b450139ee08b3bfc70982c6b2c7562771375cf73542dd4"
+checksum = "1aab8fc367588b89dcee83ab0fd66b72b50b72fa1904d7095045ace2b0c81c35"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jod-thread"
@@ -807,9 +807,9 @@ checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.111"
+version = "0.2.112"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e167738f1866a7ec625567bae89ca0d44477232a4f7c52b1c7f2adc2c98804f"
+checksum = "1b03d17f364a3a042d5e5d46b053bbbf82c92c9430c592dd4c064dc6ee997125"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
@@ -1028,10 +1028,19 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "object"
+version = "0.28.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7ce8b38d41f9f3618fc23f908faae61510f8d8ce2d99cbe910641e8f1971f084"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "692fcb63b64b1758029e0a96ee63e049ce8c5948587f2f7208df04625e5f6b56"
+checksum = "da32515d9f6e6e489d7bc9d84c71b060db7247dc035bbe44eac88cf87486d8d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
@@ -1127,9 +1136,9 @@ checksum = "8d31d11c69a6b52a174b42bdc0c30e5e11670f90788b2c471c31c1d17d449443"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.33"
+version = "1.0.34"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fb37d2df5df740e582f28f8560cf425f52bb267d872fe58358eadb554909f07a"
+checksum = "2f84e92c0f7c9d58328b85a78557813e4bd845130db68d7184635344399423b1"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
@@ -1139,7 +1148,7 @@ name = "proc_macro_api"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
  "memmap2",
- "object",
+ "object 0.28.1",
  "paths",
  "profile",
  "serde",
@@ -1158,7 +1167,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libloading",
  "mbe",
  "memmap2",
- "object",
+ "object 0.28.1",
  "paths",
  "proc_macro_api",
  "proc_macro_test",
@@ -1302,9 +1311,9 @@ checksum = "f497285884f3fcff424ffc933e56d7cbca511def0c9831a7f9b5f6153e3cc89b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rowan"
-version = "0.15.1"
+version = "0.15.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "104e4d36da6a2a0c9485ebf1b2dfc628036c7cc9b38bd1b14fa785f1f1bdf5f0"
+checksum = "71ea8fec43656b71f8bf4a0351ab18604488ee13b0bf72cad2965f5bb2ca9dc6"
 dependencies = [
  "countme",
  "hashbrown",
@@ -1388,9 +1397,9 @@ checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.8"
+version = "1.0.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b30e4c09749c107e83dd61baf9604198efc4542863c88af39dafcaca89c7c9f9"
+checksum = "73b4b750c782965c211b42f022f59af1fbceabdd026623714f104152f1ec149f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "salsa"
@@ -1453,18 +1462,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.131"
+version = "1.0.132"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b4ad69dfbd3e45369132cc64e6748c2d65cdfb001a2b1c232d128b4ad60561c1"
+checksum = "8b9875c23cf305cd1fd7eb77234cbb705f21ea6a72c637a5c6db5fe4b8e7f008"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.131"
+version = "1.0.132"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b710a83c4e0dff6a3d511946b95274ad9ca9e5d3ae497b63fda866ac955358d2"
+checksum = "ecc0db5cb2556c0e558887d9bbdcf6ac4471e83ff66cf696e5419024d1606276"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1473,9 +1482,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.72"
+version = "1.0.73"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d0ffa0837f2dfa6fb90868c2b5468cad482e175f7dad97e7421951e663f2b527"
+checksum = "bcbd0344bc6533bc7ec56df11d42fb70f1b912351c0825ccb7211b59d8af7cf5"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
  "itoa",
diff --git a/crates/hir/src/display.rs b/crates/hir/src/display.rs
index 17465dc2b04..91ff1713120 100644
--- a/crates/hir/src/display.rs
+++ b/crates/hir/src/display.rs
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for TypeParam {
         let bounds = f.db.generic_predicates_for_param(self.id, None);
         let substs = TyBuilder::type_params_subst(f.db, self.id.parent);
         let predicates: Vec<_> =
-            bounds.iter().cloned().map(|b| b.substitute(&Interner, &substs)).collect();
+            bounds.iter().cloned().map(|b| b.substitute(Interner, &substs)).collect();
         let krate = self.id.parent.krate(f.db).id;
         let sized_trait =
             f.db.lang_item(krate, SmolStr::new_inline("sized"))
diff --git a/crates/hir/src/lib.rs b/crates/hir/src/lib.rs
index 7add0f4a436..a80668f1fe5 100644
--- a/crates/hir/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/hir/src/lib.rs
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ impl Field {
             VariantDef::Variant(it) => it.parent.id.into(),
         };
         let substs = TyBuilder::type_params_subst(db, generic_def_id);
-        let ty = db.field_types(var_id)[self.id].clone().substitute(&Interner, &substs);
+        let ty = db.field_types(var_id)[self.id].clone().substitute(Interner, &substs);
         Type::new(db, self.parent.module(db).id.krate(), var_id, ty)
     }
 
@@ -2136,7 +2136,7 @@ impl TypeParam {
     pub fn ty(self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Type {
         let resolver = self.id.parent.resolver(db.upcast());
         let krate = self.id.parent.module(db.upcast()).krate();
-        let ty = TyKind::Placeholder(hir_ty::to_placeholder_idx(db, self.id)).intern(&Interner);
+        let ty = TyKind::Placeholder(hir_ty::to_placeholder_idx(db, self.id)).intern(Interner);
         Type::new_with_resolver_inner(db, krate, &resolver, ty)
     }
 
@@ -2159,7 +2159,7 @@ impl TypeParam {
         let krate = self.id.parent.module(db.upcast()).krate();
         let ty = params.get(local_idx)?.clone();
         let subst = TyBuilder::type_params_subst(db, self.id.parent);
-        let ty = ty.substitute(&Interner, &subst_prefix(&subst, local_idx));
+        let ty = ty.substitute(Interner, &subst_prefix(&subst, local_idx));
         Some(Type::new_with_resolver_inner(db, krate, &resolver, ty))
     }
 }
@@ -2381,31 +2381,31 @@ impl Type {
     }
 
     pub fn is_unit(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Tuple(0, ..))
+        matches!(self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Tuple(0, ..))
     }
 
     pub fn is_bool(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool))
+        matches!(self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool))
     }
 
     pub fn is_never(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Never)
+        matches!(self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Never)
     }
 
     pub fn is_mutable_reference(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Ref(hir_ty::Mutability::Mut, ..))
+        matches!(self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Ref(hir_ty::Mutability::Mut, ..))
     }
 
     pub fn is_reference(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Ref(..))
+        matches!(self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Ref(..))
     }
 
     pub fn is_usize(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)))
+        matches!(self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)))
     }
 
     pub fn remove_ref(&self) -> Option<Type> {
-        match &self.ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        match &self.ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Ref(.., ty) => Some(self.derived(ty.clone())),
             _ => None,
         }
@@ -2434,7 +2434,7 @@ impl Type {
         };
 
         let canonical_ty =
-            Canonical { value: self.ty.clone(), binders: CanonicalVarKinds::empty(&Interner) };
+            Canonical { value: self.ty.clone(), binders: CanonicalVarKinds::empty(Interner) };
         method_resolution::implements_trait(
             &canonical_ty,
             db,
@@ -2457,7 +2457,7 @@ impl Type {
         };
 
         let canonical_ty =
-            Canonical { value: self.ty.clone(), binders: CanonicalVarKinds::empty(&Interner) };
+            Canonical { value: self.ty.clone(), binders: CanonicalVarKinds::empty(Interner) };
         method_resolution::implements_trait_unique(
             &canonical_ty,
             db,
@@ -2474,8 +2474,8 @@ impl Type {
             .build();
 
         let goal = Canonical {
-            value: hir_ty::InEnvironment::new(&self.env.env, trait_ref.cast(&Interner)),
-            binders: CanonicalVarKinds::empty(&Interner),
+            value: hir_ty::InEnvironment::new(&self.env.env, trait_ref.cast(Interner)),
+            binders: CanonicalVarKinds::empty(Interner),
         };
 
         db.trait_solve(self.krate, goal).is_some()
@@ -2497,9 +2497,9 @@ impl Type {
                 AliasEq {
                     alias: AliasTy::Projection(projection),
                     ty: TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0))
-                        .intern(&Interner),
+                        .intern(Interner),
                 }
-                .cast(&Interner),
+                .cast(Interner),
             ),
             [TyVariableKind::General].into_iter(),
         );
@@ -2508,9 +2508,9 @@ impl Type {
             Solution::Unique(s) => s
                 .value
                 .subst
-                .as_slice(&Interner)
+                .as_slice(Interner)
                 .first()
-                .map(|ty| self.derived(ty.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone())),
+                .map(|ty| self.derived(ty.assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone())),
             Solution::Ambig(_) => None,
         }
     }
@@ -2532,15 +2532,15 @@ impl Type {
     }
 
     pub fn is_closure(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(&self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Closure { .. })
+        matches!(&self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Closure { .. })
     }
 
     pub fn is_fn(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(&self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::FnDef(..) | TyKind::Function { .. })
+        matches!(&self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::FnDef(..) | TyKind::Function { .. })
     }
 
     pub fn is_packed(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> bool {
-        let adt_id = match *self.ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        let adt_id = match *self.ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Adt(hir_ty::AdtId(adt_id), ..) => adt_id,
             _ => return false,
         };
@@ -2553,14 +2553,14 @@ impl Type {
     }
 
     pub fn is_raw_ptr(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(&self.ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Raw(..))
+        matches!(&self.ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Raw(..))
     }
 
     pub fn contains_unknown(&self) -> bool {
         return go(&self.ty);
 
         fn go(ty: &Ty) -> bool {
-            match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+            match ty.kind(Interner) {
                 TyKind::Error => true,
 
                 TyKind::Adt(_, substs)
@@ -2569,7 +2569,7 @@ impl Type {
                 | TyKind::OpaqueType(_, substs)
                 | TyKind::FnDef(_, substs)
                 | TyKind::Closure(_, substs) => {
-                    substs.iter(&Interner).filter_map(|a| a.ty(&Interner)).any(go)
+                    substs.iter(Interner).filter_map(|a| a.ty(Interner)).any(go)
                 }
 
                 TyKind::Array(_ty, len) if len.is_unknown() => true,
@@ -2595,7 +2595,7 @@ impl Type {
     }
 
     pub fn fields(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Vec<(Field, Type)> {
-        let (variant_id, substs) = match self.ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        let (variant_id, substs) = match self.ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Adt(hir_ty::AdtId(AdtId::StructId(s)), substs) => ((*s).into(), substs),
             TyKind::Adt(hir_ty::AdtId(AdtId::UnionId(u)), substs) => ((*u).into(), substs),
             _ => return Vec::new(),
@@ -2605,17 +2605,17 @@ impl Type {
             .iter()
             .map(|(local_id, ty)| {
                 let def = Field { parent: variant_id.into(), id: local_id };
-                let ty = ty.clone().substitute(&Interner, substs);
+                let ty = ty.clone().substitute(Interner, substs);
                 (def, self.derived(ty))
             })
             .collect()
     }
 
     pub fn tuple_fields(&self, _db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Vec<Type> {
-        if let TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) = &self.ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        if let TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) = &self.ty.kind(Interner) {
             substs
-                .iter(&Interner)
-                .map(|ty| self.derived(ty.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone()))
+                .iter(Interner)
+                .map(|ty| self.derived(ty.assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone()))
                 .collect()
         } else {
             Vec::new()
@@ -2678,8 +2678,8 @@ impl Type {
             .strip_references()
             .as_adt()
             .into_iter()
-            .flat_map(|(_, substs)| substs.iter(&Interner))
-            .filter_map(|arg| arg.ty(&Interner).cloned())
+            .flat_map(|(_, substs)| substs.iter(Interner))
+            .filter_map(|arg| arg.ty(Interner).cloned())
             .map(move |ty| self.derived(ty))
     }
 
@@ -2819,7 +2819,7 @@ impl Type {
     pub fn env_traits<'a>(&'a self, db: &'a dyn HirDatabase) -> impl Iterator<Item = Trait> + 'a {
         let _p = profile::span("env_traits");
         self.autoderef_(db)
-            .filter(|ty| matches!(ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Placeholder(_)))
+            .filter(|ty| matches!(ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Placeholder(_)))
             .flat_map(|ty| {
                 self.env
                     .traits_in_scope_from_clauses(ty)
@@ -2857,7 +2857,7 @@ impl Type {
             substs: &Substitution,
             cb: &mut impl FnMut(Type),
         ) {
-            for ty in substs.iter(&Interner).filter_map(|a| a.ty(&Interner)) {
+            for ty in substs.iter(Interner).filter_map(|a| a.ty(Interner)) {
                 walk_type(db, &type_.derived(ty.clone()), cb);
             }
         }
@@ -2872,11 +2872,8 @@ impl Type {
                 if let WhereClause::Implemented(trait_ref) = pred.skip_binders() {
                     cb(type_.clone());
                     // skip the self type. it's likely the type we just got the bounds from
-                    for ty in trait_ref
-                        .substitution
-                        .iter(&Interner)
-                        .skip(1)
-                        .filter_map(|a| a.ty(&Interner))
+                    for ty in
+                        trait_ref.substitution.iter(Interner).skip(1).filter_map(|a| a.ty(Interner))
                     {
                         walk_type(db, &type_.derived(ty.clone()), cb);
                     }
@@ -2886,7 +2883,7 @@ impl Type {
 
         fn walk_type(db: &dyn HirDatabase, type_: &Type, cb: &mut impl FnMut(Type)) {
             let ty = type_.ty.strip_references();
-            match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+            match ty.kind(Interner) {
                 TyKind::Adt(_, substs) => {
                     cb(type_.derived(ty.clone()));
                     walk_substs(db, type_, substs, cb);
diff --git a/crates/hir/src/semantics.rs b/crates/hir/src/semantics.rs
index 75f6b025779..d27869450e5 100644
--- a/crates/hir/src/semantics.rs
+++ b/crates/hir/src/semantics.rs
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ impl<'db> SemanticsImpl<'db> {
 
     fn resolve_method_call_as_callable(&self, call: &ast::MethodCallExpr) -> Option<Callable> {
         let (func, subst) = self.analyze(call.syntax()).resolve_method_call(self.db, call)?;
-        let ty = self.db.value_ty(func.into()).substitute(&Interner, &subst);
+        let ty = self.db.value_ty(func.into()).substitute(Interner, &subst);
         let resolver = self.analyze(call.syntax()).resolver;
         let ty = Type::new_with_resolver(self.db, &resolver, ty)?;
         let mut res = ty.as_callable(self.db)?;
diff --git a/crates/hir/src/source_analyzer.rs b/crates/hir/src/source_analyzer.rs
index 79163ad4d02..4f987db651f 100644
--- a/crates/hir/src/source_analyzer.rs
+++ b/crates/hir/src/source_analyzer.rs
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ impl SourceAnalyzer {
         let variant_data = variant.variant_data(db.upcast());
         let field = FieldId { parent: variant, local_id: variant_data.field(&local_name)? };
         let field_ty =
-            db.field_types(variant).get(field.local_id)?.clone().substitute(&Interner, subst);
+            db.field_types(variant).get(field.local_id)?.clone().substitute(Interner, subst);
         Some((field.into(), local, Type::new_with_resolver(db, &self.resolver, field_ty)?))
     }
 
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl SourceAnalyzer {
             .into_iter()
             .map(|local_id| {
                 let field = FieldId { parent: variant, local_id };
-                let ty = field_types[local_id].clone().substitute(&Interner, substs);
+                let ty = field_types[local_id].clone().substitute(Interner, substs);
                 (field.into(), Type::new_with_resolver_inner(db, krate, &self.resolver, ty))
             })
             .collect()
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/Cargo.toml b/crates/hir_ty/Cargo.toml
index 5c6525c0f4d..a1a7063d48e 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ ena = "0.14.0"
 tracing = "0.1"
 rustc-hash = "1.1.0"
 scoped-tls = "1"
-chalk-solve = { version = "0.74", default-features = false }
-chalk-ir = "0.74"
-chalk-recursive = { version = "0.74", default-features = false }
+chalk-solve = { version = "0.75", default-features = false }
+chalk-ir = "0.75"
+chalk-recursive = { version = "0.75", default-features = false }
 la-arena = { version = "0.3.0", path = "../../lib/arena" }
 once_cell = { version = "1.5.0" }
 
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs
index 2d3d16cda0e..6266554ecf6 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ pub(crate) fn deref(
 }
 
 fn builtin_deref(ty: &Ty) -> Option<&Ty> {
-    match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+    match ty.kind(Interner) {
         TyKind::Ref(.., ty) => Some(ty),
         TyKind::Raw(.., ty) => Some(ty),
         _ => None,
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn deref_by_trait(
     let implements_goal = Canonical {
         binders: ty.goal.binders.clone(),
         value: InEnvironment {
-            goal: trait_ref.cast(&Interner),
+            goal: trait_ref.cast(Interner),
             environment: ty.environment.clone(),
         },
     };
@@ -171,18 +171,18 @@ fn deref_by_trait(
         alias: AliasTy::Projection(projection),
         ty: TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(
             DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST,
-            ty.goal.binders.len(&Interner),
+            ty.goal.binders.len(Interner),
         ))
-        .intern(&Interner),
+        .intern(Interner),
     };
 
-    let in_env = InEnvironment { goal: alias_eq.cast(&Interner), environment: ty.environment };
+    let in_env = InEnvironment { goal: alias_eq.cast(Interner), environment: ty.environment };
 
     let canonical = Canonical {
         value: in_env,
         binders: CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(
-            &Interner,
-            ty.goal.binders.iter(&Interner).cloned().chain(Some(chalk_ir::WithKind::new(
+            Interner,
+            ty.goal.binders.iter(Interner).cloned().chain(Some(chalk_ir::WithKind::new(
                 VariableKind::Ty(chalk_ir::TyVariableKind::General),
                 chalk_ir::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
             ))),
@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@ fn deref_by_trait(
             // assumptions will be broken. We would need to properly introduce
             // new variables in that case
 
-            for i in 1..binders.len(&Interner) {
-                if subst.at(&Interner, i - 1).assert_ty_ref(&Interner).kind(&Interner)
+            for i in 1..binders.len(Interner) {
+                if subst.at(Interner, i - 1).assert_ty_ref(Interner).kind(Interner)
                     != &TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, i - 1))
                 {
                     warn!("complex solution for derefing {:?}: {:?}, ignoring", ty.goal, solution);
@@ -220,10 +220,7 @@ fn deref_by_trait(
             // FIXME: we remove lifetime variables here since they can confuse
             // the method resolution code later
             Some(fixup_lifetime_variables(Canonical {
-                value: subst
-                    .at(&Interner, subst.len(&Interner) - 1)
-                    .assert_ty_ref(&Interner)
-                    .clone(),
+                value: subst.at(Interner, subst.len(Interner) - 1).assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone(),
                 binders: binders.clone(),
             }))
         }
@@ -240,25 +237,25 @@ fn fixup_lifetime_variables<T: Fold<Interner, Result = T> + HasInterner<Interner
     // Removes lifetime variables from the Canonical, replacing them by static lifetimes.
     let mut i = 0;
     let subst = Substitution::from_iter(
-        &Interner,
-        c.binders.iter(&Interner).map(|vk| match vk.kind {
+        Interner,
+        c.binders.iter(Interner).map(|vk| match vk.kind {
             VariableKind::Ty(_) => {
                 let index = i;
                 i += 1;
-                BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, index).to_ty(&Interner).cast(&Interner)
+                BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, index).to_ty(Interner).cast(Interner)
             }
-            VariableKind::Lifetime => static_lifetime().cast(&Interner),
+            VariableKind::Lifetime => static_lifetime().cast(Interner),
             VariableKind::Const(_) => unimplemented!(),
         }),
     );
     let binders = CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(
-        &Interner,
-        c.binders.iter(&Interner).filter(|vk| match vk.kind {
+        Interner,
+        c.binders.iter(Interner).filter(|vk| match vk.kind {
             VariableKind::Ty(_) => true,
             VariableKind::Lifetime => false,
             VariableKind::Const(_) => true,
         }),
     );
-    let value = subst.apply(c.value, &Interner);
+    let value = subst.apply(c.value, Interner);
     Canonical { binders, value }
 }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/builder.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/builder.rs
index add0390c947..76e5efc0526 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/builder.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/builder.rs
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ impl<D> TyBuilder<D> {
 
     fn build_internal(self) -> (D, Substitution) {
         assert_eq!(self.vec.len(), self.param_count);
-        let subst = Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, self.vec);
+        let subst = Substitution::from_iter(Interner, self.vec);
         (self.data, subst)
     }
 
     pub fn push(mut self, arg: impl CastTo<GenericArg>) -> Self {
-        self.vec.push(arg.cast(&Interner));
+        self.vec.push(arg.cast(Interner));
         self
     }
 
@@ -49,56 +49,56 @@ impl<D> TyBuilder<D> {
     pub fn fill_with_bound_vars(self, debruijn: DebruijnIndex, starting_from: usize) -> Self {
         self.fill(
             (starting_from..)
-                .map(|idx| TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx)).intern(&Interner)),
+                .map(|idx| TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx)).intern(Interner)),
         )
     }
 
     pub fn fill_with_unknown(self) -> Self {
-        self.fill(iter::repeat(TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)))
+        self.fill(iter::repeat(TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)))
     }
 
     pub fn fill(mut self, filler: impl Iterator<Item = impl CastTo<GenericArg>>) -> Self {
-        self.vec.extend(filler.take(self.remaining()).casted(&Interner));
+        self.vec.extend(filler.take(self.remaining()).casted(Interner));
         assert_eq!(self.remaining(), 0);
         self
     }
 
     pub fn use_parent_substs(mut self, parent_substs: &Substitution) -> Self {
         assert!(self.vec.is_empty());
-        assert!(parent_substs.len(&Interner) <= self.param_count);
-        self.vec.extend(parent_substs.iter(&Interner).cloned());
+        assert!(parent_substs.len(Interner) <= self.param_count);
+        self.vec.extend(parent_substs.iter(Interner).cloned());
         self
     }
 }
 
 impl TyBuilder<()> {
     pub fn unit() -> Ty {
-        TyKind::Tuple(0, Substitution::empty(&Interner)).intern(&Interner)
+        TyKind::Tuple(0, Substitution::empty(Interner)).intern(Interner)
     }
 
     pub fn fn_ptr(sig: CallableSig) -> Ty {
-        TyKind::Function(sig.to_fn_ptr()).intern(&Interner)
+        TyKind::Function(sig.to_fn_ptr()).intern(Interner)
     }
 
     pub fn builtin(builtin: BuiltinType) -> Ty {
         match builtin {
-            BuiltinType::Char => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char).intern(&Interner),
-            BuiltinType::Bool => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
-            BuiltinType::Str => TyKind::Str.intern(&Interner),
+            BuiltinType::Char => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char).intern(Interner),
+            BuiltinType::Bool => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner),
+            BuiltinType::Str => TyKind::Str.intern(Interner),
             BuiltinType::Int(t) => {
-                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(Interner)
             }
             BuiltinType::Uint(t) => {
-                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(Interner)
             }
             BuiltinType::Float(t) => {
-                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(Interner)
             }
         }
     }
 
     pub fn slice(argument: Ty) -> Ty {
-        TyKind::Slice(argument).intern(&Interner)
+        TyKind::Slice(argument).intern(Interner)
     }
 
     pub fn type_params_subst(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: impl Into<GenericDefId>) -> Substitution {
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ impl TyBuilder<hir_def::AdtId> {
         let defaults = db.generic_defaults(self.data.into());
         for default_ty in defaults.iter().skip(self.vec.len()) {
             if default_ty.skip_binders().is_unknown() {
-                self.vec.push(fallback().cast(&Interner));
+                self.vec.push(fallback().cast(Interner));
             } else {
                 // each default can depend on the previous parameters
-                let subst_so_far = Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, self.vec.clone());
+                let subst_so_far = Substitution::from_iter(Interner, self.vec.clone());
                 self.vec
-                    .push(default_ty.clone().substitute(&Interner, &subst_so_far).cast(&Interner));
+                    .push(default_ty.clone().substitute(Interner, &subst_so_far).cast(Interner));
             }
         }
         self
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl TyBuilder<hir_def::AdtId> {
 
     pub fn build(self) -> Ty {
         let (adt, subst) = self.build_internal();
-        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), subst).intern(&Interner)
+        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), subst).intern(Interner)
     }
 }
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ impl TyBuilder<Tuple> {
 
     pub fn build(self) -> Ty {
         let (Tuple(size), subst) = self.build_internal();
-        TyKind::Tuple(size, subst).intern(&Interner)
+        TyKind::Tuple(size, subst).intern(Interner)
     }
 }
 
@@ -194,13 +194,13 @@ impl TyBuilder<TypeAliasId> {
 
 impl<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner> + Fold<Interner>> TyBuilder<Binders<T>> {
     fn subst_binders(b: Binders<T>) -> Self {
-        let param_count = b.binders.len(&Interner);
+        let param_count = b.binders.len(Interner);
         TyBuilder::new(b, param_count)
     }
 
     pub fn build(self) -> <T as Fold<Interner>>::Result {
         let (b, subst) = self.build_internal();
-        b.substitute(&Interner, &subst)
+        b.substitute(Interner, &subst)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_db.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_db.rs
index 4a7b2d73637..0a46aea950a 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_db.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_db.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
     }
     fn discriminant_type(&self, _ty: chalk_ir::Ty<Interner>) -> chalk_ir::Ty<Interner> {
         // FIXME: keep track of this
-        chalk_ir::TyKind::Scalar(chalk_ir::Scalar::Uint(chalk_ir::UintTy::U32)).intern(&Interner)
+        chalk_ir::TyKind::Scalar(chalk_ir::Scalar::Uint(chalk_ir::UintTy::U32)).intern(Interner)
     }
     fn impl_datum(&self, impl_id: ImplId) -> Arc<ImplDatum> {
         self.db.impl_datum(self.krate, impl_id)
@@ -83,14 +83,14 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
         debug!("impls_for_trait {:?}", trait_id);
         let trait_: hir_def::TraitId = from_chalk_trait_id(trait_id);
 
-        let ty: Ty = parameters[0].assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone();
+        let ty: Ty = parameters[0].assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone();
 
         fn binder_kind(
             ty: &Ty,
             binders: &CanonicalVarKinds<Interner>,
         ) -> Option<chalk_ir::TyVariableKind> {
-            if let TyKind::BoundVar(bv) = ty.kind(&Interner) {
-                let binders = binders.as_slice(&Interner);
+            if let TyKind::BoundVar(bv) = ty.kind(Interner) {
+                let binders = binders.as_slice(Interner);
                 if bv.debruijn == DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST {
                     if let chalk_ir::VariableKind::Ty(tk) = binders[bv.index].kind {
                         return Some(tk);
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
         // We don't do coherence checking (yet)
         unimplemented!()
     }
-    fn interner(&self) -> &Interner {
-        &Interner
+    fn interner(&self) -> Interner {
+        Interner
     }
     fn well_known_trait_id(
         &self,
@@ -232,12 +232,12 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
                         trait_id: to_chalk_trait_id(future_trait),
                         // Self type as the first parameter.
                         substitution: Substitution::from1(
-                            &Interner,
+                            Interner,
                             TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar {
                                 debruijn: DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST,
                                 index: 0,
                             })
-                            .intern(&Interner),
+                            .intern(Interner),
                         ),
                     });
                     let proj_bound = WhereClause::AliasEq(AliasEq {
@@ -245,14 +245,14 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
                             associated_ty_id: to_assoc_type_id(future_output),
                             // Self type as the first parameter.
                             substitution: Substitution::from1(
-                                &Interner,
+                                Interner,
                                 TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0))
-                                    .intern(&Interner),
+                                    .intern(Interner),
                             ),
                         }),
                         // The parameter of the opaque type.
                         ty: TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar { debruijn: DebruijnIndex::ONE, index: 0 })
-                            .intern(&Interner),
+                            .intern(Interner),
                     });
                     let bound = OpaqueTyDatumBound {
                         bounds: make_only_type_binders(
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
 
     fn hidden_opaque_type(&self, _id: chalk_ir::OpaqueTyId<Interner>) -> chalk_ir::Ty<Interner> {
         // FIXME: actually provide the hidden type; it is relevant for auto traits
-        TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+        TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
     }
 
     fn is_object_safe(&self, _trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId<Interner>) -> bool {
@@ -304,13 +304,13 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
         _closure_id: chalk_ir::ClosureId<Interner>,
         substs: &chalk_ir::Substitution<Interner>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::Binders<rust_ir::FnDefInputsAndOutputDatum<Interner>> {
-        let sig_ty = substs.at(&Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone();
+        let sig_ty = substs.at(Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone();
         let sig = &sig_ty.callable_sig(self.db).expect("first closure param should be fn ptr");
         let io = rust_ir::FnDefInputsAndOutputDatum {
             argument_types: sig.params().to_vec(),
             return_type: sig.ret().clone(),
         };
-        make_only_type_binders(0, io.shifted_in(&Interner))
+        make_only_type_binders(0, io.shifted_in(Interner))
     }
     fn closure_upvars(
         &self,
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ impl<'a> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<Interner> for ChalkContext<'a> {
         _closure_id: chalk_ir::ClosureId<Interner>,
         _substs: &chalk_ir::Substitution<Interner>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::Substitution<Interner> {
-        Substitution::empty(&Interner)
+        Substitution::empty(Interner)
     }
 
     fn trait_name(&self, trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId<Interner>) -> String {
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ pub(crate) fn associated_ty_data_query(
     let ctx = crate::TyLoweringContext::new(db, &resolver)
         .with_type_param_mode(crate::lower::TypeParamLoweringMode::Variable);
     let self_ty =
-        TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(crate::DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0)).intern(&Interner);
+        TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(crate::DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0)).intern(Interner);
     let mut bounds: Vec<_> = type_alias_data
         .bounds
         .iter()
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ pub(crate) fn associated_ty_data_query(
             let trait_bound =
                 rust_ir::TraitBound { trait_id: sized_trait, args_no_self: Default::default() };
             let inline_bound = rust_ir::InlineBound::TraitBound(trait_bound);
-            chalk_ir::Binders::empty(&Interner, inline_bound)
+            chalk_ir::Binders::empty(Interner, inline_bound)
         });
         bounds.extend(sized_bound);
         bounds.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ pub(crate) fn trait_datum_query(
         lang_attr(db.upcast(), trait_).and_then(|name| well_known_trait_from_lang_attr(&name));
     let trait_datum = TraitDatum {
         id: trait_id,
-        binders: make_only_type_binders(bound_vars.len(&Interner), trait_datum_bound),
+        binders: make_only_type_binders(bound_vars.len(Interner), trait_datum_bound),
         flags,
         associated_ty_ids,
         well_known,
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ fn impl_def_datum(
         .collect();
     debug!("impl_datum: {:?}", impl_datum_bound);
     let impl_datum = ImplDatum {
-        binders: make_only_type_binders(bound_vars.len(&Interner), impl_datum_bound),
+        binders: make_only_type_binders(bound_vars.len(Interner), impl_datum_bound),
         impl_type,
         polarity,
         associated_ty_value_ids,
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ pub(crate) fn fn_def_datum_query(
                 argument_types: sig.params().to_vec(),
                 return_type: sig.ret().clone(),
             }
-            .shifted_in(&Interner),
+            .shifted_in(Interner),
         ),
         where_clauses,
     };
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ pub(crate) fn fn_def_variance_query(db: &dyn HirDatabase, fn_def_id: FnDefId) ->
     let callable_def: CallableDefId = from_chalk(db, fn_def_id);
     let generic_params = generics(db.upcast(), callable_def.into());
     Variances::from_iter(
-        &Interner,
+        Interner,
         std::iter::repeat(chalk_ir::Variance::Invariant).take(generic_params.len()),
     )
 }
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ pub(crate) fn adt_variance_query(
 ) -> Variances {
     let generic_params = generics(db.upcast(), adt_id.into());
     Variances::from_iter(
-        &Interner,
+        Interner,
         std::iter::repeat(chalk_ir::Variance::Invariant).take(generic_params.len()),
     )
 }
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ pub(super) fn convert_where_clauses(
     let generic_predicates = db.generic_predicates(def);
     let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(generic_predicates.len());
     for pred in generic_predicates.iter() {
-        result.push(pred.clone().substitute(&Interner, substs));
+        result.push(pred.clone().substitute(Interner, substs));
     }
     result
 }
@@ -729,30 +729,30 @@ pub(super) fn generic_predicate_to_inline_bound(
 ) -> Option<chalk_ir::Binders<rust_ir::InlineBound<Interner>>> {
     // An InlineBound is like a GenericPredicate, except the self type is left out.
     // We don't have a special type for this, but Chalk does.
-    let self_ty_shifted_in = self_ty.clone().shifted_in_from(&Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE);
+    let self_ty_shifted_in = self_ty.clone().shifted_in_from(Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE);
     let (pred, binders) = pred.as_ref().into_value_and_skipped_binders();
     match pred {
         WhereClause::Implemented(trait_ref) => {
-            if trait_ref.self_type_parameter(&Interner) != self_ty_shifted_in {
+            if trait_ref.self_type_parameter(Interner) != self_ty_shifted_in {
                 // we can only convert predicates back to type bounds if they
                 // have the expected self type
                 return None;
             }
-            let args_no_self = trait_ref.substitution.as_slice(&Interner)[1..]
+            let args_no_self = trait_ref.substitution.as_slice(Interner)[1..]
                 .iter()
-                .map(|ty| ty.clone().cast(&Interner))
+                .map(|ty| ty.clone().cast(Interner))
                 .collect();
             let trait_bound = rust_ir::TraitBound { trait_id: trait_ref.trait_id, args_no_self };
             Some(chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, rust_ir::InlineBound::TraitBound(trait_bound)))
         }
         WhereClause::AliasEq(AliasEq { alias: AliasTy::Projection(projection_ty), ty }) => {
-            if projection_ty.self_type_parameter(&Interner) != self_ty_shifted_in {
+            if projection_ty.self_type_parameter(Interner) != self_ty_shifted_in {
                 return None;
             }
             let trait_ = projection_ty.trait_(db);
-            let args_no_self = projection_ty.substitution.as_slice(&Interner)[1..]
+            let args_no_self = projection_ty.substitution.as_slice(Interner)[1..]
                 .iter()
-                .map(|ty| ty.clone().cast(&Interner))
+                .map(|ty| ty.clone().cast(Interner))
                 .collect();
             let alias_eq_bound = rust_ir::AliasEqBound {
                 value: ty.clone(),
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_ext.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_ext.rs
index 97d1ad0f9cd..bd5aab1b3d5 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_ext.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/chalk_ext.rs
@@ -46,30 +46,30 @@ pub trait TyExt {
 
 impl TyExt for Ty {
     fn is_unit(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Tuple(0, _))
+        matches!(self.kind(Interner), TyKind::Tuple(0, _))
     }
 
     fn is_never(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Never)
+        matches!(self.kind(Interner), TyKind::Never)
     }
 
     fn is_unknown(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Error)
+        matches!(self.kind(Interner), TyKind::Error)
     }
 
     fn is_ty_var(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self.kind(&Interner), TyKind::InferenceVar(_, _))
+        matches!(self.kind(Interner), TyKind::InferenceVar(_, _))
     }
 
     fn as_adt(&self) -> Option<(hir_def::AdtId, &Substitution)> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), parameters) => Some((*adt, parameters)),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     fn as_builtin(&self) -> Option<BuiltinType> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Str => Some(BuiltinType::Str),
             TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool) => Some(BuiltinType::Bool),
             TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char) => Some(BuiltinType::Char),
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
     }
 
     fn as_tuple(&self) -> Option<&Substitution> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => Some(substs),
             _ => None,
         }
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
         }
     }
     fn as_reference(&self) -> Option<(&Ty, Lifetime, Mutability)> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Ref(mutability, lifetime, ty) => Some((ty, lifetime.clone(), *mutability)),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     fn as_reference_or_ptr(&self) -> Option<(&Ty, Rawness, Mutability)> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Ref(mutability, _, ty) => Some((ty, Rawness::Ref, *mutability)),
             TyKind::Raw(mutability, ty) => Some((ty, Rawness::RawPtr, *mutability)),
             _ => None,
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
     }
 
     fn as_generic_def(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<GenericDefId> {
-        match *self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match *self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), ..) => Some(adt.into()),
             TyKind::FnDef(callable, ..) => {
                 Some(db.lookup_intern_callable_def(callable.into()).into())
@@ -138,22 +138,22 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
     }
 
     fn callable_def(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<CallableDefId> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             &TyKind::FnDef(def, ..) => Some(db.lookup_intern_callable_def(def.into())),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     fn callable_sig(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<CallableSig> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Function(fn_ptr) => Some(CallableSig::from_fn_ptr(fn_ptr)),
             TyKind::FnDef(def, parameters) => {
                 let callable_def = db.lookup_intern_callable_def((*def).into());
                 let sig = db.callable_item_signature(callable_def);
-                Some(sig.substitute(&Interner, &parameters))
+                Some(sig.substitute(Interner, &parameters))
             }
             TyKind::Closure(.., substs) => {
-                let sig_param = substs.at(&Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(&Interner);
+                let sig_param = substs.at(Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(Interner);
                 sig_param.callable_sig(db)
             }
             _ => None,
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
     }
 
     fn dyn_trait(&self) -> Option<TraitId> {
-        let trait_ref = match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        let trait_ref = match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Dyn(dyn_ty) => dyn_ty.bounds.skip_binders().interned().get(0).and_then(|b| {
                 match b.skip_binders() {
                     WhereClause::Implemented(trait_ref) => Some(trait_ref),
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
 
     fn strip_references(&self) -> &Ty {
         let mut t: &Ty = self;
-        while let TyKind::Ref(_mutability, _lifetime, ty) = t.kind(&Interner) {
+        while let TyKind::Ref(_mutability, _lifetime, ty) = t.kind(Interner) {
             t = ty;
         }
         t
     }
 
     fn impl_trait_bounds(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<Vec<QuantifiedWhereClause>> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, subst) => {
                 match db.lookup_intern_impl_trait_id((*opaque_ty_id).into()) {
                     ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(def, _expr) => {
@@ -195,10 +195,10 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
                             // Parameters will be walked outside, and projection predicate is not used.
                             // So just provide the Future trait.
                             let impl_bound = Binders::empty(
-                                &Interner,
+                                Interner,
                                 WhereClause::Implemented(TraitRef {
                                     trait_id: to_chalk_trait_id(future_trait),
-                                    substitution: Substitution::empty(&Interner),
+                                    substitution: Substitution::empty(Interner),
                                 }),
                             );
                             Some(vec![impl_bound])
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
                             let data = (*it)
                                 .as_ref()
                                 .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                            data.substitute(&Interner, &subst).into_value_and_skipped_binders().0
+                            data.substitute(Interner, &subst).into_value_and_skipped_binders().0
                         })
                     }
                 }
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
                             let data = (*it)
                                 .as_ref()
                                 .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                            data.substitute(&Interner, &opaque_ty.substitution)
+                            data.substitute(Interner, &opaque_ty.substitution)
                         })
                     }
                     // It always has an parameter for Future::Output type.
@@ -243,15 +243,15 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
                         let predicates = db
                             .generic_predicates(id.parent)
                             .iter()
-                            .map(|pred| pred.clone().substitute(&Interner, &substs))
+                            .map(|pred| pred.clone().substitute(Interner, &substs))
                             .filter(|wc| match &wc.skip_binders() {
                                 WhereClause::Implemented(tr) => {
-                                    &tr.self_type_parameter(&Interner) == self
+                                    &tr.self_type_parameter(Interner) == self
                                 }
                                 WhereClause::AliasEq(AliasEq {
                                     alias: AliasTy::Projection(proj),
                                     ty: _,
-                                }) => &proj.self_type_parameter(&Interner) == self,
+                                }) => &proj.self_type_parameter(Interner) == self,
                                 _ => false,
                             })
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
     }
 
     fn associated_type_parent_trait(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<TraitId> {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::AssociatedType(id, ..) => {
                 match from_assoc_type_id(*id).lookup(db.upcast()).container {
                     ItemContainerId::TraitId(trait_id) => Some(trait_id),
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ impl TyExt for Ty {
     }
 
     fn equals_ctor(&self, other: &Ty) -> bool {
-        match (self.kind(&Interner), other.kind(&Interner)) {
+        match (self.kind(Interner), other.kind(Interner)) {
             (TyKind::Adt(adt, ..), TyKind::Adt(adt2, ..)) => adt == adt2,
             (TyKind::Slice(_), TyKind::Slice(_)) | (TyKind::Array(_, _), TyKind::Array(_, _)) => {
                 true
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/consteval.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/consteval.rs
index 0e323c3013a..a406ca22ca7 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/consteval.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/consteval.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub trait ConstExt {
 
 impl ConstExt for Const {
     fn is_unknown(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.data(&Interner).value {
+        match self.data(Interner).value {
             // interned Unknown
             chalk_ir::ConstValue::Concrete(chalk_ir::ConcreteConst {
                 interned: ConstScalar::Unknown,
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ pub fn eval_usize(expr: &Expr) -> Option<u64> {
 /// Interns a possibly-unknown target usize
 pub fn usize_const(value: Option<u64>) -> Const {
     ConstData {
-        ty: TyKind::Scalar(chalk_ir::Scalar::Uint(chalk_ir::UintTy::Usize)).intern(&Interner),
+        ty: TyKind::Scalar(chalk_ir::Scalar::Uint(chalk_ir::UintTy::Usize)).intern(Interner),
         value: ConstValue::Concrete(chalk_ir::ConcreteConst {
             interned: value.map(ConstScalar::Usize).unwrap_or(ConstScalar::Unknown),
         }),
     }
-    .intern(&Interner)
+    .intern(Interner)
 }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs
index 7e1bf9ceea0..d3a01001237 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl ExprValidator {
                     Some(it) => it,
                     None => return,
                 };
-                let sig = db.callable_item_signature(callee.into()).substitute(&Interner, &subst);
+                let sig = db.callable_item_signature(callee.into()).substitute(Interner, &subst);
 
                 (sig, args.len() + 1)
             }
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ impl ExprValidator {
             _ => return,
         };
 
-        let (params, required) = match mismatch.expected.kind(&Interner) {
+        let (params, required) = match mismatch.expected.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::EnumId(enum_id)), parameters)
                 if *enum_id == core_result_enum =>
             {
@@ -403,8 +403,7 @@ impl ExprValidator {
             _ => return,
         };
 
-        if params.len(&Interner) > 0
-            && params.at(&Interner, 0).ty(&Interner) == Some(&mismatch.actual)
+        if params.len(Interner) > 0 && params.at(Interner, 0).ty(Interner) == Some(&mismatch.actual)
         {
             self.diagnostics
                 .push(BodyValidationDiagnostic::MissingOkOrSomeInTailExpr { expr: id, required });
@@ -520,8 +519,8 @@ fn check_missing_refs(
         (None, Some((referenced_ty, _, mutability))) if referenced_ty == arg_ty => {
             Some((arg, Mutability::from_mutable(matches!(mutability, chalk_ir::Mutability::Mut))))
         }
-        (None, Some((referenced_ty, _, mutability))) => match referenced_ty.kind(&Interner) {
-            TyKind::Slice(subst) if matches!(arg_ty.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Array(arr_subst, _) if arr_subst == subst) => {
+        (None, Some((referenced_ty, _, mutability))) => match referenced_ty.kind(Interner) {
+            TyKind::Slice(subst) if matches!(arg_ty.kind(Interner), TyKind::Array(arr_subst, _) if arr_subst == subst) => {
                 Some((
                     arg,
                     Mutability::from_mutable(matches!(mutability, chalk_ir::Mutability::Mut)),
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs
index cdcb3ed5e7e..b3cc83b3404 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl<'a> PatCtxt<'a> {
             }
 
             hir_def::expr::Pat::Tuple { ref args, ellipsis } => {
-                let arity = match *ty.kind(&Interner) {
+                let arity = match *ty.kind(Interner) {
                     TyKind::Tuple(arity, _) => arity,
                     _ => panic!("unexpected type for tuple pattern: {:?}", ty),
                 };
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl<'a> PatCtxt<'a> {
             }
 
             hir_def::expr::Pat::Bind { subpat, .. } => {
-                if let TyKind::Ref(.., rty) = ty.kind(&Interner) {
+                if let TyKind::Ref(.., rty) = ty.kind(Interner) {
                     ty = rty;
                 }
                 PatKind::Binding { subpattern: self.lower_opt_pattern(subpat) }
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl<'a> PatCtxt<'a> {
         let kind = match self.infer.variant_resolution_for_pat(pat) {
             Some(variant_id) => {
                 if let VariantId::EnumVariantId(enum_variant) = variant_id {
-                    let substs = match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+                    let substs = match ty.kind(Interner) {
                         TyKind::Adt(_, substs) | TyKind::FnDef(_, substs) => substs.clone(),
                         TyKind::Error => {
                             return PatKind::Wild;
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/deconstruct_pat.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/deconstruct_pat.rs
index f268746809e..eb7d5e5e482 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/deconstruct_pat.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/deconstruct_pat.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl IntRange {
     #[inline]
     fn is_integral(ty: &Ty) -> bool {
         matches!(
-            ty.kind(&Interner),
+            ty.kind(Interner),
             TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char | Scalar::Int(_) | Scalar::Uint(_) | Scalar::Bool)
         )
     }
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ impl SplitWildcard {
         // returned list of constructors.
         // Invariant: this is empty if and only if the type is uninhabited (as determined by
         // `cx.is_uninhabited()`).
-        let all_ctors = match pcx.ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        let all_ctors = match pcx.ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool) => smallvec![make_range(0, 1, Scalar::Bool)],
             // TyKind::Array(..) if ... => unhandled(),
             TyKind::Array(..) | TyKind::Slice(..) => unhandled(),
@@ -647,16 +647,16 @@ impl Fields {
         let wildcard_from_ty = |ty: &Ty| cx.alloc_pat(Pat::wildcard_from_ty(ty.clone()));
 
         let ret = match constructor {
-            Single | Variant(_) => match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+            Single | Variant(_) => match ty.kind(Interner) {
                 TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => {
-                    let tys = substs.iter(&Interner).map(|ty| ty.assert_ty_ref(&Interner));
+                    let tys = substs.iter(Interner).map(|ty| ty.assert_ty_ref(Interner));
                     Fields::wildcards_from_tys(cx, tys.cloned())
                 }
                 TyKind::Ref(.., rty) => Fields::from_single_pattern(wildcard_from_ty(rty)),
                 &TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), ref substs) => {
                     if adt_is_box(adt, cx) {
                         // Use T as the sub pattern type of Box<T>.
-                        let subst_ty = substs.at(&Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(&Interner);
+                        let subst_ty = substs.at(Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(Interner);
                         Fields::from_single_pattern(wildcard_from_ty(subst_ty))
                     } else {
                         let variant_id = constructor.variant_id_for_adt(adt);
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ impl Fields {
                         let field_tys = || {
                             field_ty_data
                                 .iter()
-                                .map(|(_, binders)| binders.clone().substitute(&Interner, substs))
+                                .map(|(_, binders)| binders.clone().substitute(Interner, substs))
                         };
 
                         // In the following cases, we don't need to filter out any fields. This is
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ impl Fields {
         const UNHANDLED: PatKind = PatKind::Wild;
 
         let pat = match ctor {
-            Single | Variant(_) => match pcx.ty.kind(&Interner) {
+            Single | Variant(_) => match pcx.ty.kind(Interner) {
                 TyKind::Adt(..) | TyKind::Tuple(..) => {
                     // We want the real indices here.
                     let subpatterns = subpatterns_and_indices
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/usefulness.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/usefulness.rs
index bb072ae70ad..43545708e5f 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/usefulness.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check/usefulness.rs
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ struct LiteralExpander;
 
 impl PatternFolder for LiteralExpander {
     fn fold_pattern(&mut self, pat: &Pat) -> Pat {
-        match (pat.ty.kind(&Interner), pat.kind.as_ref()) {
+        match (pat.ty.kind(Interner), pat.kind.as_ref()) {
             (_, PatKind::Binding { subpattern: Some(s), .. }) => s.fold_with(self),
             _ => pat.super_fold_with(self),
         }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs
index 777f347b8b0..2a18df253e6 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ fn walk_unsafe(
             }
         }
         Expr::UnaryOp { expr, op: UnaryOp::Deref } => {
-            if let TyKind::Raw(..) = &infer[*expr].kind(&Interner) {
+            if let TyKind::Raw(..) = &infer[*expr].kind(Interner) {
                 unsafe_exprs.push(UnsafeExpr { expr: current, inside_unsafe_block });
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs
index c09f8db86e3..cd898a45d21 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs
@@ -274,11 +274,11 @@ impl HirDisplay for ProjectionTy {
 
         let trait_ = f.db.trait_data(self.trait_(f.db));
         write!(f, "<")?;
-        self.self_type_parameter(&Interner).hir_fmt(f)?;
+        self.self_type_parameter(Interner).hir_fmt(f)?;
         write!(f, " as {}", trait_.name)?;
-        if self.substitution.len(&Interner) > 1 {
+        if self.substitution.len(Interner) > 1 {
             write!(f, "<")?;
-            f.write_joined(&self.substitution.as_slice(&Interner)[1..], ", ")?;
+            f.write_joined(&self.substitution.as_slice(Interner)[1..], ", ")?;
             write!(f, ">")?;
         }
         write!(f, ">::{}", f.db.type_alias_data(from_assoc_type_id(self.associated_ty_id)).name)?;
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for OpaqueTy {
             return write!(f, "{}", TYPE_HINT_TRUNCATION);
         }
 
-        self.substitution.at(&Interner, 0).hir_fmt(f)
+        self.substitution.at(Interner, 0).hir_fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
             return write!(f, "{}", TYPE_HINT_TRUNCATION);
         }
 
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Never => write!(f, "!")?,
             TyKind::Str => write!(f, "str")?,
             TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool) => write!(f, "bool")?,
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                 write!(f, "]")?;
             }
             TyKind::Raw(m, t) | TyKind::Ref(m, _, t) => {
-                if matches!(self.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Raw(..)) {
+                if matches!(self.kind(Interner), TyKind::Raw(..)) {
                     write!(
                         f,
                         "*{}",
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         }
                     })
                 };
-                let (preds_to_print, has_impl_fn_pred) = match t.kind(&Interner) {
+                let (preds_to_print, has_impl_fn_pred) = match t.kind(Interner) {
                     TyKind::Dyn(dyn_ty) if dyn_ty.bounds.skip_binders().interned().len() > 1 => {
                         let bounds = dyn_ty.bounds.skip_binders().interned();
                         (bounds.len(), contains_impl_fn(bounds))
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                             let data = (*datas)
                                 .as_ref()
                                 .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                            let bounds = data.substitute(&Interner, parameters);
+                            let bounds = data.substitute(Interner, parameters);
                             let mut len = bounds.skip_binders().len();
 
                             // Don't count Sized but count when it absent
@@ -456,13 +456,13 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                 }
             }
             TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => {
-                if substs.len(&Interner) == 1 {
+                if substs.len(Interner) == 1 {
                     write!(f, "(")?;
-                    substs.at(&Interner, 0).hir_fmt(f)?;
+                    substs.at(Interner, 0).hir_fmt(f)?;
                     write!(f, ",)")?;
                 } else {
                     write!(f, "(")?;
-                    f.write_joined(&*substs.as_slice(&Interner), ", ")?;
+                    f.write_joined(&*substs.as_slice(Interner), ", ")?;
                     write!(f, ")")?;
                 }
             }
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
             }
             TyKind::FnDef(def, parameters) => {
                 let def = from_chalk(f.db, *def);
-                let sig = f.db.callable_item_signature(def).substitute(&Interner, parameters);
+                let sig = f.db.callable_item_signature(def).substitute(Interner, parameters);
                 match def {
                     CallableDefId::FunctionId(ff) => {
                         write!(f, "fn {}", f.db.function_data(ff).name)?
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         write!(f, "{}", f.db.enum_data(e.parent).variants[e.local_id].name)?
                     }
                 };
-                if parameters.len(&Interner) > 0 {
+                if parameters.len(Interner) > 0 {
                     let generics = generics(f.db.upcast(), def.into());
                     let (parent_params, self_param, type_params, _impl_trait_params) =
                         generics.provenance_split();
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     // We print all params except implicit impl Trait params. Still a bit weird; should we leave out parent and self?
                     if total_len > 0 {
                         write!(f, "<")?;
-                        f.write_joined(&parameters.as_slice(&Interner)[..total_len], ", ")?;
+                        f.write_joined(&parameters.as_slice(Interner)[..total_len], ", ")?;
                         write!(f, ">")?;
                     }
                 }
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     }
                 }
 
-                if parameters.len(&Interner) > 0 {
+                if parameters.len(Interner) > 0 {
                     let parameters_to_write = if f.display_target.is_source_code()
                         || f.omit_verbose_types()
                     {
@@ -537,35 +537,33 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                             .map(|generic_def_id| f.db.generic_defaults(generic_def_id))
                             .filter(|defaults| !defaults.is_empty())
                         {
-                            None => parameters.as_slice(&Interner),
+                            None => parameters.as_slice(Interner),
                             Some(default_parameters) => {
                                 let mut default_from = 0;
-                                for (i, parameter) in parameters.iter(&Interner).enumerate() {
+                                for (i, parameter) in parameters.iter(Interner).enumerate() {
                                     match (
-                                        parameter.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).kind(&Interner),
+                                        parameter.assert_ty_ref(Interner).kind(Interner),
                                         default_parameters.get(i),
                                     ) {
                                         (&TyKind::Error, _) | (_, None) => {
                                             default_from = i + 1;
                                         }
                                         (_, Some(default_parameter)) => {
-                                            let actual_default =
-                                                default_parameter.clone().substitute(
-                                                    &Interner,
-                                                    &subst_prefix(parameters, i),
-                                                );
-                                            if parameter.assert_ty_ref(&Interner) != &actual_default
+                                            let actual_default = default_parameter
+                                                .clone()
+                                                .substitute(Interner, &subst_prefix(parameters, i));
+                                            if parameter.assert_ty_ref(Interner) != &actual_default
                                             {
                                                 default_from = i + 1;
                                             }
                                         }
                                     }
                                 }
-                                &parameters.as_slice(&Interner)[0..default_from]
+                                &parameters.as_slice(Interner)[0..default_from]
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
-                        parameters.as_slice(&Interner)
+                        parameters.as_slice(Interner)
                     };
                     if !parameters_to_write.is_empty() {
                         write!(f, "<")?;
@@ -586,9 +584,9 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                 // Use placeholder associated types when the target is test (https://rust-lang.github.io/chalk/book/clauses/type_equality.html#placeholder-associated-types)
                 if f.display_target.is_test() {
                     write!(f, "{}::{}", trait_.name, type_alias_data.name)?;
-                    if parameters.len(&Interner) > 0 {
+                    if parameters.len(Interner) > 0 {
                         write!(f, "<")?;
-                        f.write_joined(&*parameters.as_slice(&Interner), ", ")?;
+                        f.write_joined(&*parameters.as_slice(Interner), ", ")?;
                         write!(f, ">")?;
                     }
                 } else {
@@ -613,7 +611,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         let data = (*datas)
                             .as_ref()
                             .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                        let bounds = data.substitute(&Interner, &parameters);
+                        let bounds = data.substitute(Interner, &parameters);
                         let krate = func.lookup(f.db.upcast()).module(f.db.upcast()).krate();
                         write_bounds_like_dyn_trait_with_prefix(
                             "impl",
@@ -625,7 +623,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     }
                     ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(..) => {
                         write!(f, "impl Future<Output = ")?;
-                        parameters.at(&Interner, 0).hir_fmt(f)?;
+                        parameters.at(Interner, 0).hir_fmt(f)?;
                         write!(f, ">")?;
                     }
                 }
@@ -636,7 +634,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         DisplaySourceCodeError::Closure,
                     ));
                 }
-                let sig = substs.at(&Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(&Interner).callable_sig(f.db);
+                let sig = substs.at(Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(Interner).callable_sig(f.db);
                 if let Some(sig) = sig {
                     if sig.params().is_empty() {
                         write!(f, "||")?;
@@ -667,15 +665,15 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         let bounds =
                             f.db.generic_predicates(id.parent)
                                 .iter()
-                                .map(|pred| pred.clone().substitute(&Interner, &substs))
+                                .map(|pred| pred.clone().substitute(Interner, &substs))
                                 .filter(|wc| match &wc.skip_binders() {
                                     WhereClause::Implemented(tr) => {
-                                        &tr.self_type_parameter(&Interner) == self
+                                        &tr.self_type_parameter(Interner) == self
                                     }
                                     WhereClause::AliasEq(AliasEq {
                                         alias: AliasTy::Projection(proj),
                                         ty: _,
-                                    }) => &proj.self_type_parameter(&Interner) == self,
+                                    }) => &proj.self_type_parameter(Interner) == self,
                                     _ => false,
                                 })
                                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -708,7 +706,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         let data = (*datas)
                             .as_ref()
                             .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                        let bounds = data.substitute(&Interner, &opaque_ty.substitution);
+                        let bounds = data.substitute(Interner, &opaque_ty.substitution);
                         let krate = func.lookup(f.db.upcast()).module(f.db.upcast()).krate();
                         write_bounds_like_dyn_trait_with_prefix(
                             "impl",
@@ -841,13 +839,13 @@ fn write_bounds_like_dyn_trait(
                 // existential) here, which is the only thing that's
                 // possible in actual Rust, and hence don't print it
                 write!(f, "{}", f.db.trait_data(trait_).name)?;
-                if let [_, params @ ..] = &*trait_ref.substitution.as_slice(&Interner) {
+                if let [_, params @ ..] = &*trait_ref.substitution.as_slice(Interner) {
                     if is_fn_trait {
                         if let Some(args) =
-                            params.first().and_then(|it| it.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).as_tuple())
+                            params.first().and_then(|it| it.assert_ty_ref(Interner).as_tuple())
                         {
                             write!(f, "(")?;
-                            f.write_joined(args.as_slice(&Interner), ", ")?;
+                            f.write_joined(args.as_slice(Interner), ", ")?;
                             write!(f, ")")?;
                         }
                     } else if !params.is_empty() {
@@ -906,16 +904,16 @@ fn fmt_trait_ref(tr: &TraitRef, f: &mut HirFormatter, use_as: bool) -> Result<()
         return write!(f, "{}", TYPE_HINT_TRUNCATION);
     }
 
-    tr.self_type_parameter(&Interner).hir_fmt(f)?;
+    tr.self_type_parameter(Interner).hir_fmt(f)?;
     if use_as {
         write!(f, " as ")?;
     } else {
         write!(f, ": ")?;
     }
     write!(f, "{}", f.db.trait_data(tr.hir_trait_id()).name)?;
-    if tr.substitution.len(&Interner) > 1 {
+    if tr.substitution.len(Interner) > 1 {
         write!(f, "<")?;
-        f.write_joined(&tr.substitution.as_slice(&Interner)[1..], ", ")?;
+        f.write_joined(&tr.substitution.as_slice(Interner)[1..], ", ")?;
         write!(f, ">")?;
     }
     Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs
index ce6cb815400..1bc19323da9 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs
@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ struct InternedStandardTypes {
 impl Default for InternedStandardTypes {
     fn default() -> Self {
         InternedStandardTypes {
-            unknown: TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner),
-            bool_: TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
-            unit: TyKind::Tuple(0, Substitution::empty(&Interner)).intern(&Interner),
+            unknown: TyKind::Error.intern(Interner),
+            bool_: TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner),
+            unit: TyKind::Tuple(0, Substitution::empty(Interner)).intern(Interner),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             result: InferenceResult::default(),
             table: unify::InferenceTable::new(db, trait_env.clone()),
             trait_env,
-            return_ty: TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner), // set in collect_fn_signature
+            return_ty: TyKind::Error.intern(Interner), // set in collect_fn_signature
             db,
             owner,
             body: db.body(owner),
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
     /// Replaces Ty::Unknown by a new type var, so we can maybe still infer it.
     fn insert_type_vars_shallow(&mut self, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
-        match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        match ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Error => self.table.new_type_var(),
             TyKind::InferenceVar(..) => {
                 let ty_resolved = self.resolve_ty_shallow(&ty);
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     }
 
     fn push_obligation(&mut self, o: DomainGoal) {
-        self.table.register_obligation(o.cast(&Interner));
+        self.table.register_obligation(o.cast(Interner));
     }
 
     fn unify(&mut self, ty1: &Ty, ty2: &Ty) -> bool {
@@ -535,8 +535,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     }),
                     ty: ty.clone(),
                 };
-                self.push_obligation(trait_ref.cast(&Interner));
-                self.push_obligation(alias_eq.cast(&Interner));
+                self.push_obligation(trait_ref.cast(Interner));
+                self.push_obligation(alias_eq.cast(Interner));
                 ty
             }
             None => self.err_ty(),
@@ -568,13 +568,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     ValueNs::EnumVariantId(var) => {
                         let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, var.into(), true);
                         let ty = self.db.ty(var.parent.into());
-                        let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(&Interner, &substs));
+                        let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(Interner, &substs));
                         return (ty, Some(var.into()));
                     }
                     ValueNs::StructId(strukt) => {
                         let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, strukt.into(), true);
                         let ty = self.db.ty(strukt.into());
-                        let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(&Interner, &substs));
+                        let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(Interner, &substs));
                         return (ty, Some(strukt.into()));
                     }
                     _ => return (self.err_ty(), None),
@@ -592,25 +592,25 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             TypeNs::AdtId(AdtId::StructId(strukt)) => {
                 let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, strukt.into(), true);
                 let ty = self.db.ty(strukt.into());
-                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(&Interner, &substs));
+                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(Interner, &substs));
                 forbid_unresolved_segments((ty, Some(strukt.into())), unresolved)
             }
             TypeNs::AdtId(AdtId::UnionId(u)) => {
                 let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, u.into(), true);
                 let ty = self.db.ty(u.into());
-                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(&Interner, &substs));
+                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(Interner, &substs));
                 forbid_unresolved_segments((ty, Some(u.into())), unresolved)
             }
             TypeNs::EnumVariantId(var) => {
                 let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, var.into(), true);
                 let ty = self.db.ty(var.parent.into());
-                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(&Interner, &substs));
+                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.substitute(Interner, &substs));
                 forbid_unresolved_segments((ty, Some(var.into())), unresolved)
             }
             TypeNs::SelfType(impl_id) => {
                 let generics = crate::utils::generics(self.db.upcast(), impl_id.into());
                 let substs = generics.type_params_subst(self.db);
-                let ty = self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(&Interner, &substs);
+                let ty = self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(Interner, &substs);
                 self.resolve_variant_on_alias(ty, unresolved, path)
             }
             TypeNs::TypeAliasId(it) => {
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 result
             } else {
                 // FIXME diagnostic
-                (TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner), None)
+                (TyKind::Error.intern(Interner), None)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ impl Expectation {
     /// for examples of where this comes up,.
     fn rvalue_hint(table: &mut unify::InferenceTable, ty: Ty) -> Self {
         // FIXME: do struct_tail_without_normalization
-        match table.resolve_ty_shallow(&ty).kind(&Interner) {
+        match table.resolve_ty_shallow(&ty).kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Slice(_) | TyKind::Str | TyKind::Dyn(_) => Expectation::RValueLikeUnsized(ty),
             _ => Expectation::has_type(ty),
         }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/closure.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/closure.rs
index d305cda70f6..3ead929098b 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/closure.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/closure.rs
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ impl InferenceContext<'_> {
         let _ = self.coerce(Some(closure_expr), closure_ty, &expected_ty);
 
         // Deduction based on the expected `dyn Fn` is done separately.
-        if let TyKind::Dyn(dyn_ty) = expected_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        if let TyKind::Dyn(dyn_ty) = expected_ty.kind(Interner) {
             if let Some(sig) = self.deduce_sig_from_dyn_ty(dyn_ty) {
-                let expected_sig_ty = TyKind::Function(sig).intern(&Interner);
+                let expected_sig_ty = TyKind::Function(sig).intern(Interner);
 
                 self.unify(sig_ty, &expected_sig_ty);
             }
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ impl InferenceContext<'_> {
                 .map(to_chalk_trait_id)
                 .collect();
 
-        let self_ty = TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner);
-        let bounds = dyn_ty.bounds.clone().substitute(&Interner, &[self_ty.cast(&Interner)]);
-        for bound in bounds.iter(&Interner) {
+        let self_ty = TyKind::Error.intern(Interner);
+        let bounds = dyn_ty.bounds.clone().substitute(Interner, &[self_ty.cast(Interner)]);
+        for bound in bounds.iter(Interner) {
             // NOTE(skip_binders): the extracted types are rebound by the returned `FnPointer`
             if let WhereClause::AliasEq(AliasEq { alias: AliasTy::Projection(projection), ty }) =
                 bound.skip_binders()
@@ -58,20 +58,20 @@ impl InferenceContext<'_> {
                 }
 
                 // Skip `Self`, get the type argument.
-                let arg = projection.substitution.as_slice(&Interner).get(1)?;
-                if let Some(subst) = arg.ty(&Interner)?.as_tuple() {
-                    let generic_args = subst.as_slice(&Interner);
+                let arg = projection.substitution.as_slice(Interner).get(1)?;
+                if let Some(subst) = arg.ty(Interner)?.as_tuple() {
+                    let generic_args = subst.as_slice(Interner);
                     let mut sig_tys = Vec::new();
                     for arg in generic_args {
-                        sig_tys.push(arg.ty(&Interner)?.clone());
+                        sig_tys.push(arg.ty(Interner)?.clone());
                     }
                     sig_tys.push(ty.clone());
 
                     cov_mark::hit!(dyn_fn_param_informs_call_site_closure_signature);
                     return Some(FnPointer {
-                        num_binders: bound.len(&Interner),
+                        num_binders: bound.len(Interner),
                         sig: FnSig { abi: (), safety: chalk_ir::Safety::Safe, variadic: false },
-                        substitution: FnSubst(Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, sig_tys)),
+                        substitution: FnSubst(Substitution::from_iter(Interner, sig_tys)),
                     });
                 }
             }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
index aebff59113e..bddb79c5015 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl CoerceMany {
         // Special case: two function types. Try to coerce both to
         // pointers to have a chance at getting a match. See
         // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/7b805396bf46dce972692a6846ce2ad8481c5f85/src/librustc_typeck/check/coercion.rs#L877-L916
-        let sig = match (self.expected_ty.kind(&Interner), expr_ty.kind(&Interner)) {
+        let sig = match (self.expected_ty.kind(Interner), expr_ty.kind(Interner)) {
             (TyKind::FnDef(..) | TyKind::Closure(..), TyKind::FnDef(..) | TyKind::Closure(..)) => {
                 // FIXME: we're ignoring safety here. To be more correct, if we have one FnDef and one Closure,
                 // we should be coercing the closure to a fn pointer of the safety of the FnDef
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl CoerceMany {
             _ => None,
         };
         if let Some(sig) = sig {
-            let target_ty = TyKind::Function(sig.to_fn_ptr()).intern(&Interner);
+            let target_ty = TyKind::Function(sig.to_fn_ptr()).intern(Interner);
             let result1 = ctx.coerce_inner(self.expected_ty.clone(), &target_ty);
             let result2 = ctx.coerce_inner(expr_ty.clone(), &target_ty);
             if let (Ok(result1), Ok(result2)) = (result1, result2) {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             //     let _: Option<?T> = Some({ return; });
             //
             // here, we would coerce from `!` to `?T`.
-            if let TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General) = to_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+            if let TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General) = to_ty.kind(Interner) {
                 self.table.set_diverging(*tv, true);
             }
             return success(simple(Adjust::NeverToAny)(to_ty.clone()), to_ty.clone(), vec![]);
@@ -165,13 +165,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         }
 
         // Examine the supertype and consider auto-borrowing.
-        match to_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        match to_ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Raw(mt, _) => return self.coerce_ptr(from_ty, to_ty, *mt),
             TyKind::Ref(mt, _, _) => return self.coerce_ref(from_ty, to_ty, *mt),
             _ => {}
         }
 
-        match from_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        match from_ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::FnDef(..) => {
                 // Function items are coercible to any closure
                 // type; function pointers are not (that would
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     }
 
     fn coerce_ptr(&mut self, from_ty: Ty, to_ty: &Ty, to_mt: Mutability) -> CoerceResult {
-        let (is_ref, from_mt, from_inner) = match from_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        let (is_ref, from_mt, from_inner) = match from_ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Ref(mt, _, ty) => (true, mt, ty),
             TyKind::Raw(mt, ty) => (false, mt, ty),
             _ => return self.unify_and(&from_ty, to_ty, identity),
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         coerce_mutabilities(*from_mt, to_mt)?;
 
         // Check that the types which they point at are compatible.
-        let from_raw = TyKind::Raw(to_mt, from_inner.clone()).intern(&Interner);
+        let from_raw = TyKind::Raw(to_mt, from_inner.clone()).intern(Interner);
 
         // Although references and unsafe ptrs have the same
         // representation, we still register an Adjust::DerefRef so that
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     /// To match `A` with `B`, autoderef will be performed,
     /// calling `deref`/`deref_mut` where necessary.
     fn coerce_ref(&mut self, from_ty: Ty, to_ty: &Ty, to_mt: Mutability) -> CoerceResult {
-        let from_mt = match from_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        let from_mt = match from_ty.kind(Interner) {
             &TyKind::Ref(mt, _, _) => {
                 coerce_mutabilities(mt, to_mt)?;
                 mt
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             // mutability [1], since it may be that we are coercing
             // from `&mut T` to `&U`.
             let lt = static_lifetime(); // FIXME: handle lifetimes correctly, see rustc
-            let derefd_from_ty = TyKind::Ref(to_mt, lt, referent_ty).intern(&Interner);
+            let derefd_from_ty = TyKind::Ref(to_mt, lt, referent_ty).intern(Interner);
             match self.table.try_unify(&derefd_from_ty, to_ty) {
                 Ok(result) => {
                     found = Some(result.map(|()| derefd_from_ty));
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
     /// Attempts to coerce from the type of a Rust function item into a function pointer.
     fn coerce_from_fn_item(&mut self, from_ty: Ty, to_ty: &Ty) -> CoerceResult {
-        match to_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        match to_ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Function(_) => {
                 let from_sig = from_ty.callable_sig(self.db).expect("FnDef had no sig");
 
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 // FIXME rustc normalizes assoc types in the sig here, not sure if necessary
 
                 let from_sig = from_sig.to_fn_ptr();
-                let from_fn_pointer = TyKind::Function(from_sig.clone()).intern(&Interner);
+                let from_fn_pointer = TyKind::Function(from_sig.clone()).intern(Interner);
                 let ok = self.coerce_from_safe_fn(
                     from_fn_pointer.clone(),
                     &from_sig,
@@ -433,12 +433,12 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         F: FnOnce(Ty) -> Vec<Adjustment>,
         G: FnOnce(Ty) -> Vec<Adjustment>,
     {
-        if let TyKind::Function(to_fn_ptr) = to_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        if let TyKind::Function(to_fn_ptr) = to_ty.kind(Interner) {
             if let (chalk_ir::Safety::Safe, chalk_ir::Safety::Unsafe) =
                 (from_fn_ptr.sig.safety, to_fn_ptr.sig.safety)
             {
                 let from_unsafe =
-                    TyKind::Function(safe_to_unsafe_fn_ty(from_fn_ptr.clone())).intern(&Interner);
+                    TyKind::Function(safe_to_unsafe_fn_ty(from_fn_ptr.clone())).intern(Interner);
                 return self.unify_and(&from_unsafe, to_ty, to_unsafe);
             }
         }
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         from_substs: &Substitution,
         to_ty: &Ty,
     ) -> CoerceResult {
-        match to_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        match to_ty.kind(Interner) {
             // if from_substs is non-capturing (FIXME)
             TyKind::Function(fn_ty) => {
                 // We coerce the closure, which has fn type
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         }
 
         // Handle reborrows before trying to solve `Source: CoerceUnsized<Target>`.
-        let reborrow = match (from_ty.kind(&Interner), to_ty.kind(&Interner)) {
+        let reborrow = match (from_ty.kind(Interner), to_ty.kind(Interner)) {
             (TyKind::Ref(from_mt, _, from_inner), &TyKind::Ref(to_mt, _, _)) => {
                 coerce_mutabilities(*from_mt, to_mt)?;
 
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     Adjustment { kind: Adjust::Deref(None), target: from_inner.clone() },
                     Adjustment {
                         kind: Adjust::Borrow(AutoBorrow::Ref(to_mt)),
-                        target: TyKind::Ref(to_mt, lt, from_inner.clone()).intern(&Interner),
+                        target: TyKind::Ref(to_mt, lt, from_inner.clone()).intern(Interner),
                     },
                 ))
             }
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     Adjustment { kind: Adjust::Deref(None), target: from_inner.clone() },
                     Adjustment {
                         kind: Adjust::Borrow(AutoBorrow::RawPtr(to_mt)),
-                        target: TyKind::Raw(to_mt, from_inner.clone()).intern(&Interner),
+                        target: TyKind::Raw(to_mt, from_inner.clone()).intern(Interner),
                     },
                 ))
             }
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         };
 
         let goal: InEnvironment<DomainGoal> =
-            InEnvironment::new(&self.trait_env.env, coerce_unsized_tref.cast(&Interner));
+            InEnvironment::new(&self.trait_env.env, coerce_unsized_tref.cast(Interner));
 
         let canonicalized = self.canonicalize(goal);
 
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         // Need to find out in what cases this is necessary
         let solution = self
             .db
-            .trait_solve(krate, canonicalized.value.clone().cast(&Interner))
+            .trait_solve(krate, canonicalized.value.clone().cast(Interner))
             .ok_or(TypeError)?;
 
         match solution {
@@ -593,15 +593,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 }
 
 fn coerce_closure_fn_ty(closure_substs: &Substitution, safety: chalk_ir::Safety) -> Ty {
-    let closure_sig = closure_substs.at(&Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone();
-    match closure_sig.kind(&Interner) {
+    let closure_sig = closure_substs.at(Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone();
+    match closure_sig.kind(Interner) {
         TyKind::Function(fn_ty) => TyKind::Function(FnPointer {
             num_binders: fn_ty.num_binders,
             sig: FnSig { safety, ..fn_ty.sig },
             substitution: fn_ty.substitution.clone(),
         })
-        .intern(&Interner),
-        _ => TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner),
+        .intern(Interner),
+        _ => TyKind::Error.intern(Interner),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
index 2b8dc793ccb..a892a680d7e 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
         let trait_env = self.trait_env.env.clone();
         let obligation = InEnvironment {
-            goal: projection.trait_ref(self.db).cast(&Interner),
+            goal: projection.trait_ref(self.db).cast(Interner),
             environment: trait_env,
         };
         let canonical = self.canonicalize(obligation.clone());
-        if self.db.trait_solve(krate, canonical.value.cast(&Interner)).is_some() {
+        if self.db.trait_solve(krate, canonical.value.cast(Interner)).is_some() {
             self.push_obligation(obligation.goal);
             let return_ty = self.table.normalize_projection_ty(projection);
             Some((arg_tys, return_ty))
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 // if let is desugared to match, so this is always simple if
                 self.infer_expr(
                     condition,
-                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
+                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner)),
                 );
 
                 let condition_diverges = mem::replace(&mut self.diverges, Diverges::Maybe);
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::none());
                 let impl_trait_id = crate::ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(self.owner, *body);
                 let opaque_ty_id = self.db.intern_impl_trait_id(impl_trait_id).into();
-                TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, Substitution::from1(&Interner, inner_ty))
-                    .intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, Substitution::from1(Interner, inner_ty))
+                    .intern(Interner)
             }
             Expr::Loop { body, label } => {
                 self.breakables.push(BreakableContext {
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     self.diverges = Diverges::Maybe;
                     ctxt.coerce.complete()
                 } else {
-                    TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
+                    TyKind::Never.intern(Interner)
                 }
             }
             Expr::While { condition, body, label } => {
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 // while let is desugared to a match loop, so this is always simple while
                 self.infer_expr(
                     *condition,
-                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
+                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner)),
                 );
                 self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::has_type(TyBuilder::unit()));
                 let _ctxt = self.breakables.pop().expect("breakable stack broken");
@@ -281,14 +281,14 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     num_binders: 0,
                     sig: FnSig { abi: (), safety: chalk_ir::Safety::Safe, variadic: false },
                     substitution: FnSubst(
-                        Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, sig_tys.clone()).shifted_in(&Interner),
+                        Substitution::from_iter(Interner, sig_tys.clone()).shifted_in(Interner),
                     ),
                 })
-                .intern(&Interner);
+                .intern(Interner);
                 let closure_id = self.db.intern_closure((self.owner, tgt_expr)).into();
                 let closure_ty =
-                    TyKind::Closure(closure_id, Substitution::from1(&Interner, sig_ty.clone()))
-                        .intern(&Interner);
+                    TyKind::Closure(closure_id, Substitution::from1(Interner, sig_ty.clone()))
+                        .intern(Interner);
 
                 // Eagerly try to relate the closure type with the expected
                 // type, otherwise we often won't have enough information to
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let expected = expected.adjust_for_branches(&mut self.table);
 
                 let result_ty = if arms.is_empty() {
-                    TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
+                    TyKind::Never.intern(Interner)
                 } else {
                     match &expected {
                         Expectation::HasType(ty) => ty.clone(),
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                             self.infer_expr(
                                 guard_expr,
                                 &Expectation::has_type(
-                                    TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
+                                    TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner),
                                 ),
                             );
                         }
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let resolver = resolver_for_expr(self.db.upcast(), self.owner, tgt_expr);
                 self.infer_path(&resolver, p, tgt_expr.into()).unwrap_or_else(|| self.err_ty())
             }
-            Expr::Continue { .. } => TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner),
+            Expr::Continue { .. } => TyKind::Never.intern(Interner),
             Expr::Break { expr, label } => {
                 let mut coerce = match find_breakable(&mut self.breakables, label.as_ref()) {
                     Some(ctxt) => {
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     });
                 };
 
-                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Never.intern(Interner)
             }
             Expr::Return { expr } => {
                 if let Some(expr) = expr {
@@ -448,14 +448,14 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     let unit = TyBuilder::unit();
                     let _ = self.coerce(Some(tgt_expr), &unit, &self.return_ty.clone());
                 }
-                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Never.intern(Interner)
             }
             Expr::Yield { expr } => {
                 // FIXME: track yield type for coercion
                 if let Some(expr) = expr {
                     self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                 }
-                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Never.intern(Interner)
             }
             Expr::RecordLit { path, fields, spread } => {
                 let (ty, def_id) = self.resolve_variant(path.as_deref(), false);
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let substs = ty
                     .as_adt()
                     .map(|(_, s)| s.clone())
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(&Interner));
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(Interner));
                 let field_types = def_id.map(|it| self.db.field_types(it)).unwrap_or_default();
                 let variant_data = def_id.map(|it| it.variant_data(self.db.upcast()));
                 for field in fields.iter() {
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                             }
                         });
                     let field_ty = field_def.map_or(self.err_ty(), |it| {
-                        field_types[it.local_id].clone().substitute(&Interner, &substs)
+                        field_types[it.local_id].clone().substitute(Interner, &substs)
                     });
                     self.infer_expr_coerce(field.expr, &Expectation::has_type(field_ty));
                 }
@@ -519,13 +519,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     };
                     match canonicalized
                         .decanonicalize_ty(&mut self.table, derefed_ty)
-                        .kind(&Interner)
+                        .kind(Interner)
                     {
                         TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => name.as_tuple_index().and_then(|idx| {
                             substs
-                                .as_slice(&Interner)
+                                .as_slice(Interner)
                                 .get(idx)
-                                .map(|a| a.assert_ty_ref(&Interner))
+                                .map(|a| a.assert_ty_ref(Interner))
                                 .cloned()
                         }),
                         TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::StructId(s)), parameters) => {
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                                 Some(
                                     self.db.field_types((*s).into())[field.local_id]
                                         .clone()
-                                        .substitute(&Interner, &parameters),
+                                        .substitute(Interner, &parameters),
                                 )
                             } else {
                                 None
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                                 Some(
                                     self.db.field_types((*u).into())[field.local_id]
                                         .clone()
-                                        .substitute(&Interner, &parameters),
+                                        .substitute(Interner, &parameters),
                                 )
                             } else {
                                 None
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     Rawness::RawPtr => TyKind::Raw(mutability, inner_ty),
                     Rawness::Ref => TyKind::Ref(mutability, static_lifetime(), inner_ty),
                 }
-                .intern(&Interner)
+                .intern(Interner)
             }
             Expr::Box { expr } => {
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr_inner(*expr, &Expectation::none());
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     UnaryOp::Neg => {
-                        match inner_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+                        match inner_ty.kind(Interner) {
                             // Fast path for builtins
                             TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_) | Scalar::Uint(_) | Scalar::Float(_))
                             | TyKind::InferenceVar(
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         }
                     }
                     UnaryOp::Not => {
-                        match inner_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+                        match inner_ty.kind(Interner) {
                             // Fast path for builtins
                             TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool | Scalar::Int(_) | Scalar::Uint(_))
                             | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer) => inner_ty,
@@ -756,11 +756,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let mut tys = match expected
                     .only_has_type(&mut self.table)
                     .as_ref()
-                    .map(|t| t.kind(&Interner))
+                    .map(|t| t.kind(Interner))
                 {
                     Some(TyKind::Tuple(_, substs)) => substs
-                        .iter(&Interner)
-                        .map(|a| a.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone())
+                        .iter(Interner)
+                        .map(|a| a.assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone())
                         .chain(repeat_with(|| self.table.new_type_var()))
                         .take(exprs.len())
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -771,11 +771,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     self.infer_expr_coerce(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(ty.clone()));
                 }
 
-                TyKind::Tuple(tys.len(), Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, tys)).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Tuple(tys.len(), Substitution::from_iter(Interner, tys)).intern(Interner)
             }
             Expr::Array(array) => {
                 let elem_ty =
-                    match expected.to_option(&mut self.table).as_ref().map(|t| t.kind(&Interner)) {
+                    match expected.to_option(&mut self.table).as_ref().map(|t| t.kind(Interner)) {
                         Some(TyKind::Array(st, _) | TyKind::Slice(st)) => st.clone(),
                         _ => self.table.new_type_var(),
                     };
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         self.infer_expr(
                             repeat,
                             &Expectation::has_type(
-                                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)).intern(&Interner),
+                                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)).intern(Interner),
                             ),
                         );
 
@@ -804,41 +804,41 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     }
                 };
 
-                TyKind::Array(coerce.complete(), consteval::usize_const(len)).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Array(coerce.complete(), consteval::usize_const(len)).intern(Interner)
             }
             Expr::Literal(lit) => match lit {
-                Literal::Bool(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
+                Literal::Bool(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner),
                 Literal::String(..) => {
-                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, static_lifetime(), TyKind::Str.intern(&Interner))
-                        .intern(&Interner)
+                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, static_lifetime(), TyKind::Str.intern(Interner))
+                        .intern(Interner)
                 }
                 Literal::ByteString(bs) => {
-                    let byte_type = TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::U8)).intern(&Interner);
+                    let byte_type = TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::U8)).intern(Interner);
 
                     let len = consteval::usize_const(Some(bs.len() as u64));
 
-                    let array_type = TyKind::Array(byte_type, len).intern(&Interner);
-                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, static_lifetime(), array_type).intern(&Interner)
+                    let array_type = TyKind::Array(byte_type, len).intern(Interner);
+                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, static_lifetime(), array_type).intern(Interner)
                 }
-                Literal::Char(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char).intern(&Interner),
+                Literal::Char(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char).intern(Interner),
                 Literal::Int(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(int_ty) => {
                         TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
-                            .intern(&Interner)
+                            .intern(Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_integer_var(),
                 },
                 Literal::Uint(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(int_ty) => {
                         TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
-                            .intern(&Interner)
+                            .intern(Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_integer_var(),
                 },
                 Literal::Float(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(float_ty) => {
                         TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(*float_ty)))
-                            .intern(&Interner)
+                            .intern(Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_float_var(),
                 },
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             .build();
         self.write_method_resolution(tgt_expr, func, subst.clone());
 
-        let method_ty = self.db.value_ty(func.into()).substitute(&Interner, &subst);
+        let method_ty = self.db.value_ty(func.into()).substitute(Interner, &subst);
         self.register_obligations_for_call(&method_ty);
 
         self.infer_expr_coerce(rhs, &Expectation::has_type(rhs_ty.clone()));
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(expr) = else_branch {
                         self.infer_expr_coerce(
                             *expr,
-                            &Expectation::has_type(Ty::new(&Interner, TyKind::Never)),
+                            &Expectation::has_type(Ty::new(Interner, TyKind::Never)),
                         );
                     }
 
@@ -1003,11 +1003,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             }
             None => (
                 receiver_ty,
-                Binders::empty(&Interner, self.err_ty()),
-                Substitution::empty(&Interner),
+                Binders::empty(Interner, self.err_ty()),
+                Substitution::empty(Interner),
             ),
         };
-        let method_ty = method_ty.substitute(&Interner, &substs);
+        let method_ty = method_ty.substitute(Interner, &substs);
         self.register_obligations_for_call(&method_ty);
         let (formal_receiver_ty, param_tys, ret_ty) = match method_ty.callable_sig(self.db) {
             Some(sig) => {
@@ -1038,12 +1038,12 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             self.table.fudge_inference(|table| {
                 if table.try_unify(&expected_ty, &output).is_ok() {
                     table.resolve_with_fallback(inputs, &|var, kind, _, _| match kind {
-                        chalk_ir::VariableKind::Ty(tk) => var.to_ty(&Interner, tk).cast(&Interner),
+                        chalk_ir::VariableKind::Ty(tk) => var.to_ty(Interner, tk).cast(Interner),
                         chalk_ir::VariableKind::Lifetime => {
-                            var.to_lifetime(&Interner).cast(&Interner)
+                            var.to_lifetime(Interner).cast(Interner)
                         }
                         chalk_ir::VariableKind::Const(ty) => {
-                            var.to_const(&Interner, ty).cast(&Interner)
+                            var.to_const(Interner, ty).cast(Interner)
                         }
                     })
                 } else {
@@ -1148,21 +1148,21 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             substs.push(self.table.new_type_var());
         }
         assert_eq!(substs.len(), total_len);
-        Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, substs)
+        Substitution::from_iter(Interner, substs)
     }
 
     fn register_obligations_for_call(&mut self, callable_ty: &Ty) {
         let callable_ty = self.resolve_ty_shallow(callable_ty);
-        if let TyKind::FnDef(fn_def, parameters) = callable_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        if let TyKind::FnDef(fn_def, parameters) = callable_ty.kind(Interner) {
             let def: CallableDefId = from_chalk(self.db, *fn_def);
             let generic_predicates = self.db.generic_predicates(def.into());
             for predicate in generic_predicates.iter() {
                 let (predicate, binders) = predicate
                     .clone()
-                    .substitute(&Interner, parameters)
+                    .substitute(Interner, parameters)
                     .into_value_and_skipped_binders();
-                always!(binders.len(&Interner) == 0); // quantified where clauses not yet handled
-                self.push_obligation(predicate.cast(&Interner));
+                always!(binders.len(Interner) == 0); // quantified where clauses not yet handled
+                self.push_obligation(predicate.cast(Interner));
             }
             // add obligation for trait implementation, if this is a trait method
             match def {
@@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         );
                         self.push_obligation(
                             TraitRef { trait_id: to_chalk_trait_id(trait_), substitution: substs }
-                                .cast(&Interner),
+                                .cast(Interner),
                         );
                     }
                 }
@@ -1189,17 +1189,17 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         let rhs_ty = self.resolve_ty_shallow(&rhs_ty);
         match op {
             BinaryOp::LogicOp(_) | BinaryOp::CmpOp(_) => {
-                Some(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner))
+                Some(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner))
             }
             BinaryOp::Assignment { .. } => Some(TyBuilder::unit()),
             BinaryOp::ArithOp(ArithOp::Shl | ArithOp::Shr) => {
                 // all integer combinations are valid here
                 if matches!(
-                    lhs_ty.kind(&Interner),
+                    lhs_ty.kind(Interner),
                     TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_) | Scalar::Uint(_))
                         | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer)
                 ) && matches!(
-                    rhs_ty.kind(&Interner),
+                    rhs_ty.kind(Interner),
                     TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_) | Scalar::Uint(_))
                         | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer)
                 ) {
@@ -1208,7 +1208,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     None
                 }
             }
-            BinaryOp::ArithOp(_) => match (lhs_ty.kind(&Interner), rhs_ty.kind(&Interner)) {
+            BinaryOp::ArithOp(_) => match (lhs_ty.kind(Interner), rhs_ty.kind(Interner)) {
                 // (int, int) | (uint, uint) | (float, float)
                 (TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)), TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)))
                 | (TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)), TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)))
@@ -1251,11 +1251,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
     fn builtin_binary_op_rhs_expectation(&mut self, op: BinaryOp, lhs_ty: Ty) -> Option<Ty> {
         Some(match op {
-            BinaryOp::LogicOp(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
+            BinaryOp::LogicOp(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(Interner),
             BinaryOp::Assignment { op: None } => lhs_ty,
             BinaryOp::CmpOp(CmpOp::Eq { .. }) => match self
                 .resolve_ty_shallow(&lhs_ty)
-                .kind(&Interner)
+                .kind(Interner)
             {
                 TyKind::Scalar(_) | TyKind::Str => lhs_ty,
                 TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer | TyVariableKind::Float) => lhs_ty,
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             BinaryOp::ArithOp(ArithOp::Shl | ArithOp::Shr) => return None,
             BinaryOp::CmpOp(CmpOp::Ord { .. })
             | BinaryOp::Assignment { op: Some(_) }
-            | BinaryOp::ArithOp(_) => match self.resolve_ty_shallow(&lhs_ty).kind(&Interner) {
+            | BinaryOp::ArithOp(_) => match self.resolve_ty_shallow(&lhs_ty).kind(Interner) {
                 TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_) | Scalar::Uint(_) | Scalar::Float(_)) => lhs_ty,
                 TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer | TyVariableKind::Float) => lhs_ty,
                 _ => return None,
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
index cc919327457..64e72abf0f3 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         self.unify(&ty, expected);
 
         let substs =
-            ty.as_adt().map(|(_, s)| s.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(&Interner));
+            ty.as_adt().map(|(_, s)| s.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(Interner));
 
         let field_tys = def.map(|it| self.db.field_types(it)).unwrap_or_default();
         let (pre, post) = match ellipsis {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 .as_ref()
                 .and_then(|d| d.field(&Name::new_tuple_field(i)))
                 .map_or(self.err_ty(), |field| {
-                    field_tys[field].clone().substitute(&Interner, &substs)
+                    field_tys[field].clone().substitute(Interner, &substs)
                 });
             let expected_ty = self.normalize_associated_types_in(expected_ty);
             self.infer_pat(subpat, &expected_ty, default_bm);
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         self.unify(&ty, expected);
 
         let substs =
-            ty.as_adt().map(|(_, s)| s.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(&Interner));
+            ty.as_adt().map(|(_, s)| s.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(Interner));
 
         let field_tys = def.map(|it| self.db.field_types(it)).unwrap_or_default();
         for subpat in subpats {
             let matching_field = var_data.as_ref().and_then(|it| it.field(&subpat.name));
             let expected_ty = matching_field.map_or(self.err_ty(), |field| {
-                field_tys[field].clone().substitute(&Interner, &substs)
+                field_tys[field].clone().substitute(Interner, &substs)
             });
             let expected_ty = self.normalize_associated_types_in(expected_ty);
             self.infer_pat(subpat.pat, &expected_ty, default_bm);
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         let ty = match &body[pat] {
             Pat::Tuple { args, ellipsis } => {
                 let expectations = match expected.as_tuple() {
-                    Some(parameters) => &*parameters.as_slice(&Interner),
+                    Some(parameters) => &*parameters.as_slice(Interner),
                     _ => &[],
                 };
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 };
                 let err_ty = self.err_ty();
                 let mut expectations_iter =
-                    expectations.iter().map(|a| a.assert_ty_ref(&Interner)).chain(repeat(&err_ty));
+                    expectations.iter().map(|a| a.assert_ty_ref(Interner)).chain(repeat(&err_ty));
                 let mut infer_pat = |(&pat, ty)| self.infer_pat(pat, ty, default_bm);
 
                 let mut inner_tys = Vec::with_capacity(n_uncovered_patterns + args.len());
@@ -154,8 +154,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 inner_tys.extend(expectations_iter.by_ref().take(n_uncovered_patterns).cloned());
                 inner_tys.extend(post.iter().zip(expectations_iter).map(infer_pat));
 
-                TyKind::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, inner_tys))
-                    .intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substitution::from_iter(Interner, inner_tys))
+                    .intern(Interner)
             }
             Pat::Or(pats) => {
                 if let Some((first_pat, rest)) = pats.split_first() {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     _ => self.result.standard_types.unknown.clone(),
                 };
                 let subty = self.infer_pat(*pat, &expectation, default_bm);
-                TyKind::Ref(mutability, static_lifetime(), subty).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Ref(mutability, static_lifetime(), subty).intern(Interner)
             }
             Pat::TupleStruct { path: p, args: subpats, ellipsis } => self.infer_tuple_struct_pat(
                 p.as_deref(),
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let bound_ty = match mode {
                     BindingMode::Ref(mutability) => {
                         TyKind::Ref(mutability, static_lifetime(), inner_ty.clone())
-                            .intern(&Interner)
+                            .intern(Interner)
                     }
                     BindingMode::Move => inner_ty.clone(),
                 };
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 return inner_ty;
             }
             Pat::Slice { prefix, slice, suffix } => {
-                let elem_ty = match expected.kind(&Interner) {
+                let elem_ty = match expected.kind(Interner) {
                     TyKind::Array(st, _) | TyKind::Slice(st) => st.clone(),
                     _ => self.err_ty(),
                 };
@@ -230,11 +230,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     self.infer_pat(pat_id, &elem_ty, default_bm);
                 }
 
-                let pat_ty = match expected.kind(&Interner) {
+                let pat_ty = match expected.kind(Interner) {
                     TyKind::Array(_, const_) => TyKind::Array(elem_ty, const_.clone()),
                     _ => TyKind::Slice(elem_ty),
                 }
-                .intern(&Interner);
+                .intern(Interner);
                 if let &Some(slice_pat_id) = slice {
                     self.infer_pat(slice_pat_id, &pat_ty, default_bm);
                 }
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 Some(box_adt) => {
                     let (inner_ty, alloc_ty) = match expected.as_adt() {
                         Some((adt, subst)) if adt == box_adt => (
-                            subst.at(&Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone(),
-                            subst.as_slice(&Interner).get(1).and_then(|a| a.ty(&Interner).cloned()),
+                            subst.at(Interner, 0).assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone(),
+                            subst.as_slice(Interner).get(1).and_then(|a| a.ty(Interner).cloned()),
                         ),
                         _ => (self.result.standard_types.unknown.clone(), None),
                     };
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
index 06689e1d29f..c33a697f05a 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             ValueNs::ImplSelf(impl_id) => {
                 let generics = crate::utils::generics(self.db.upcast(), impl_id.into());
                 let substs = generics.type_params_subst(self.db);
-                let ty = self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(&Interner, &substs);
+                let ty = self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(Interner, &substs);
                 if let Some((AdtId::StructId(struct_id), substs)) = ty.as_adt() {
-                    let ty = self.db.value_ty(struct_id.into()).substitute(&Interner, &substs);
+                    let ty = self.db.value_ty(struct_id.into()).substitute(Interner, &substs);
                     return Some(ty);
                 } else {
                     // FIXME: diagnostic, invalid Self reference
@@ -95,12 +95,12 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             ValueNs::GenericParam(it) => return Some(self.db.const_param_ty(it)),
         };
 
-        let parent_substs = self_subst.unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(&Interner));
+        let parent_substs = self_subst.unwrap_or_else(|| Substitution::empty(Interner));
         let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
         let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, typable, true);
         let ty = TyBuilder::value_ty(self.db, typable)
             .use_parent_substs(&parent_substs)
-            .fill(substs.as_slice(&Interner)[parent_substs.len(&Interner)..].iter().cloned())
+            .fill(substs.as_slice(Interner)[parent_substs.len(Interner)..].iter().cloned())
             .build();
         Some(ty)
     }
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     remaining_segments_for_ty,
                     true,
                 );
-                if let TyKind::Error = ty.kind(&Interner) {
+                if let TyKind::Error = ty.kind(Interner) {
                     return None;
                 }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         name: &Name,
         id: ExprOrPatId,
     ) -> Option<(ValueNs, Option<Substitution>)> {
-        if let TyKind::Error = ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        if let TyKind::Error = ty.kind(Interner) {
             return None;
         }
 
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                             .fill(iter::repeat_with(|| self.table.new_type_var()))
                             .build();
                         let impl_self_ty =
-                            self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(&Interner, &impl_substs);
+                            self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(Interner, &impl_substs);
                         self.unify(&impl_self_ty, &ty);
                         Some(impl_substs)
                     }
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                             .push(ty.clone())
                             .fill(std::iter::repeat_with(|| self.table.new_type_var()))
                             .build();
-                        self.push_obligation(trait_ref.clone().cast(&Interner));
+                        self.push_obligation(trait_ref.clone().cast(Interner));
                         Some(trait_ref.substitution)
                     }
                     ItemContainerId::ModuleId(_) | ItemContainerId::ExternBlockId(_) => None,
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
index 88f9d6a3112..bb7cdb677e3 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ impl<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner>> Canonicalized<T> {
     /// this method is wrong and shouldn't exist
     pub(super) fn decanonicalize_ty(&self, table: &mut InferenceTable, ty: Canonical<Ty>) -> Ty {
         let mut vars = self.free_vars.clone();
-        while ty.binders.len(&Interner) > vars.len() {
-            vars.push(table.new_type_var().cast(&Interner));
+        while ty.binders.len(Interner) > vars.len() {
+            vars.push(table.new_type_var().cast(Interner));
         }
-        chalk_ir::Substitute::apply(&vars, ty.value, &Interner)
+        chalk_ir::Substitute::apply(&vars, ty.value, Interner)
     }
 
     pub(super) fn apply_solution(
@@ -57,25 +57,25 @@ impl<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner>> Canonicalized<T> {
     ) {
         // the solution may contain new variables, which we need to convert to new inference vars
         let new_vars = Substitution::from_iter(
-            &Interner,
-            solution.binders.iter(&Interner).map(|k| match k.kind {
-                VariableKind::Ty(TyVariableKind::General) => ctx.new_type_var().cast(&Interner),
-                VariableKind::Ty(TyVariableKind::Integer) => ctx.new_integer_var().cast(&Interner),
-                VariableKind::Ty(TyVariableKind::Float) => ctx.new_float_var().cast(&Interner),
+            Interner,
+            solution.binders.iter(Interner).map(|k| match k.kind {
+                VariableKind::Ty(TyVariableKind::General) => ctx.new_type_var().cast(Interner),
+                VariableKind::Ty(TyVariableKind::Integer) => ctx.new_integer_var().cast(Interner),
+                VariableKind::Ty(TyVariableKind::Float) => ctx.new_float_var().cast(Interner),
                 // Chalk can sometimes return new lifetime variables. We just use the static lifetime everywhere
-                VariableKind::Lifetime => static_lifetime().cast(&Interner),
+                VariableKind::Lifetime => static_lifetime().cast(Interner),
                 _ => panic!("const variable in solution"),
             }),
         );
-        for (i, v) in solution.value.iter(&Interner).enumerate() {
+        for (i, v) in solution.value.iter(Interner).enumerate() {
             let var = self.free_vars[i].clone();
-            if let Some(ty) = v.ty(&Interner) {
+            if let Some(ty) = v.ty(Interner) {
                 // eagerly replace projections in the type; we may be getting types
                 // e.g. from where clauses where this hasn't happened yet
-                let ty = ctx.normalize_associated_types_in(new_vars.apply(ty.clone(), &Interner));
-                ctx.unify(var.assert_ty_ref(&Interner), &ty);
+                let ty = ctx.normalize_associated_types_in(new_vars.apply(ty.clone(), Interner));
+                ctx.unify(var.assert_ty_ref(Interner), &ty);
             } else {
-                let _ = ctx.try_unify(&var, &new_vars.apply(v.clone(), &Interner));
+                let _ = ctx.try_unify(&var, &new_vars.apply(v.clone(), Interner));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -96,39 +96,39 @@ pub(crate) fn unify(
 ) -> Option<Substitution> {
     let mut table = InferenceTable::new(db, env);
     let vars = Substitution::from_iter(
-        &Interner,
+        Interner,
         tys.binders
-            .iter(&Interner)
+            .iter(Interner)
             // we always use type vars here because we want everything to
             // fallback to Unknown in the end (kind of hacky, as below)
             .map(|_| table.new_type_var()),
     );
-    let ty1_with_vars = vars.apply(tys.value.0.clone(), &Interner);
-    let ty2_with_vars = vars.apply(tys.value.1.clone(), &Interner);
+    let ty1_with_vars = vars.apply(tys.value.0.clone(), Interner);
+    let ty2_with_vars = vars.apply(tys.value.1.clone(), Interner);
     if !table.unify(&ty1_with_vars, &ty2_with_vars) {
         return None;
     }
     // default any type vars that weren't unified back to their original bound vars
     // (kind of hacky)
     let find_var = |iv| {
-        vars.iter(&Interner).position(|v| match v.interned() {
-            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty) => ty.inference_var(&Interner),
-            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(lt) => lt.inference_var(&Interner),
-            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(c) => c.inference_var(&Interner),
+        vars.iter(Interner).position(|v| match v.interned() {
+            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty) => ty.inference_var(Interner),
+            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(lt) => lt.inference_var(Interner),
+            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(c) => c.inference_var(Interner),
         } == Some(iv))
     };
     let fallback = |iv, kind, default, binder| match kind {
         chalk_ir::VariableKind::Ty(_ty_kind) => find_var(iv)
-            .map_or(default, |i| BoundVar::new(binder, i).to_ty(&Interner).cast(&Interner)),
+            .map_or(default, |i| BoundVar::new(binder, i).to_ty(Interner).cast(Interner)),
         chalk_ir::VariableKind::Lifetime => find_var(iv)
-            .map_or(default, |i| BoundVar::new(binder, i).to_lifetime(&Interner).cast(&Interner)),
+            .map_or(default, |i| BoundVar::new(binder, i).to_lifetime(Interner).cast(Interner)),
         chalk_ir::VariableKind::Const(ty) => find_var(iv)
-            .map_or(default, |i| BoundVar::new(binder, i).to_const(&Interner, ty).cast(&Interner)),
+            .map_or(default, |i| BoundVar::new(binder, i).to_const(Interner, ty).cast(Interner)),
     };
     Some(Substitution::from_iter(
-        &Interner,
-        vars.iter(&Interner)
-            .map(|v| table.resolve_with_fallback(v.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone(), &fallback)),
+        Interner,
+        vars.iter(Interner)
+            .map(|v| table.resolve_with_fallback(v.assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone(), &fallback)),
     ))
 }
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
             TyVariableKind::Integer => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(IntTy::I32)),
             TyVariableKind::Float => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(FloatTy::F64)),
         }
-        .intern(&Interner)
+        .intern(Interner)
     }
 
     pub(super) fn canonicalize<T: Fold<Interner> + HasInterner<Interner = Interner>>(
@@ -210,11 +210,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
     where
         T::Result: HasInterner<Interner = Interner>,
     {
-        let result = self.var_unification_table.canonicalize(&Interner, t);
+        let result = self.var_unification_table.canonicalize(Interner, t);
         let free_vars = result
             .free_vars
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|free_var| free_var.to_generic_arg(&Interner))
+            .map(|free_var| free_var.to_generic_arg(Interner))
             .collect();
         Canonicalized { value: result.quantified, free_vars }
     }
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
     pub(super) fn normalize_associated_types_in(&mut self, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
         fold_tys(
             ty,
-            |ty, _| match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+            |ty, _| match ty.kind(Interner) {
                 TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(proj_ty)) => {
                     self.normalize_projection_ty(proj_ty.clone())
                 }
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
     pub(super) fn normalize_projection_ty(&mut self, proj_ty: ProjectionTy) -> Ty {
         let var = self.new_type_var();
         let alias_eq = AliasEq { alias: AliasTy::Projection(proj_ty), ty: var.clone() };
-        let obligation = alias_eq.cast(&Interner);
+        let obligation = alias_eq.cast(Interner);
         self.register_obligation(obligation);
         var
     }
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
         self.extend_type_variable_table(var.index() as usize);
         assert_eq!(var.index() as usize, self.type_variable_table.len() - 1);
         self.type_variable_table[var.index() as usize].diverging = diverging;
-        var.to_ty_with_kind(&Interner, kind)
+        var.to_ty_with_kind(Interner, kind)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_type_var(&mut self) -> Ty {
@@ -280,12 +280,12 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
 
     pub(crate) fn new_const_var(&mut self, ty: Ty) -> Const {
         let var = self.var_unification_table.new_variable(UniverseIndex::ROOT);
-        var.to_const(&Interner, ty)
+        var.to_const(Interner, ty)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_lifetime_var(&mut self) -> Lifetime {
         let var = self.var_unification_table.new_variable(UniverseIndex::ROOT);
-        var.to_lifetime(&Interner)
+        var.to_lifetime(Interner)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn resolve_with_fallback<T>(
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
     /// caller needs to deal with them.
     pub(crate) fn try_unify<T: Zip<Interner>>(&mut self, t1: &T, t2: &T) -> InferResult<()> {
         match self.var_unification_table.relate(
-            &Interner,
+            Interner,
             &self.db,
             &self.trait_env.env,
             chalk_ir::Variance::Invariant,
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
     /// If `ty` is a type variable with known type, returns that type;
     /// otherwise, return ty.
     pub(crate) fn resolve_ty_shallow(&mut self, ty: &Ty) -> Ty {
-        self.var_unification_table.normalize_ty_shallow(&Interner, ty).unwrap_or_else(|| ty.clone())
+        self.var_unification_table.normalize_ty_shallow(Interner, ty).unwrap_or_else(|| ty.clone())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn snapshot(&mut self) -> InferenceTableSnapshot {
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
                 let uncanonical = chalk_ir::Substitute::apply(
                     &canonicalized.free_vars,
                     canonicalized.value.value,
-                    &Interner,
+                    Interner,
                 );
                 self.register_obligation_in_env(uncanonical);
             }
@@ -411,15 +411,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
             table: &'a mut InferenceTable<'b>,
             highest_known_var: InferenceVar,
         }
-        impl<'a, 'b> Folder<'static, Interner> for VarFudger<'a, 'b> {
+        impl<'a, 'b> Folder<Interner> for VarFudger<'a, 'b> {
             type Error = NoSolution;
 
-            fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<'static, Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
+            fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
                 self
             }
 
-            fn interner(&self) -> &'static Interner {
-                &Interner
+            fn interner(&self) -> Interner {
+                Interner
             }
 
             fn fold_inference_ty(
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
                 _outer_binder: chalk_ir::DebruijnIndex,
             ) -> chalk_ir::Fallible<chalk_ir::Ty<Interner>> {
                 Ok(if var < self.highest_known_var {
-                    var.to_ty(&Interner, kind)
+                    var.to_ty(Interner, kind)
                 } else {
                     self.table.new_type_var()
                 })
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
                 _outer_binder: chalk_ir::DebruijnIndex,
             ) -> chalk_ir::Fallible<chalk_ir::Lifetime<Interner>> {
                 Ok(if var < self.highest_known_var {
-                    var.to_lifetime(&Interner)
+                    var.to_lifetime(Interner)
                 } else {
                     self.table.new_lifetime_var()
                 })
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
                 _outer_binder: chalk_ir::DebruijnIndex,
             ) -> chalk_ir::Fallible<chalk_ir::Const<Interner>> {
                 Ok(if var < self.highest_known_var {
-                    var.to_const(&Interner, ty)
+                    var.to_const(Interner, ty)
                 } else {
                     self.table.new_const_var(ty)
                 })
@@ -462,8 +462,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
         }
 
         let snapshot = self.snapshot();
-        let highest_known_var =
-            self.new_type_var().inference_var(&Interner).expect("inference_var");
+        let highest_known_var = self.new_type_var().inference_var(Interner).expect("inference_var");
         let result = f(self);
         self.rollback_to(snapshot);
         result
@@ -477,10 +476,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceTable<'a> {
     /// again -- it'll give the same result as last time.
     fn check_changed(&mut self, canonicalized: &Canonicalized<InEnvironment<Goal>>) -> bool {
         canonicalized.free_vars.iter().any(|var| {
-            let iv = match var.data(&Interner) {
-                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty) => ty.inference_var(&Interner),
-                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(lt) => lt.inference_var(&Interner),
-                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(c) => c.inference_var(&Interner),
+            let iv = match var.data(Interner) {
+                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty) => ty.inference_var(Interner),
+                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(lt) => lt.inference_var(Interner),
+                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(c) => c.inference_var(Interner),
             }
             .expect("free var is not inference var");
             if self.var_unification_table.probe_var(iv).is_some() {
@@ -549,18 +548,18 @@ mod resolve {
         pub(super) var_stack: &'a mut Vec<InferenceVar>,
         pub(super) fallback: F,
     }
-    impl<'a, 'b, 'i, F> Folder<'i, Interner> for Resolver<'a, 'b, F>
+    impl<'a, 'b, 'i, F> Folder<Interner> for Resolver<'a, 'b, F>
     where
         F: Fn(InferenceVar, VariableKind, GenericArg, DebruijnIndex) -> GenericArg + 'i,
     {
         type Error = NoSolution;
 
-        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<'i, Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
+        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
             self
         }
 
-        fn interner(&self) -> &'i Interner {
-            &Interner
+        fn interner(&self) -> Interner {
+            Interner
         }
 
         fn fold_inference_ty(
@@ -572,9 +571,9 @@ mod resolve {
             let var = self.table.var_unification_table.inference_var_root(var);
             if self.var_stack.contains(&var) {
                 // recursive type
-                let default = self.table.fallback_value(var, kind).cast(&Interner);
+                let default = self.table.fallback_value(var, kind).cast(Interner);
                 return Ok((self.fallback)(var, VariableKind::Ty(kind), default, outer_binder)
-                    .assert_ty_ref(&Interner)
+                    .assert_ty_ref(Interner)
                     .clone());
             }
             let result = if let Some(known_ty) = self.table.var_unification_table.probe_var(var) {
@@ -583,11 +582,11 @@ mod resolve {
                 let result =
                     known_ty.fold_with(self, outer_binder).expect("fold failed unexpectedly");
                 self.var_stack.pop();
-                result.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone()
+                result.assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone()
             } else {
-                let default = self.table.fallback_value(var, kind).cast(&Interner);
+                let default = self.table.fallback_value(var, kind).cast(Interner);
                 (self.fallback)(var, VariableKind::Ty(kind), default, outer_binder)
-                    .assert_ty_ref(&Interner)
+                    .assert_ty_ref(Interner)
                     .clone()
             };
             Ok(result)
@@ -604,12 +603,12 @@ mod resolve {
                 ty: ty.clone(),
                 value: ConstValue::Concrete(ConcreteConst { interned: ConstScalar::Unknown }),
             }
-            .intern(&Interner)
-            .cast(&Interner);
+            .intern(Interner)
+            .cast(Interner);
             if self.var_stack.contains(&var) {
                 // recursive
                 return Ok((self.fallback)(var, VariableKind::Const(ty), default, outer_binder)
-                    .assert_const_ref(&Interner)
+                    .assert_const_ref(Interner)
                     .clone());
             }
             let result = if let Some(known_ty) = self.table.var_unification_table.probe_var(var) {
@@ -618,10 +617,10 @@ mod resolve {
                 let result =
                     known_ty.fold_with(self, outer_binder).expect("fold failed unexpectedly");
                 self.var_stack.pop();
-                result.assert_const_ref(&Interner).clone()
+                result.assert_const_ref(Interner).clone()
             } else {
                 (self.fallback)(var, VariableKind::Const(ty), default, outer_binder)
-                    .assert_const_ref(&Interner)
+                    .assert_const_ref(Interner)
                     .clone()
             };
             Ok(result)
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/interner.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/interner.rs
index b8fca9a578b..07197d8a190 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/interner.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/interner.rs
@@ -124,25 +124,25 @@ impl chalk_ir::interner::Interner for Interner {
     }
 
     fn debug_ty(ty: &chalk_ir::Ty<Interner>, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", ty.data(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", ty.data(Interner)))
     }
 
     fn debug_lifetime(
         lifetime: &chalk_ir::Lifetime<Interner>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", lifetime.data(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", lifetime.data(Interner)))
     }
 
     fn debug_generic_arg(
         parameter: &GenericArg,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", parameter.data(&Interner).inner_debug()))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", parameter.data(Interner).inner_debug()))
     }
 
     fn debug_goal(goal: &Goal<Interner>, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        let goal_data = goal.data(&Interner);
+        let goal_data = goal.data(Interner);
         Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", goal_data))
     }
 
@@ -150,28 +150,28 @@ impl chalk_ir::interner::Interner for Interner {
         goals: &chalk_ir::Goals<Interner>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", goals.debug(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", goals.debug(Interner)))
     }
 
     fn debug_program_clause_implication(
         pci: &chalk_ir::ProgramClauseImplication<Interner>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", pci.debug(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", pci.debug(Interner)))
     }
 
     fn debug_substitution(
         substitution: &chalk_ir::Substitution<Interner>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", substitution.debug(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", substitution.debug(Interner)))
     }
 
     fn debug_separator_trait_ref(
         separator_trait_ref: &chalk_ir::SeparatorTraitRef<Interner>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", separator_trait_ref.debug(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", separator_trait_ref.debug(Interner)))
     }
 
     fn debug_fn_def_id(
@@ -184,75 +184,75 @@ impl chalk_ir::interner::Interner for Interner {
         constant: &chalk_ir::Const<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", constant.data(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", constant.data(Interner)))
     }
     fn debug_variable_kinds(
         variable_kinds: &chalk_ir::VariableKinds<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", variable_kinds.as_slice(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", variable_kinds.as_slice(Interner)))
     }
     fn debug_variable_kinds_with_angles(
         variable_kinds: &chalk_ir::VariableKinds<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", variable_kinds.inner_debug(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", variable_kinds.inner_debug(Interner)))
     }
     fn debug_canonical_var_kinds(
         canonical_var_kinds: &chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", canonical_var_kinds.as_slice(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", canonical_var_kinds.as_slice(Interner)))
     }
     fn debug_program_clause(
         clause: &chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", clause.data(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", clause.data(Interner)))
     }
     fn debug_program_clauses(
         clauses: &chalk_ir::ProgramClauses<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", clauses.as_slice(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", clauses.as_slice(Interner)))
     }
     fn debug_quantified_where_clauses(
         clauses: &chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClauses<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", clauses.as_slice(&Interner)))
+        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}", clauses.as_slice(Interner)))
     }
 
-    fn intern_ty(&self, kind: chalk_ir::TyKind<Self>) -> Self::InternedType {
+    fn intern_ty(self, kind: chalk_ir::TyKind<Self>) -> Self::InternedType {
         let flags = kind.compute_flags(self);
         Interned::new(InternedWrapper(chalk_ir::TyData { kind, flags }))
     }
 
-    fn ty_data<'a>(&self, ty: &'a Self::InternedType) -> &'a chalk_ir::TyData<Self> {
+    fn ty_data<'a>(self, ty: &'a Self::InternedType) -> &'a chalk_ir::TyData<Self> {
         &ty.0
     }
 
-    fn intern_lifetime(&self, lifetime: chalk_ir::LifetimeData<Self>) -> Self::InternedLifetime {
+    fn intern_lifetime(self, lifetime: chalk_ir::LifetimeData<Self>) -> Self::InternedLifetime {
         Interned::new(InternedWrapper(lifetime))
     }
 
     fn lifetime_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         lifetime: &'a Self::InternedLifetime,
     ) -> &'a chalk_ir::LifetimeData<Self> {
         &lifetime.0
     }
 
-    fn intern_const(&self, constant: chalk_ir::ConstData<Self>) -> Self::InternedConst {
+    fn intern_const(self, constant: chalk_ir::ConstData<Self>) -> Self::InternedConst {
         Interned::new(InternedWrapper(constant))
     }
 
-    fn const_data<'a>(&self, constant: &'a Self::InternedConst) -> &'a chalk_ir::ConstData<Self> {
+    fn const_data<'a>(self, constant: &'a Self::InternedConst) -> &'a chalk_ir::ConstData<Self> {
         &constant.0
     }
 
     fn const_eq(
-        &self,
+        self,
         _ty: &Self::InternedType,
         c1: &Self::InternedConcreteConst,
         c2: &Self::InternedConcreteConst,
@@ -266,131 +266,131 @@ impl chalk_ir::interner::Interner for Interner {
     }
 
     fn intern_generic_arg(
-        &self,
+        self,
         parameter: chalk_ir::GenericArgData<Self>,
     ) -> Self::InternedGenericArg {
         parameter
     }
 
     fn generic_arg_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         parameter: &'a Self::InternedGenericArg,
     ) -> &'a chalk_ir::GenericArgData<Self> {
         parameter
     }
 
-    fn intern_goal(&self, goal: GoalData<Self>) -> Self::InternedGoal {
+    fn intern_goal(self, goal: GoalData<Self>) -> Self::InternedGoal {
         Arc::new(goal)
     }
 
     fn intern_goals<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<Goal<Self>, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedGoals, E> {
         data.into_iter().collect()
     }
 
-    fn goal_data<'a>(&self, goal: &'a Self::InternedGoal) -> &'a GoalData<Self> {
+    fn goal_data<'a>(self, goal: &'a Self::InternedGoal) -> &'a GoalData<Self> {
         goal
     }
 
-    fn goals_data<'a>(&self, goals: &'a Self::InternedGoals) -> &'a [Goal<Interner>] {
+    fn goals_data<'a>(self, goals: &'a Self::InternedGoals) -> &'a [Goal<Interner>] {
         goals
     }
 
     fn intern_substitution<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<GenericArg, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedSubstitution, E> {
         Ok(Interned::new(InternedWrapper(data.into_iter().collect::<Result<_, _>>()?)))
     }
 
     fn substitution_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         substitution: &'a Self::InternedSubstitution,
     ) -> &'a [GenericArg] {
         &substitution.as_ref().0
     }
 
     fn intern_program_clause(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: chalk_ir::ProgramClauseData<Self>,
     ) -> Self::InternedProgramClause {
         data
     }
 
     fn program_clause_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         clause: &'a Self::InternedProgramClause,
     ) -> &'a chalk_ir::ProgramClauseData<Self> {
         clause
     }
 
     fn intern_program_clauses<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Self>, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedProgramClauses, E> {
         Ok(Interned::new(InternedWrapper(data.into_iter().collect::<Result<_, _>>()?)))
     }
 
     fn program_clauses_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         clauses: &'a Self::InternedProgramClauses,
     ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Self>] {
         clauses
     }
 
     fn intern_quantified_where_clauses<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<Self>, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedQuantifiedWhereClauses, E> {
         Ok(Interned::new(InternedWrapper(data.into_iter().collect::<Result<_, _>>()?)))
     }
 
     fn quantified_where_clauses_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         clauses: &'a Self::InternedQuantifiedWhereClauses,
     ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<Self>] {
         clauses
     }
 
     fn intern_generic_arg_kinds<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<chalk_ir::VariableKind<Self>, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedVariableKinds, E> {
         Ok(Interned::new(InternedWrapper(data.into_iter().collect::<Result<_, _>>()?)))
     }
 
     fn variable_kinds_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         parameter_kinds: &'a Self::InternedVariableKinds,
     ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::VariableKind<Self>] {
         &parameter_kinds.as_ref().0
     }
 
     fn intern_canonical_var_kinds<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKind<Self>, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedCanonicalVarKinds, E> {
         Ok(Interned::new(InternedWrapper(data.into_iter().collect::<Result<_, _>>()?)))
     }
 
     fn canonical_var_kinds_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         canonical_var_kinds: &'a Self::InternedCanonicalVarKinds,
     ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKind<Self>] {
         canonical_var_kinds
     }
 
     fn intern_constraints<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Constraint<Self>>, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedConstraints, E> {
         data.into_iter().collect()
     }
 
     fn constraints_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         constraints: &'a Self::InternedConstraints,
     ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Constraint<Self>>] {
         constraints
@@ -409,14 +409,14 @@ impl chalk_ir::interner::Interner for Interner {
     }
 
     fn intern_variances<E>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<chalk_ir::Variance, E>>,
     ) -> Result<Self::InternedVariances, E> {
         Ok(Interned::new(InternedWrapper(data.into_iter().collect::<Result<_, _>>()?)))
     }
 
     fn variances_data<'a>(
-        &self,
+        self,
         variances: &'a Self::InternedVariances,
     ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::Variance] {
         variances
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs
index 3e5f2d29df9..1950820a372 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ pub type WhereClause = chalk_ir::WhereClause<Interner>;
 // FIXME: get rid of this
 pub fn subst_prefix(s: &Substitution, n: usize) -> Substitution {
     Substitution::from_iter(
-        &Interner,
-        s.as_slice(&Interner)[..std::cmp::min(s.len(&Interner), n)].iter().cloned(),
+        Interner,
+        s.as_slice(Interner)[..std::cmp::min(s.len(Interner), n)].iter().cloned(),
     )
 }
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub(crate) fn wrap_empty_binders<T>(value: T) -> Binders<T>
 where
     T: Fold<Interner, Result = T> + HasInterner<Interner = Interner>,
 {
-    Binders::empty(&Interner, value.shifted_in_from(&Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE))
+    Binders::empty(Interner, value.shifted_in_from(Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn make_only_type_binders<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner>>(
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_only_type_binders<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner>>(
 ) -> Binders<T> {
     Binders::new(
         VariableKinds::from_iter(
-            &Interner,
+            Interner,
             std::iter::repeat(chalk_ir::VariableKind::Ty(chalk_ir::TyVariableKind::General))
                 .take(num_vars),
         ),
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ pub fn make_canonical<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner>>(
             chalk_ir::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
         )
     });
-    Canonical { value, binders: chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(&Interner, kinds) }
+    Canonical { value, binders: chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(Interner, kinds) }
 }
 
 // FIXME: get rid of this, just replace it by FnPointer
@@ -199,12 +199,12 @@ impl CallableSig {
             params_and_return: fn_ptr
                 .substitution
                 .clone()
-                .shifted_out_to(&Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE)
+                .shifted_out_to(Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE)
                 .expect("unexpected lifetime vars in fn ptr")
                 .0
-                .as_slice(&Interner)
+                .as_slice(Interner)
                 .iter()
-                .map(|arg| arg.assert_ty_ref(&Interner).clone())
+                .map(|arg| arg.assert_ty_ref(Interner).clone())
                 .collect(),
             is_varargs: fn_ptr.sig.variadic,
             legacy_const_generics_indices: Arc::new([]),
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl CallableSig {
             num_binders: 0,
             sig: FnSig { abi: (), safety: Safety::Safe, variadic: self.is_varargs },
             substitution: FnSubst(Substitution::from_iter(
-                &Interner,
+                Interner,
                 self.params_and_return.iter().cloned(),
             )),
         }
@@ -238,14 +238,11 @@ impl CallableSig {
 impl Fold<Interner> for CallableSig {
     type Result = CallableSig;
 
-    fn fold_with<'i, E>(
+    fn fold_with<E>(
         self,
-        folder: &mut dyn chalk_ir::fold::Folder<'i, Interner, Error = E>,
+        folder: &mut dyn chalk_ir::fold::Folder<Interner, Error = E>,
         outer_binder: DebruijnIndex,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Result, E>
-    where
-        Interner: 'i,
-    {
+    ) -> Result<Self::Result, E> {
         let vec = self.params_and_return.to_vec();
         let folded = vec.fold_with(folder, outer_binder)?;
         Ok(CallableSig {
@@ -275,18 +272,18 @@ pub(crate) struct ReturnTypeImplTrait {
 }
 
 pub fn static_lifetime() -> Lifetime {
-    LifetimeData::Static.intern(&Interner)
+    LifetimeData::Static.intern(Interner)
 }
 
 pub fn dummy_usize_const() -> Const {
-    let usize_ty = chalk_ir::TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)).intern(&Interner);
+    let usize_ty = chalk_ir::TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)).intern(Interner);
     chalk_ir::ConstData {
         ty: usize_ty,
         value: chalk_ir::ConstValue::Concrete(chalk_ir::ConcreteConst {
             interned: ConstScalar::Unknown,
         }),
     }
-    .intern(&Interner)
+    .intern(Interner)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn fold_free_vars<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner> + Fold<Interner>>(
@@ -295,15 +292,15 @@ pub(crate) fn fold_free_vars<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner> + Fold<Interner
 ) -> T::Result {
     use chalk_ir::{fold::Folder, Fallible};
     struct FreeVarFolder<F>(F);
-    impl<'i, F: FnMut(BoundVar, DebruijnIndex) -> Ty + 'i> Folder<'i, Interner> for FreeVarFolder<F> {
+    impl<'i, F: FnMut(BoundVar, DebruijnIndex) -> Ty + 'i> Folder<Interner> for FreeVarFolder<F> {
         type Error = NoSolution;
 
-        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<'i, Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
+        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
             self
         }
 
-        fn interner(&self) -> &'i Interner {
-            &Interner
+        fn interner(&self) -> Interner {
+            Interner
         }
 
         fn fold_free_var_ty(
@@ -327,15 +324,15 @@ pub(crate) fn fold_tys<T: HasInterner<Interner = Interner> + Fold<Interner>>(
         Fallible,
     };
     struct TyFolder<F>(F);
-    impl<'i, F: FnMut(Ty, DebruijnIndex) -> Ty + 'i> Folder<'i, Interner> for TyFolder<F> {
+    impl<'i, F: FnMut(Ty, DebruijnIndex) -> Ty + 'i> Folder<Interner> for TyFolder<F> {
         type Error = NoSolution;
 
-        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<'i, Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
+        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
             self
         }
 
-        fn interner(&self) -> &'i Interner {
-            &Interner
+        fn interner(&self) -> Interner {
+            Interner
         }
 
         fn fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty, outer_binder: DebruijnIndex) -> Fallible<Ty> {
@@ -361,22 +358,22 @@ where
     struct ErrorReplacer {
         vars: usize,
     }
-    impl<'i> Folder<'i, Interner> for ErrorReplacer {
+    impl<'i> Folder<Interner> for ErrorReplacer {
         type Error = NoSolution;
 
-        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<'i, Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
+        fn as_dyn(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Folder<Interner, Error = Self::Error> {
             self
         }
 
-        fn interner(&self) -> &'i Interner {
-            &Interner
+        fn interner(&self) -> Interner {
+            Interner
         }
 
         fn fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty, outer_binder: DebruijnIndex) -> Fallible<Ty> {
-            if let TyKind::Error = ty.kind(&Interner) {
+            if let TyKind::Error = ty.kind(Interner) {
                 let index = self.vars;
                 self.vars += 1;
-                Ok(TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(outer_binder, index)).intern(&Interner))
+                Ok(TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(outer_binder, index)).intern(Interner))
             } else {
                 let ty = ty.super_fold_with(self.as_dyn(), outer_binder)?;
                 Ok(ty)
@@ -394,7 +391,7 @@ where
                 // won't contain the whole thing, which would not be very helpful
                 Err(NoSolution)
             } else {
-                Ok(TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner))
+                Ok(TyKind::Error.intern(Interner))
             }
         }
 
@@ -408,7 +405,7 @@ where
                 // won't contain the whole thing, which would not be very helpful
                 Err(NoSolution)
             } else {
-                Ok(TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner))
+                Ok(TyKind::Error.intern(Interner))
             }
         }
 
@@ -473,5 +470,5 @@ where
             chalk_ir::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
         )
     });
-    Canonical { value, binders: chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(&Interner, kinds) }
+    Canonical { value, binders: chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(Interner, kinds) }
 }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/lower.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/lower.rs
index 596bf9ee0fd..a22d15dd81b 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/lower.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/lower.rs
@@ -166,11 +166,11 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
     pub fn lower_ty_ext(&self, type_ref: &TypeRef) -> (Ty, Option<TypeNs>) {
         let mut res = None;
         let ty = match type_ref {
-            TypeRef::Never => TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner),
+            TypeRef::Never => TyKind::Never.intern(Interner),
             TypeRef::Tuple(inner) => {
                 let inner_tys = inner.iter().map(|tr| self.lower_ty(tr));
-                TyKind::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, inner_tys))
-                    .intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substitution::from_iter(Interner, inner_tys))
+                    .intern(Interner)
             }
             TypeRef::Path(path) => {
                 let (ty, res_) = self.lower_path(path);
@@ -179,48 +179,48 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
             }
             TypeRef::RawPtr(inner, mutability) => {
                 let inner_ty = self.lower_ty(inner);
-                TyKind::Raw(lower_to_chalk_mutability(*mutability), inner_ty).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Raw(lower_to_chalk_mutability(*mutability), inner_ty).intern(Interner)
             }
             TypeRef::Array(inner, len) => {
                 let inner_ty = self.lower_ty(inner);
 
                 let const_len = consteval::usize_const(len.as_usize());
 
-                TyKind::Array(inner_ty, const_len).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Array(inner_ty, const_len).intern(Interner)
             }
             TypeRef::Slice(inner) => {
                 let inner_ty = self.lower_ty(inner);
-                TyKind::Slice(inner_ty).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Slice(inner_ty).intern(Interner)
             }
             TypeRef::Reference(inner, _, mutability) => {
                 let inner_ty = self.lower_ty(inner);
                 let lifetime = static_lifetime();
                 TyKind::Ref(lower_to_chalk_mutability(*mutability), lifetime, inner_ty)
-                    .intern(&Interner)
+                    .intern(Interner)
             }
-            TypeRef::Placeholder => TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner),
+            TypeRef::Placeholder => TyKind::Error.intern(Interner),
             TypeRef::Fn(params, is_varargs) => {
                 let substs = self.with_shifted_in(DebruijnIndex::ONE, |ctx| {
-                    Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, params.iter().map(|tr| ctx.lower_ty(tr)))
+                    Substitution::from_iter(Interner, params.iter().map(|tr| ctx.lower_ty(tr)))
                 });
                 TyKind::Function(FnPointer {
                     num_binders: 0, // FIXME lower `for<'a> fn()` correctly
                     sig: FnSig { abi: (), safety: Safety::Safe, variadic: *is_varargs },
                     substitution: FnSubst(substs),
                 })
-                .intern(&Interner)
+                .intern(Interner)
             }
             TypeRef::DynTrait(bounds) => {
                 let self_ty =
-                    TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0)).intern(&Interner);
+                    TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0)).intern(Interner);
                 let bounds = self.with_shifted_in(DebruijnIndex::ONE, |ctx| {
                     QuantifiedWhereClauses::from_iter(
-                        &Interner,
+                        Interner,
                         bounds.iter().flat_map(|b| ctx.lower_type_bound(b, self_ty.clone(), false)),
                     )
                 });
                 let bounds = crate::make_only_type_binders(1, bounds);
-                TyKind::Dyn(DynTy { bounds, lifetime: static_lifetime() }).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Dyn(DynTy { bounds, lifetime: static_lifetime() }).intern(Interner)
             }
             TypeRef::ImplTrait(bounds) => {
                 match self.impl_trait_mode {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                         let opaque_ty_id = self.db.intern_impl_trait_id(impl_trait_id).into();
                         let generics = generics(self.db.upcast(), func.into());
                         let parameters = generics.bound_vars_subst(self.in_binders);
-                        TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, parameters).intern(&Interner)
+                        TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, parameters).intern(Interner)
                     }
                     ImplTraitLoweringMode::Param => {
                         let idx = self.impl_trait_counter.get();
@@ -275,9 +275,9 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                                 .map_or(TyKind::Error, |(id, _)| {
                                     TyKind::Placeholder(to_placeholder_idx(self.db, id))
                                 });
-                            param.intern(&Interner)
+                            param.intern(Interner)
                         } else {
-                            TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+                            TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
                         }
                     }
                     ImplTraitLoweringMode::Variable => {
@@ -295,11 +295,11 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                             self.in_binders,
                             idx as usize + parent_params + self_params + list_params,
                         ))
-                        .intern(&Interner)
+                        .intern(Interner)
                     }
                     ImplTraitLoweringMode::Disallowed => {
                         // FIXME: report error
-                        TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+                        TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -343,9 +343,9 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                 if recursion_start {
                     *self.expander.borrow_mut() = None;
                 }
-                ty.unwrap_or_else(|| TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner))
+                ty.unwrap_or_else(|| TyKind::Error.intern(Interner))
             }
-            TypeRef::Error => TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner),
+            TypeRef::Error => TyKind::Error.intern(Interner),
         };
         (ty, res)
     }
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
             }
             _ => {
                 // FIXME report error (ambiguous associated type)
-                (TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner), None)
+                (TyKind::Error.intern(Interner), None)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -421,18 +421,18 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                                     associated_ty_id: to_assoc_type_id(associated_ty),
                                     substitution: trait_ref.substitution,
                                 }))
-                                .intern(&Interner)
+                                .intern(Interner)
                             }
                             None => {
                                 // FIXME: report error (associated type not found)
-                                TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+                                TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
                             }
                         }
                     }
                     0 => {
                         let self_ty = Some(
                             TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0))
-                                .intern(&Interner),
+                                .intern(Interner),
                         );
                         let trait_ref = self.with_shifted_in(DebruijnIndex::ONE, |ctx| {
                             ctx.lower_trait_ref_from_resolved_path(
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                             bounds: crate::make_only_type_binders(
                                 1,
                                 QuantifiedWhereClauses::from_iter(
-                                    &Interner,
+                                    Interner,
                                     Some(crate::wrap_empty_binders(WhereClause::Implemented(
                                         trait_ref,
                                     ))),
@@ -453,11 +453,11 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                             ),
                             lifetime: static_lifetime(),
                         };
-                        TyKind::Dyn(dyn_ty).intern(&Interner)
+                        TyKind::Dyn(dyn_ty).intern(Interner)
                     }
                     _ => {
                         // FIXME report error (ambiguous associated type)
-                        TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+                        TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
                     }
                 };
                 return (ty, None);
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                         TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(self.in_binders, idx))
                     }
                 }
-                .intern(&Interner)
+                .intern(Interner)
             }
             TypeNs::SelfType(impl_id) => {
                 let generics = generics(self.db.upcast(), impl_id.into());
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                     TypeParamLoweringMode::Placeholder => generics.type_params_subst(self.db),
                     TypeParamLoweringMode::Variable => generics.bound_vars_subst(self.in_binders),
                 };
-                self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(&Interner, &substs)
+                self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(Interner, &substs)
             }
             TypeNs::AdtSelfType(adt) => {
                 let generics = generics(self.db.upcast(), adt.into());
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                     TypeParamLoweringMode::Placeholder => generics.type_params_subst(self.db),
                     TypeParamLoweringMode::Variable => generics.bound_vars_subst(self.in_binders),
                 };
-                self.db.ty(adt.into()).substitute(&Interner, &substs)
+                self.db.ty(adt.into()).substitute(Interner, &substs)
             }
 
             TypeNs::AdtId(it) => self.lower_path_inner(resolved_segment, it.into(), infer_args),
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                 self.lower_path_inner(resolved_segment, it.into(), infer_args)
             }
             // FIXME: report error
-            TypeNs::EnumVariantId(_) => return (TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner), None),
+            TypeNs::EnumVariantId(_) => return (TyKind::Error.intern(Interner), None),
         };
         self.lower_ty_relative_path(ty, Some(resolution), remaining_segments)
     }
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
         let (resolution, remaining_index) =
             match self.resolver.resolve_path_in_type_ns(self.db.upcast(), path.mod_path()) {
                 Some(it) => it,
-                None => return (TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner), None),
+                None => return (TyKind::Error.intern(Interner), None),
             };
         let (resolved_segment, remaining_segments) = match remaining_index {
             None => (
@@ -548,20 +548,20 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                                     ),
                                 );
                                 let s = generics.type_params_subst(self.db);
-                                s.apply(t.substitution.clone(), &Interner)
+                                s.apply(t.substitution.clone(), Interner)
                             }
                             TypeParamLoweringMode::Variable => t.substitution.clone(),
                         };
                         // We need to shift in the bound vars, since
                         // associated_type_shorthand_candidates does not do that
-                        let substs = substs.shifted_in_from(&Interner, self.in_binders);
+                        let substs = substs.shifted_in_from(Interner, self.in_binders);
                         // FIXME handle type parameters on the segment
                         Some(
                             TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(ProjectionTy {
                                 associated_ty_id: to_assoc_type_id(associated_ty),
                                 substitution: substs,
                             }))
-                            .intern(&Interner),
+                            .intern(Interner),
                         )
                     } else {
                         None
@@ -569,9 +569,9 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                 },
             );
 
-            ty.unwrap_or_else(|| TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner))
+            ty.unwrap_or_else(|| TyKind::Error.intern(Interner))
         } else {
-            TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+            TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
         }
     }
 
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
             TyDefId::TypeAliasId(it) => Some(it.into()),
         };
         let substs = self.substs_from_path_segment(segment, generic_def, infer_args, None);
-        self.db.ty(typeable).substitute(&Interner, &substs)
+        self.db.ty(typeable).substitute(Interner, &substs)
     }
 
     /// Collect generic arguments from a path into a `Substs`. See also
@@ -640,13 +640,13 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
             def_generics.map_or((0, 0, 0, 0), |g| g.provenance_split());
         let total_len = parent_params + self_params + type_params + impl_trait_params;
 
-        substs.extend(iter::repeat(TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)).take(parent_params));
+        substs.extend(iter::repeat(TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)).take(parent_params));
 
         let fill_self_params = || {
             substs.extend(
                 explicit_self_ty
                     .into_iter()
-                    .chain(iter::repeat(TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)))
+                    .chain(iter::repeat(TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)))
                     .take(self_params),
             )
         };
@@ -690,8 +690,8 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
 
                 for default_ty in defaults.iter().skip(substs.len()) {
                     // each default can depend on the previous parameters
-                    let substs_so_far = Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, substs.clone());
-                    substs.push(default_ty.clone().substitute(&Interner, &substs_so_far));
+                    let substs_so_far = Substitution::from_iter(Interner, substs.clone());
+                    substs.push(default_ty.clone().substitute(Interner, &substs_so_far));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -699,11 +699,11 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
         // add placeholders for args that were not provided
         // FIXME: emit diagnostics in contexts where this is not allowed
         for _ in substs.len()..total_len {
-            substs.push(TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner));
+            substs.push(TyKind::Error.intern(Interner));
         }
         assert_eq!(substs.len(), total_len);
 
-        Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, substs)
+        Substitution::from_iter(Interner, substs)
     }
 
     fn lower_trait_ref_from_path(
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                                 TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, idx))
                             }
                         }
-                        .intern(&Interner)
+                        .intern(Interner)
                     }
                 };
                 self.lower_type_bound(bound, self_ty, ignore_bindings)
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                 for bound in &binding.bounds {
                     preds.extend(self.lower_type_bound(
                         bound,
-                        TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(projection_ty.clone())).intern(&Interner),
+                        TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(projection_ty.clone())).intern(Interner),
                         false,
                     ));
                 }
@@ -883,8 +883,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
         func: FunctionId,
     ) -> ReturnTypeImplTrait {
         cov_mark::hit!(lower_rpit);
-        let self_ty =
-            TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0)).intern(&Interner);
+        let self_ty = TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, 0)).intern(Interner);
         let predicates = self.with_shifted_in(DebruijnIndex::ONE, |ctx| {
             let mut predicates: Vec<_> = bounds
                 .iter()
@@ -900,7 +899,7 @@ impl<'a> TyLoweringContext<'a> {
                 let sized_clause = sized_trait.map(|trait_id| {
                     let clause = WhereClause::Implemented(TraitRef {
                         trait_id,
-                        substitution: Substitution::from1(&Interner, self_ty.clone()),
+                        substitution: Substitution::from1(Interner, self_ty.clone()),
                     });
                     crate::wrap_empty_binders(clause)
                 });
@@ -974,7 +973,7 @@ fn named_associated_type_shorthand_candidates<R>(
                 // FIXME: how to correctly handle higher-ranked bounds here?
                 WhereClause::Implemented(tr) => search(
                     tr.clone()
-                        .shifted_out_to(&Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE)
+                        .shifted_out_to(Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE)
                         .expect("FIXME unexpected higher-ranked trait bound"),
                 ),
                 _ => None,
@@ -1117,11 +1116,10 @@ pub(crate) fn trait_environment_query(
     for pred in resolver.where_predicates_in_scope() {
         for pred in ctx.lower_where_predicate(pred, false) {
             if let WhereClause::Implemented(tr) = &pred.skip_binders() {
-                traits_in_scope
-                    .push((tr.self_type_parameter(&Interner).clone(), tr.hir_trait_id()));
+                traits_in_scope.push((tr.self_type_parameter(Interner).clone(), tr.hir_trait_id()));
             }
-            let program_clause: chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Interner> = pred.cast(&Interner);
-            clauses.push(program_clause.into_from_env_clause(&Interner));
+            let program_clause: chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Interner> = pred.cast(Interner);
+            clauses.push(program_clause.into_from_env_clause(Interner));
         }
     }
 
@@ -1143,22 +1141,22 @@ pub(crate) fn trait_environment_query(
         let substs = TyBuilder::type_params_subst(db, trait_id);
         let trait_ref = TraitRef { trait_id: to_chalk_trait_id(trait_id), substitution: substs };
         let pred = WhereClause::Implemented(trait_ref);
-        let program_clause: chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Interner> = pred.cast(&Interner);
-        clauses.push(program_clause.into_from_env_clause(&Interner));
+        let program_clause: chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Interner> = pred.cast(Interner);
+        clauses.push(program_clause.into_from_env_clause(Interner));
     }
 
     let subst = generics(db.upcast(), def).type_params_subst(db);
     let explicitly_unsized_tys = ctx.unsized_types.into_inner();
     let implicitly_sized_clauses =
         implicitly_sized_clauses(db, def, &explicitly_unsized_tys, &subst, &resolver).map(|pred| {
-            let program_clause: chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Interner> = pred.cast(&Interner);
-            program_clause.into_from_env_clause(&Interner)
+            let program_clause: chalk_ir::ProgramClause<Interner> = pred.cast(Interner);
+            program_clause.into_from_env_clause(Interner)
         });
     clauses.extend(implicitly_sized_clauses);
 
     let krate = def.module(db.upcast()).krate();
 
-    let env = chalk_ir::Environment::new(&Interner).add_clauses(&Interner, clauses);
+    let env = chalk_ir::Environment::new(Interner).add_clauses(Interner, clauses);
 
     Arc::new(TraitEnvironment { krate, traits_from_clauses: traits_in_scope, env })
 }
@@ -1197,7 +1195,7 @@ fn implicitly_sized_clauses<'a>(
     resolver: &Resolver,
 ) -> impl Iterator<Item = WhereClause> + 'a {
     let is_trait_def = matches!(def, GenericDefId::TraitId(..));
-    let generic_args = &substitution.as_slice(&Interner)[is_trait_def as usize..];
+    let generic_args = &substitution.as_slice(Interner)[is_trait_def as usize..];
     let sized_trait = resolver
         .krate()
         .and_then(|krate| db.lang_item(krate, SmolStr::new_inline("sized")))
@@ -1206,12 +1204,12 @@ fn implicitly_sized_clauses<'a>(
     sized_trait.into_iter().flat_map(move |sized_trait| {
         let implicitly_sized_tys = generic_args
             .iter()
-            .filter_map(|generic_arg| generic_arg.ty(&Interner))
+            .filter_map(|generic_arg| generic_arg.ty(Interner))
             .filter(move |&self_ty| !explicitly_unsized_tys.contains(self_ty));
         implicitly_sized_tys.map(move |self_ty| {
             WhereClause::Implemented(TraitRef {
                 trait_id: sized_trait,
-                substitution: Substitution::from1(&Interner, self_ty.clone()),
+                substitution: Substitution::from1(Interner, self_ty.clone()),
             })
         })
     })
@@ -1232,7 +1230,7 @@ pub(crate) fn generic_defaults_query(
         .enumerate()
         .map(|(idx, (_, p))| {
             let mut ty =
-                p.default.as_ref().map_or(TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner), |t| ctx.lower_ty(t));
+                p.default.as_ref().map_or(TyKind::Error.intern(Interner), |t| ctx.lower_ty(t));
 
             // Each default can only refer to previous parameters.
             ty = crate::fold_free_vars(ty, |bound, binders| {
@@ -1240,9 +1238,9 @@ pub(crate) fn generic_defaults_query(
                     // type variable default referring to parameter coming
                     // after it. This is forbidden (FIXME: report
                     // diagnostic)
-                    TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+                    TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
                 } else {
-                    bound.shifted_in_from(binders).to_ty(&Interner)
+                    bound.shifted_in_from(binders).to_ty(Interner)
                 }
             });
 
@@ -1265,7 +1263,7 @@ pub(crate) fn generic_defaults_recover(
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
         .map(|(idx, _)| {
-            let ty = TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner);
+            let ty = TyKind::Error.intern(Interner);
 
             crate::make_only_type_binders(idx, ty)
         })
@@ -1300,7 +1298,7 @@ fn type_for_fn(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: FunctionId) -> Binders<Ty> {
     let substs = generics.bound_vars_subst(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST);
     make_binders(
         &generics,
-        TyKind::FnDef(CallableDefId::FunctionId(def).to_chalk(db), substs).intern(&Interner),
+        TyKind::FnDef(CallableDefId::FunctionId(def).to_chalk(db), substs).intern(Interner),
     )
 }
 
@@ -1321,7 +1319,7 @@ fn type_for_static(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: StaticId) -> Binders<Ty> {
     let resolver = def.resolver(db.upcast());
     let ctx = TyLoweringContext::new(db, &resolver);
 
-    Binders::empty(&Interner, ctx.lower_ty(&data.type_ref))
+    Binders::empty(Interner, ctx.lower_ty(&data.type_ref))
 }
 
 fn fn_sig_for_struct_constructor(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: StructId) -> PolyFnSig {
@@ -1345,7 +1343,7 @@ fn type_for_struct_constructor(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: StructId) -> Binders<T
     let substs = generics.bound_vars_subst(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST);
     make_binders(
         &generics,
-        TyKind::FnDef(CallableDefId::StructId(def).to_chalk(db), substs).intern(&Interner),
+        TyKind::FnDef(CallableDefId::StructId(def).to_chalk(db), substs).intern(Interner),
     )
 }
 
@@ -1372,7 +1370,7 @@ fn type_for_enum_variant_constructor(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: EnumVariantId) -
     let substs = generics.bound_vars_subst(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST);
     make_binders(
         &generics,
-        TyKind::FnDef(CallableDefId::EnumVariantId(def).to_chalk(db), substs).intern(&Interner),
+        TyKind::FnDef(CallableDefId::EnumVariantId(def).to_chalk(db), substs).intern(Interner),
     )
 }
 
@@ -1389,7 +1387,7 @@ fn type_for_type_alias(db: &dyn HirDatabase, t: TypeAliasId) -> Binders<Ty> {
     let ctx =
         TyLoweringContext::new(db, &resolver).with_type_param_mode(TypeParamLoweringMode::Variable);
     if db.type_alias_data(t).is_extern {
-        Binders::empty(&Interner, TyKind::Foreign(crate::to_foreign_def_id(t)).intern(&Interner))
+        Binders::empty(Interner, TyKind::Foreign(crate::to_foreign_def_id(t)).intern(Interner))
     } else {
         let type_ref = &db.type_alias_data(t).type_ref;
         let inner = ctx.lower_ty(type_ref.as_deref().unwrap_or(&TypeRef::Error));
@@ -1452,7 +1450,7 @@ impl_from!(FunctionId, StructId, UnionId, EnumVariantId, ConstId, StaticId for V
 /// namespace.
 pub(crate) fn ty_query(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: TyDefId) -> Binders<Ty> {
     match def {
-        TyDefId::BuiltinType(it) => Binders::empty(&Interner, TyBuilder::builtin(it)),
+        TyDefId::BuiltinType(it) => Binders::empty(Interner, TyBuilder::builtin(it)),
         TyDefId::AdtId(it) => type_for_adt(db, it),
         TyDefId::TypeAliasId(it) => type_for_type_alias(db, it),
     }
@@ -1460,13 +1458,11 @@ pub(crate) fn ty_query(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: TyDefId) -> Binders<Ty> {
 
 pub(crate) fn ty_recover(db: &dyn HirDatabase, _cycle: &[String], def: &TyDefId) -> Binders<Ty> {
     let generics = match *def {
-        TyDefId::BuiltinType(_) => {
-            return Binders::empty(&Interner, TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner))
-        }
+        TyDefId::BuiltinType(_) => return Binders::empty(Interner, TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)),
         TyDefId::AdtId(it) => generics(db.upcast(), it.into()),
         TyDefId::TypeAliasId(it) => generics(db.upcast(), it.into()),
     };
-    make_binders(&generics, TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner))
+    make_binders(&generics, TyKind::Error.intern(Interner))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn value_ty_query(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: ValueTyDefId) -> Binders<Ty> {
@@ -1509,7 +1505,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_self_ty_recover(
     impl_id: &ImplId,
 ) -> Binders<Ty> {
     let generics = generics(db.upcast(), (*impl_id).into());
-    make_binders(&generics, TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner))
+    make_binders(&generics, TyKind::Error.intern(Interner))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn impl_trait_query(db: &dyn HirDatabase, impl_id: ImplId) -> Option<Binders<TraitRef>> {
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/method_resolution.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/method_resolution.rs
index 1549a40c91d..cb6b6ec39fb 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/method_resolution.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/method_resolution.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl TyFingerprint {
     /// an `impl S`, but not `impl &S`. Hence, this will return `None` for
     /// reference types and such.
     pub fn for_inherent_impl(ty: &Ty) -> Option<TyFingerprint> {
-        let fp = match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        let fp = match ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Str => TyFingerprint::Str,
             TyKind::Never => TyFingerprint::Never,
             TyKind::Slice(..) => TyFingerprint::Slice,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl TyFingerprint {
 
     /// Creates a TyFingerprint for looking up a trait impl.
     pub fn for_trait_impl(ty: &Ty) -> Option<TyFingerprint> {
-        let fp = match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        let fp = match ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Str => TyFingerprint::Str,
             TyKind::Never => TyFingerprint::Never,
             TyKind::Slice(..) => TyFingerprint::Slice,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl TyFingerprint {
             TyKind::Dyn(_) => ty.dyn_trait().map(TyFingerprint::Dyn)?,
             TyKind::Ref(_, _, ty) => return TyFingerprint::for_trait_impl(ty),
             TyKind::Tuple(_, subst) => {
-                let first_ty = subst.interned().get(0).map(|arg| arg.assert_ty_ref(&Interner));
+                let first_ty = subst.interned().get(0).map(|arg| arg.assert_ty_ref(Interner));
                 match first_ty {
                     Some(ty) => return TyFingerprint::for_trait_impl(ty),
                     None => TyFingerprint::Unit,
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl TyFingerprint {
             | TyKind::Generator(..)
             | TyKind::GeneratorWitness(..) => TyFingerprint::Unnameable,
             TyKind::Function(fn_ptr) => {
-                TyFingerprint::Function(fn_ptr.substitution.0.len(&Interner) as u32)
+                TyFingerprint::Function(fn_ptr.substitution.0.len(Interner) as u32)
             }
             TyKind::Alias(_)
             | TyKind::Placeholder(_)
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ pub fn def_crates(
 
     let mod_to_crate_ids = |module: ModuleId| Some(iter::once(module.krate()).collect());
 
-    let lang_item_targets = match ty.kind(&Interner) {
+    let lang_item_targets = match ty.kind(Interner) {
         TyKind::Adt(AdtId(def_id), _) => {
             return mod_to_crate_ids(def_id.module(db.upcast()));
         }
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ fn iterate_method_candidates_with_autoref(
     let refed = Canonical {
         binders: receiver_ty.binders.clone(),
         value: TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, static_lifetime(), receiver_ty.value.clone())
-            .intern(&Interner),
+            .intern(Interner),
     };
 
     iterate_method_candidates_by_receiver(
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ fn iterate_method_candidates_with_autoref(
 
     let ref_muted = Canonical {
         binders: receiver_ty.binders,
-        value: TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut, static_lifetime(), receiver_ty.value).intern(&Interner),
+        value: TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut, static_lifetime(), receiver_ty.value).intern(Interner),
     };
 
     iterate_method_candidates_by_receiver(
@@ -712,11 +712,11 @@ fn iterate_trait_method_candidates(
     receiver_ty: Option<&Canonical<Ty>>,
     callback: &mut dyn FnMut(&Canonical<Ty>, AssocItemId) -> ControlFlow<()>,
 ) -> ControlFlow<()> {
-    let receiver_is_array = matches!(self_ty.value.kind(&Interner), chalk_ir::TyKind::Array(..));
+    let receiver_is_array = matches!(self_ty.value.kind(Interner), chalk_ir::TyKind::Array(..));
     // if ty is `dyn Trait`, the trait doesn't need to be in scope
     let inherent_trait =
         self_ty.value.dyn_trait().into_iter().flat_map(|t| all_super_traits(db.upcast(), t));
-    let env_traits = matches!(self_ty.value.kind(&Interner), TyKind::Placeholder(_))
+    let env_traits = matches!(self_ty.value.kind(Interner), TyKind::Placeholder(_))
         // if we have `T: Trait` in the param env, the trait doesn't need to be in scope
         .then(|| {
             env.traits_in_scope_from_clauses(self_ty.value.clone())
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ fn iterate_trait_method_candidates(
             }
             if !known_implemented {
                 let goal = generic_implements_goal(db, env.clone(), t, self_ty.clone());
-                if db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(&Interner)).is_none() {
+                if db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(Interner)).is_none() {
                     continue 'traits;
                 }
             }
@@ -773,12 +773,12 @@ fn filter_inherent_impls_for_self_ty<'i>(
     // inherent methods on arrays are fingerprinted as [T; {unknown}], so we must also consider them when
     // resolving a method call on an array with a known len
     let array_impls = {
-        match self_ty.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self_ty.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Array(parameters, array_len) if !array_len.is_unknown() => {
                 let unknown_array_len_ty =
                     TyKind::Array(parameters.clone(), consteval::usize_const(None));
 
-                Some(impls.for_self_ty(&unknown_array_len_ty.intern(&Interner)))
+                Some(impls.for_self_ty(&unknown_array_len_ty.intern(Interner)))
             }
             _ => None,
         }
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ pub fn resolve_indexing_op(
     let deref_chain = autoderef_method_receiver(db, krate, ty);
     for ty in deref_chain {
         let goal = generic_implements_goal(db, env.clone(), index_trait, ty.clone());
-        if db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(&Interner)).is_some() {
+        if db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(Interner)).is_some() {
             return Some(ty);
         }
     }
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ fn is_transformed_receiver_ty_equal(transformed_receiver_ty: &Ty, receiver_ty: &
     // a transformed receiver may be considered equal (and a valid method call candidate) if it is an array
     // with an unknown (i.e. generic) length, and the receiver is an array with the same item type but a known len,
     // this allows inherent methods on arrays to be considered valid resolution candidates
-    match (transformed_receiver_ty.kind(&Interner), receiver_ty.kind(&Interner)) {
+    match (transformed_receiver_ty.kind(Interner), receiver_ty.kind(Interner)) {
         (
             TyKind::Array(transformed_array_ty, transformed_array_len),
             TyKind::Array(receiver_array_ty, receiver_array_len),
@@ -974,21 +974,21 @@ pub(crate) fn inherent_impl_substs(
 ) -> Option<Substitution> {
     // we create a var for each type parameter of the impl; we need to keep in
     // mind here that `self_ty` might have vars of its own
-    let self_ty_vars = self_ty.binders.len(&Interner);
+    let self_ty_vars = self_ty.binders.len(Interner);
     let vars = TyBuilder::subst_for_def(db, impl_id)
         .fill_with_bound_vars(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, self_ty_vars)
         .build();
-    let self_ty_with_vars = db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(&Interner, &vars);
+    let self_ty_with_vars = db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).substitute(Interner, &vars);
     let mut kinds = self_ty.binders.interned().to_vec();
     kinds.extend(
         iter::repeat(chalk_ir::WithKind::new(
             chalk_ir::VariableKind::Ty(chalk_ir::TyVariableKind::General),
             UniverseIndex::ROOT,
         ))
-        .take(vars.len(&Interner)),
+        .take(vars.len(Interner)),
     );
     let tys = Canonical {
-        binders: CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(&Interner, kinds),
+        binders: CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(Interner, kinds),
         value: (self_ty_with_vars, self_ty.value.clone()),
     };
     let substs = super::infer::unify(db, env, &tys)?;
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ pub(crate) fn inherent_impl_substs(
     // Unknown, and in that case we want the result to contain Unknown in those
     // places again.
     let suffix =
-        Substitution::from_iter(&Interner, substs.iter(&Interner).cloned().skip(self_ty_vars));
+        Substitution::from_iter(Interner, substs.iter(Interner).cloned().skip(self_ty_vars));
     Some(fallback_bound_vars(suffix, self_ty_vars))
 }
 
@@ -1007,9 +1007,9 @@ pub(crate) fn inherent_impl_substs(
 fn fallback_bound_vars(s: Substitution, num_vars_to_keep: usize) -> Substitution {
     crate::fold_free_vars(s, |bound, binders| {
         if bound.index >= num_vars_to_keep && bound.debruijn == DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST {
-            TyKind::Error.intern(&Interner)
+            TyKind::Error.intern(Interner)
         } else {
-            bound.shifted_in_from(binders).to_ty(&Interner)
+            bound.shifted_in_from(binders).to_ty(Interner)
         }
     })
 }
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ fn transform_receiver_ty(
         ItemContainerId::ModuleId(_) | ItemContainerId::ExternBlockId(_) => unreachable!(),
     };
     let sig = db.callable_item_signature(function_id.into());
-    Some(sig.map(|s| s.params()[0].clone()).substitute(&Interner, &substs))
+    Some(sig.map(|s| s.params()[0].clone()).substitute(Interner, &substs))
 }
 
 pub fn implements_trait(
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ pub fn implements_trait(
     trait_: TraitId,
 ) -> bool {
     let goal = generic_implements_goal(db, env, trait_, ty.clone());
-    let solution = db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(&Interner));
+    let solution = db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(Interner));
 
     solution.is_some()
 }
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ pub fn implements_trait_unique(
     trait_: TraitId,
 ) -> bool {
     let goal = generic_implements_goal(db, env, trait_, ty.clone());
-    let solution = db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(&Interner));
+    let solution = db.trait_solve(krate, goal.cast(Interner));
 
     matches!(solution, Some(crate::Solution::Unique(_)))
 }
@@ -1083,11 +1083,11 @@ fn generic_implements_goal(
             chalk_ir::VariableKind::Ty(chalk_ir::TyVariableKind::General),
             UniverseIndex::ROOT,
         ))
-        .take(trait_ref.substitution.len(&Interner) - 1),
+        .take(trait_ref.substitution.len(Interner) - 1),
     );
-    let obligation = trait_ref.cast(&Interner);
+    let obligation = trait_ref.cast(Interner);
     Canonical {
-        binders: CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(&Interner, kinds),
+        binders: CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(Interner, kinds),
         value: InEnvironment::new(&env.env, obligation),
     }
 }
@@ -1099,11 +1099,10 @@ fn autoderef_method_receiver(
 ) -> Vec<Canonical<Ty>> {
     let mut deref_chain: Vec<_> = autoderef::autoderef(db, Some(krate), ty).collect();
     // As a last step, we can do array unsizing (that's the only unsizing that rustc does for method receivers!)
-    if let Some(TyKind::Array(parameters, _)) =
-        deref_chain.last().map(|ty| ty.value.kind(&Interner))
+    if let Some(TyKind::Array(parameters, _)) = deref_chain.last().map(|ty| ty.value.kind(Interner))
     {
         let kinds = deref_chain.last().unwrap().binders.clone();
-        let unsized_ty = TyKind::Slice(parameters.clone()).intern(&Interner);
+        let unsized_ty = TyKind::Slice(parameters.clone()).intern(Interner);
         deref_chain.push(Canonical { value: unsized_ty, binders: kinds })
     }
     deref_chain
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/tls.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/tls.rs
index 18a07f2c640..2045cf7bdfe 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/tls.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/tls.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl DebugContext<'_> {
             _ => panic!("associated type not in trait"),
         };
         let trait_data = self.0.trait_data(trait_);
-        let params = projection_ty.substitution.as_slice(&Interner);
+        let params = projection_ty.substitution.as_slice(Interner);
         write!(fmt, "<{:?} as {}", &params[0], trait_data.name,)?;
         if params.len() > 1 {
             write!(
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/traits.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/traits.rs
index 0d135651c78..71b711024bb 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/traits.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/traits.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl TraitEnvironment {
         TraitEnvironment {
             krate,
             traits_from_clauses: Vec::new(),
-            env: chalk_ir::Environment::new(&Interner),
+            env: chalk_ir::Environment::new(Interner),
         }
     }
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub(crate) fn trait_solve_query(
     krate: CrateId,
     goal: Canonical<InEnvironment<Goal>>,
 ) -> Option<Solution> {
-    let _p = profile::span("trait_solve_query").detail(|| match &goal.value.goal.data(&Interner) {
+    let _p = profile::span("trait_solve_query").detail(|| match &goal.value.goal.data(Interner) {
         GoalData::DomainGoal(DomainGoal::Holds(WhereClause::Implemented(it))) => {
             db.trait_data(it.hir_trait_id()).name.to_string()
         }
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ pub(crate) fn trait_solve_query(
     if let GoalData::DomainGoal(DomainGoal::Holds(WhereClause::AliasEq(AliasEq {
         alias: AliasTy::Projection(projection_ty),
         ..
-    }))) = &goal.value.goal.data(&Interner)
+    }))) = &goal.value.goal.data(Interner)
     {
-        if let TyKind::BoundVar(_) = projection_ty.self_type_parameter(&Interner).kind(&Interner) {
+        if let TyKind::BoundVar(_) = projection_ty.self_type_parameter(Interner).kind(Interner) {
             // Hack: don't ask Chalk to normalize with an unknown self type, it'll say that's impossible
             return Some(Solution::Ambig(Guidance::Unknown));
         }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/utils.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/utils.rs
index f36a5f89871..4e16cabdfcd 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/utils.rs
@@ -90,13 +90,13 @@ fn direct_super_trait_refs(db: &dyn HirDatabase, trait_ref: &TraitRef) -> Vec<Tr
                 // FIXME: how to correctly handle higher-ranked bounds here?
                 WhereClause::Implemented(tr) => Some(
                     tr.clone()
-                        .shifted_out_to(&Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE)
+                        .shifted_out_to(Interner, DebruijnIndex::ONE)
                         .expect("FIXME unexpected higher-ranked trait bound"),
                 ),
                 _ => None,
             })
         })
-        .map(|pred| pred.substitute(&Interner, &trait_ref.substitution))
+        .map(|pred| pred.substitute(Interner, &trait_ref.substitution))
         .collect()
 }
 
@@ -270,19 +270,19 @@ impl Generics {
     /// Returns a Substitution that replaces each parameter by a bound variable.
     pub(crate) fn bound_vars_subst(&self, debruijn: DebruijnIndex) -> Substitution {
         Substitution::from_iter(
-            &Interner,
+            Interner,
             self.iter()
                 .enumerate()
-                .map(|(idx, _)| TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx)).intern(&Interner)),
+                .map(|(idx, _)| TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx)).intern(Interner)),
         )
     }
 
     /// Returns a Substitution that replaces each parameter by itself (i.e. `Ty::Param`).
     pub(crate) fn type_params_subst(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Substitution {
         Substitution::from_iter(
-            &Interner,
+            Interner,
             self.iter().map(|(id, _)| {
-                TyKind::Placeholder(crate::to_placeholder_idx(db, id)).intern(&Interner)
+                TyKind::Placeholder(crate::to_placeholder_idx(db, id)).intern(Interner)
             }),
         )
     }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/walk.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/walk.rs
index 9cacc521d46..c476894552e 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/walk.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/walk.rs
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ pub trait TypeWalk {
 
 impl TypeWalk for Ty {
     fn walk(&self, f: &mut impl FnMut(&Ty)) {
-        match self.kind(&Interner) {
+        match self.kind(Interner) {
             TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(p_ty)) => {
-                for t in p_ty.substitution.iter(&Interner) {
+                for t in p_ty.substitution.iter(Interner) {
                     t.walk(f);
                 }
             }
             TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Opaque(o_ty)) => {
-                for t in o_ty.substitution.iter(&Interner) {
+                for t in o_ty.substitution.iter(Interner) {
                     t.walk(f);
                 }
             }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl TypeWalk for GenericArg {
 
 impl TypeWalk for Substitution {
     fn walk(&self, f: &mut impl FnMut(&Ty)) {
-        for t in self.iter(&Interner) {
+        for t in self.iter(Interner) {
             t.walk(f);
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/proc_macro_api/Cargo.toml b/crates/proc_macro_api/Cargo.toml
index f1f627dd4cc..9dd0ca9044d 100644
--- a/crates/proc_macro_api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/proc_macro_api/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ rust-version = "1.56"
 doctest = false
 
 [dependencies]
+object = { version = "0.28", default-features = false, features = [
+    "std",
+    "read_core",
+    "elf",
+    "macho",
+    "pe",
+] }
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = { version = "1.0", features = ["unbounded_depth"] }
 tracing = "0.1"
@@ -22,8 +29,3 @@ stdx = { path = "../stdx", version = "0.0.0" }
 profile = { path = "../profile", version = "0.0.0" }
 # Intentionally *not* depend on anything salsa-related
 # base_db = { path = "../base_db", version = "0.0.0" }
-
-[dependencies.object]
-version = "0.27"
-default-features = false
-features = ["std", "read_core", "elf", "macho", "pe"]
diff --git a/crates/proc_macro_srv/Cargo.toml b/crates/proc_macro_srv/Cargo.toml
index be68a3a8e70..6877bca5983 100644
--- a/crates/proc_macro_srv/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/proc_macro_srv/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ rust-version = "1.56"
 doctest = false
 
 [dependencies]
-object = { version = "0.27", default-features = false, features = [
+object = { version = "0.28", default-features = false, features = [
     "std",
     "read_core",
     "elf",