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-rw-r--r--Cargo.lock61
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_middle/src/traits/chalk.rs53
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_traits/Cargo.toml5
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/db.rs343
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/lowering.rs605
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/mod.rs147
-rw-r--r--src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.rs2
-rw-r--r--src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.stderr8
-rw-r--r--src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.rs2
-rw-r--r--src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.stderr8
11 files changed, 726 insertions, 510 deletions
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index f94d95d2dc8..d4e718cb603 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -427,9 +427,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-derive"
-version = "0.14.0"
+version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d463e01905d607e181de72e8608721d3269f29176c9a14ce037011316ae7131d"
+checksum = "c1df0dbb57d74b4acd20f20fa66ab2acd09776b79eaeb9d8f947b2f3e01c40bf"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -439,21 +439,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-engine"
-version = "0.14.0"
+version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "efaf428f5398d36284f79690cf988762b7c091249f50a6c11db613a46c057000"
+checksum = "fb7c65a13f32f02aba8f1d9a37f206af615f77ac564624b81a4c593c6c1735b9"
 dependencies = [
  "chalk-derive",
  "chalk-ir",
+ "chalk-solve",
  "rustc-hash",
  "tracing",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-ir"
-version = "0.14.0"
+version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd3fdc1e9f68498ffe80f4a23b0b95f1ca6fb21d5a4c9b0c085fab3ca712bdbe"
+checksum = "44361a25dbdb1dc428f56ad7a3c21ba9ca12f3225c26a47919ff6fcb10a583d4"
 dependencies = [
  "chalk-derive",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -461,18 +462,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chalk-solve"
-version = "0.14.0"
+version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b9fd4102807b7ebe8fb034fa0f488c5656e1966d3261b558b81a08d519cdb29"
+checksum = "a886da37a0dc457057d86f78f026f7a09c6d8088aa13f4f4127fdb8dc80119a3"
 dependencies = [
  "chalk-derive",
- "chalk-engine",
  "chalk-ir",
  "ena",
  "itertools 0.9.0",
  "petgraph",
  "rustc-hash",
  "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
+ "tracing-tree",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4038,6 +4040,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustc_traits"
 version = "0.0.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "chalk-engine",
  "chalk-ir",
  "chalk-solve",
  "rustc_ast",
@@ -4997,20 +5000,60 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "tracing-log"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e0f8c7178e13481ff6765bd169b33e8d554c5d2bbede5e32c356194be02b9b9"
+dependencies = [
+ "lazy_static",
+ "log",
+ "tracing-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-serde"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b6ccba2f8f16e0ed268fc765d9b7ff22e965e7185d32f8f1ec8294fe17d86e79"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "tracing-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "tracing-subscriber"
 version = "0.2.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "abd165311cc4d7a555ad11cc77a37756df836182db0d81aac908c8184c584f40"
 dependencies = [
  "ansi_term 0.12.1",
+ "chrono",
  "lazy_static",
  "matchers",
  "parking_lot 0.11.0",
  "regex",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
  "sharded-slab",
  "smallvec 1.4.2",
  "thread_local",
  "tracing-core",
+ "tracing-log",
+ "tracing-serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tracing-tree"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e1a3dc4774db3a6b2d66a4f8d8de670e874ec3ed55615860c994927419b32c5f"
+dependencies = [
+ "ansi_term 0.12.1",
+ "atty",
+ "chrono",
+ "termcolor",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml
index 5a82cbf2997..302a907538c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ rustc_serialize = { path = "../rustc_serialize" }
 rustc_ast = { path = "../rustc_ast" }
 rustc_span = { path = "../rustc_span" }
 byteorder = { version = "1.3" }
-chalk-ir = "0.14.0"
+chalk-ir = "0.21.0"
 smallvec = { version = "1.0", features = ["union", "may_dangle"] }
 measureme = "0.7.1"
 rustc_session = { path = "../rustc_session" }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/traits/chalk.rs b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/traits/chalk.rs
index 405af8cb240..763b078e770 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_middle/src/traits/chalk.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_middle/src/traits/chalk.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_ir::interner::Interner for RustInterner<'tcx> {
     type InternedQuantifiedWhereClauses = Vec<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<Self>>;
     type InternedVariableKinds = Vec<chalk_ir::VariableKind<Self>>;
     type InternedCanonicalVarKinds = Vec<chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKind<Self>>;
+    type InternedConstraints = Vec<chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Constraint<Self>>>;
     type DefId = DefId;
     type InternedAdtId = &'tcx AdtDef;
     type Identifier = ();
@@ -108,8 +109,42 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_ir::interner::Interner for RustInterner<'tcx> {
         application_ty: &chalk_ir::ApplicationTy<Self>,
         fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
     ) -> Option<fmt::Result> {
-        let chalk_ir::ApplicationTy { name, substitution } = application_ty;
-        Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}{:?}", name, chalk_ir::debug::Angle(substitution.interned())))
+        match application_ty.name {
+            chalk_ir::TypeName::Ref(mutbl) => {
+                let data = application_ty.substitution.interned();
+                match (&**data[0].interned(), &**data[1].interned()) {
+                    (
+                        chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(lifetime),
+                        chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty),
+                    ) => Some(match mutbl {
+                        chalk_ir::Mutability::Not => write!(fmt, "(&{:?} {:?})", lifetime, ty),
+                        chalk_ir::Mutability::Mut => write!(fmt, "(&{:?} mut {:?})", lifetime, ty),
+                    }),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+            chalk_ir::TypeName::Array => {
+                let data = application_ty.substitution.interned();
+                match (&**data[0].interned(), &**data[1].interned()) {
+                    (chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty), chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(len)) => {
+                        Some(write!(fmt, "[{:?}; {:?}]", ty, len))
+                    }
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+            chalk_ir::TypeName::Slice => {
+                let data = application_ty.substitution.interned();
+                let ty = match &**data[0].interned() {
+                    chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(t) => t,
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                Some(write!(fmt, "[{:?}]", ty))
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let chalk_ir::ApplicationTy { name, substitution } = application_ty;
+                Some(write!(fmt, "{:?}{:?}", name, chalk_ir::debug::Angle(substitution.interned())))
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fn debug_substitution(
@@ -321,6 +356,20 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_ir::interner::Interner for RustInterner<'tcx> {
     ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKind<Self>] {
         canonical_var_kinds
     }
+
+    fn intern_constraints<E>(
+        &self,
+        data: impl IntoIterator<Item = Result<chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Constraint<Self>>, E>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::InternedConstraints, E> {
+        data.into_iter().collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+    }
+
+    fn constraints_data<'a>(
+        &self,
+        constraints: &'a Self::InternedConstraints,
+    ) -> &'a [chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Constraint<Self>>] {
+        constraints
+    }
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> chalk_ir::interner::HasInterner for RustInterner<'tcx> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_traits/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_traits/Cargo.toml
index 2d63fc51220..3571ff17f31 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_traits/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_traits/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ rustc_hir = { path = "../rustc_hir" }
 rustc_index = { path = "../rustc_index" }
 rustc_ast = { path = "../rustc_ast" }
 rustc_span = { path = "../rustc_span" }
-chalk-ir = "0.14.0"
-chalk-solve = "0.14.0"
+chalk-ir = "0.21.0"
+chalk-solve = "0.21.0"
+chalk-engine = "0.21.0"
 smallvec = { version = "1.0", features = ["union", "may_dangle"] }
 rustc_infer = { path = "../rustc_infer" }
 rustc_trait_selection = { path = "../rustc_trait_selection" }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/db.rs b/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/db.rs
index c2f2469a140..7cc567dabb2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/db.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/db.rs
@@ -8,20 +8,22 @@
 
 use rustc_middle::traits::ChalkRustInterner as RustInterner;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{InternalSubsts, Subst, SubstsRef};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, AssocItemContainer, AssocKind, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, AssocItemContainer, AssocKind, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable};
 
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_hir::Unsafety;
 
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
 
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use crate::chalk::lowering::LowerInto;
+use crate::chalk::lowering::{self, LowerInto};
 
 pub struct RustIrDatabase<'tcx> {
-    pub tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
-    pub interner: RustInterner<'tcx>,
+    pub(crate) interner: RustInterner<'tcx>,
+    pub(crate) restatic_placeholder: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+    pub(crate) reempty_placeholder: ty::Region<'tcx>,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for RustIrDatabase<'_> {
@@ -30,6 +32,26 @@ impl fmt::Debug for RustIrDatabase<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> RustIrDatabase<'tcx> {
+    fn where_clauses_for(
+        &self,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        bound_vars: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
+        let predicates = self.interner.tcx.predicates_of(def_id).predicates;
+        let mut regions_substitutor = lowering::RegionsSubstitutor::new(
+            self.interner.tcx,
+            self.restatic_placeholder,
+            self.reempty_placeholder,
+        );
+        predicates
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(wc, _)| wc.subst(self.interner.tcx, bound_vars))
+            .map(|wc| wc.fold_with(&mut regions_substitutor))
+            .filter_map(|wc| LowerInto::<Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>>>::lower_into(wc, &self.interner)).collect()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'tcx> {
     fn interner(&self) -> &RustInterner<'tcx> {
         &self.interner
@@ -40,7 +62,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         assoc_type_id: chalk_ir::AssocTypeId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Arc<chalk_solve::rust_ir::AssociatedTyDatum<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let def_id = assoc_type_id.0;
-        let assoc_item = self.tcx.associated_item(def_id);
+        let assoc_item = self.interner.tcx.associated_item(def_id);
         let trait_def_id = match assoc_item.container {
             AssocItemContainer::TraitContainer(def_id) => def_id,
             _ => unimplemented!("Not possible??"),
@@ -49,16 +71,12 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
             AssocKind::Type => {}
             _ => unimplemented!("Not possible??"),
         }
-        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, def_id);
+        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, def_id);
         let binders = binders_for(&self.interner, bound_vars);
         // FIXME(chalk): this really isn't right I don't think. The functions
         // for GATs are a bit hard to figure out. Are these supposed to be where
         // clauses or bounds?
-        let predicates = self.tcx.predicates_defined_on(def_id).predicates;
-        let where_clauses: Vec<_> = predicates
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(wc, _)| wc.subst(self.tcx, &bound_vars))
-            .filter_map(|wc| LowerInto::<Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>>>::lower_into(wc, &self.interner)).collect();
+        let where_clauses = self.where_clauses_for(def_id, bound_vars);
 
         Arc::new(chalk_solve::rust_ir::AssociatedTyDatum {
             trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId(trait_def_id),
@@ -76,16 +94,15 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Arc<chalk_solve::rust_ir::TraitDatum<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let def_id = trait_id.0;
-        let trait_def = self.tcx.trait_def(def_id);
+        let trait_def = self.interner.tcx.trait_def(def_id);
 
-        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, def_id);
+        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, def_id);
         let binders = binders_for(&self.interner, bound_vars);
-        let predicates = self.tcx.predicates_defined_on(def_id).predicates;
-        let where_clauses: Vec<_> = predicates
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(wc, _)| wc.subst(self.tcx, &bound_vars))
-            .filter_map(|wc| LowerInto::<Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>>>::lower_into(wc, &self.interner)).collect();
+
+        let where_clauses = self.where_clauses_for(def_id, bound_vars);
+
         let associated_ty_ids: Vec<_> = self
+            .interner
             .tcx
             .associated_items(def_id)
             .in_definition_order()
@@ -93,24 +110,47 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
             .map(|i| chalk_ir::AssocTypeId(i.def_id))
             .collect();
 
-        let well_known =
-            if self.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
-                Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Sized)
-            } else if self.tcx.lang_items().copy_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
-                Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Copy)
-            } else if self.tcx.lang_items().clone_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
-                Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Clone)
-            } else if self.tcx.lang_items().drop_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
-                Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Drop)
-            } else if self.tcx.lang_items().fn_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
-                Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Fn)
-            } else if self.tcx.lang_items().fn_once_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
-                Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::FnOnce)
-            } else if self.tcx.lang_items().fn_mut_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
-                Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::FnMut)
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
+        let well_known = if self
+            .interner
+            .tcx
+            .lang_items()
+            .sized_trait()
+            .map(|t| def_id == t)
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Sized)
+        } else if self.interner.tcx.lang_items().copy_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Copy)
+        } else if self.interner.tcx.lang_items().clone_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Clone)
+        } else if self.interner.tcx.lang_items().drop_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Drop)
+        } else if self.interner.tcx.lang_items().fn_trait().map(|t| def_id == t).unwrap_or(false) {
+            Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Fn)
+        } else if self
+            .interner
+            .tcx
+            .lang_items()
+            .fn_once_trait()
+            .map(|t| def_id == t)
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::FnOnce)
+        } else if self
+            .interner
+            .tcx
+            .lang_items()
+            .fn_mut_trait()
+            .map(|t| def_id == t)
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            Some(chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::FnMut)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
         Arc::new(chalk_solve::rust_ir::TraitDatum {
             id: trait_id,
             binders: chalk_ir::Binders::new(
@@ -121,7 +161,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
                 auto: trait_def.has_auto_impl,
                 marker: trait_def.is_marker,
                 upstream: !def_id.is_local(),
-                fundamental: self.tcx.has_attr(def_id, sym::fundamental),
+                fundamental: self.interner.tcx.has_attr(def_id, sym::fundamental),
                 non_enumerable: true,
                 coinductive: false,
             },
@@ -136,45 +176,50 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
     ) -> Arc<chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtDatum<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let adt_def = adt_id.0;
 
-        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, adt_def.did);
+        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, adt_def.did);
         let binders = binders_for(&self.interner, bound_vars);
 
-        let predicates = self.tcx.predicates_of(adt_def.did).predicates;
-        let where_clauses: Vec<_> = predicates
+        let where_clauses = self.where_clauses_for(adt_def.did, bound_vars);
+
+        let variants: Vec<_> = adt_def
+            .variants
             .iter()
-            .map(|(wc, _)| wc.subst(self.tcx, bound_vars))
-            .filter_map(|wc| LowerInto::<Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>>>::lower_into(wc, &self.interner))
-            .collect();
-        let fields = match adt_def.adt_kind() {
-            ty::AdtKind::Struct | ty::AdtKind::Union => {
-                let variant = adt_def.non_enum_variant();
-                variant
+            .map(|variant| chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtVariantDatum {
+                fields: variant
                     .fields
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|field| {
-                        self.tcx
-                            .type_of(field.did)
-                            .subst(self.tcx, bound_vars)
-                            .lower_into(&self.interner)
-                    })
-                    .collect()
-            }
-            // FIXME(chalk): handle enums; force_impl_for requires this
-            ty::AdtKind::Enum => vec![],
-        };
-        let struct_datum = Arc::new(chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtDatum {
+                    .map(|field| field.ty(self.interner.tcx, bound_vars).lower_into(&self.interner))
+                    .collect(),
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Arc::new(chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtDatum {
             id: adt_id,
             binders: chalk_ir::Binders::new(
                 binders,
-                chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtDatumBound { fields, where_clauses },
+                chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtDatumBound { variants, where_clauses },
             ),
             flags: chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtFlags {
                 upstream: !adt_def.did.is_local(),
                 fundamental: adt_def.is_fundamental(),
                 phantom_data: adt_def.is_phantom_data(),
             },
-        });
-        struct_datum
+            kind: match adt_def.adt_kind() {
+                ty::AdtKind::Struct => chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtKind::Struct,
+                ty::AdtKind::Union => chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtKind::Union,
+                ty::AdtKind::Enum => chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtKind::Enum,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn adt_repr(
+        &self,
+        adt_id: chalk_ir::AdtId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtRepr {
+        let adt_def = adt_id.0;
+        chalk_solve::rust_ir::AdtRepr {
+            repr_c: adt_def.repr.c(),
+            repr_packed: adt_def.repr.packed(),
+        }
     }
 
     fn fn_def_datum(
@@ -182,30 +227,25 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         fn_def_id: chalk_ir::FnDefId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Arc<chalk_solve::rust_ir::FnDefDatum<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let def_id = fn_def_id.0;
-        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, def_id);
+        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, def_id);
         let binders = binders_for(&self.interner, bound_vars);
 
-        let predicates = self.tcx.predicates_defined_on(def_id).predicates;
-        let where_clauses: Vec<_> = predicates
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(wc, _)| wc.subst(self.tcx, &bound_vars))
-            .filter_map(|wc| LowerInto::<Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>>>::lower_into(wc, &self.interner)).collect();
+        let where_clauses = self.where_clauses_for(def_id, bound_vars);
 
-        let sig = self.tcx.fn_sig(def_id);
-        let inputs_and_output = sig.inputs_and_output();
+        let sig = self.interner.tcx.fn_sig(def_id);
         let (inputs_and_output, iobinders, _) = crate::chalk::lowering::collect_bound_vars(
             &self.interner,
-            self.tcx,
-            &inputs_and_output,
+            self.interner.tcx,
+            &sig.inputs_and_output().subst(self.interner.tcx, bound_vars),
         );
 
         let argument_types = inputs_and_output[..inputs_and_output.len() - 1]
             .iter()
-            .map(|t| t.subst(self.tcx, &bound_vars).lower_into(&self.interner))
+            .map(|t| t.subst(self.interner.tcx, &bound_vars).lower_into(&self.interner))
             .collect();
 
         let return_type = inputs_and_output[inputs_and_output.len() - 1]
-            .subst(self.tcx, &bound_vars)
+            .subst(self.interner.tcx, &bound_vars)
             .lower_into(&self.interner);
 
         let bound = chalk_solve::rust_ir::FnDefDatumBound {
@@ -218,6 +258,11 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         Arc::new(chalk_solve::rust_ir::FnDefDatum {
             id: fn_def_id,
             abi: sig.abi(),
+            safety: match sig.unsafety() {
+                Unsafety::Normal => chalk_ir::Safety::Safe,
+                Unsafety::Unsafe => chalk_ir::Safety::Unsafe,
+            },
+            variadic: sig.c_variadic(),
             binders: chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, bound),
         })
     }
@@ -227,17 +272,19 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         impl_id: chalk_ir::ImplId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Arc<chalk_solve::rust_ir::ImplDatum<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let def_id = impl_id.0;
-        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, def_id);
+        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, def_id);
         let binders = binders_for(&self.interner, bound_vars);
 
-        let trait_ref = self.tcx.impl_trait_ref(def_id).expect("not an impl");
-        let trait_ref = trait_ref.subst(self.tcx, bound_vars);
+        let trait_ref = self.interner.tcx.impl_trait_ref(def_id).expect("not an impl");
+        let trait_ref = trait_ref.subst(self.interner.tcx, bound_vars);
+        let mut regions_substitutor = lowering::RegionsSubstitutor::new(
+            self.interner.tcx,
+            self.restatic_placeholder,
+            self.reempty_placeholder,
+        );
+        let trait_ref = trait_ref.fold_with(&mut regions_substitutor);
 
-        let predicates = self.tcx.predicates_of(def_id).predicates;
-        let where_clauses: Vec<_> = predicates
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(wc, _)| wc.subst(self.tcx, bound_vars))
-            .filter_map(|wc| LowerInto::<Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>>>::lower_into(wc, &self.interner)).collect();
+        let where_clauses = self.where_clauses_for(def_id, bound_vars);
 
         let value = chalk_solve::rust_ir::ImplDatumBound {
             trait_ref: trait_ref.lower_into(&self.interner),
@@ -256,6 +303,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         &self,
         trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
         parameters: &[chalk_ir::GenericArg<RustInterner<'tcx>>],
+        _binders: &chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Vec<chalk_ir::ImplId<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let def_id = trait_id.0;
 
@@ -263,14 +311,20 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         // require us to be able to interconvert `Ty<'tcx>`, and we're
         // not there yet.
 
-        let all_impls = self.tcx.all_impls(def_id);
+        let all_impls = self.interner.tcx.all_impls(def_id);
         let matched_impls = all_impls.filter(|impl_def_id| {
             use chalk_ir::could_match::CouldMatch;
-            let trait_ref = self.tcx.impl_trait_ref(*impl_def_id).unwrap();
-            let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, *impl_def_id);
+            let trait_ref = self.interner.tcx.impl_trait_ref(*impl_def_id).unwrap();
+            let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, *impl_def_id);
 
             let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
-            let self_ty = self_ty.subst(self.tcx, bound_vars);
+            let self_ty = self_ty.subst(self.interner.tcx, bound_vars);
+            let mut regions_substitutor = lowering::RegionsSubstitutor::new(
+                self.interner.tcx,
+                self.restatic_placeholder,
+                self.reempty_placeholder,
+            );
+            let self_ty = self_ty.fold_with(&mut regions_substitutor);
             let lowered_ty = self_ty.lower_into(&self.interner);
 
             parameters[0].assert_ty_ref(&self.interner).could_match(&self.interner, &lowered_ty)
@@ -287,9 +341,9 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
     ) -> bool {
         let trait_def_id = auto_trait_id.0;
         let adt_def = adt_id.0;
-        let all_impls = self.tcx.all_impls(trait_def_id);
+        let all_impls = self.interner.tcx.all_impls(trait_def_id);
         for impl_def_id in all_impls {
-            let trait_ref = self.tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+            let trait_ref = self.interner.tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
             let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
             match *self_ty.kind() {
                 ty::Adt(impl_adt_def, _) => {
@@ -308,7 +362,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         associated_ty_id: chalk_solve::rust_ir::AssociatedTyValueId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Arc<chalk_solve::rust_ir::AssociatedTyValue<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let def_id = associated_ty_id.0;
-        let assoc_item = self.tcx.associated_item(def_id);
+        let assoc_item = self.interner.tcx.associated_item(def_id);
         let impl_id = match assoc_item.container {
             AssocItemContainer::TraitContainer(def_id) => def_id,
             _ => unimplemented!("Not possible??"),
@@ -317,9 +371,9 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
             AssocKind::Type => {}
             _ => unimplemented!("Not possible??"),
         }
-        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, def_id);
+        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, def_id);
         let binders = binders_for(&self.interner, bound_vars);
-        let ty = self.tcx.type_of(def_id);
+        let ty = self.interner.tcx.type_of(def_id);
 
         Arc::new(chalk_solve::rust_ir::AssociatedTyValue {
             impl_id: chalk_ir::ImplId(impl_id),
@@ -346,78 +400,20 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         &self,
         opaque_ty_id: chalk_ir::OpaqueTyId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Arc<chalk_solve::rust_ir::OpaqueTyDatum<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
-        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.tcx, opaque_ty_id.0);
+        let bound_vars = bound_vars_for_item(self.interner.tcx, opaque_ty_id.0);
         let binders = binders_for(&self.interner, bound_vars);
-        let predicates = self.tcx.predicates_defined_on(opaque_ty_id.0).predicates;
-        let where_clauses: Vec<_> = predicates
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(wc, _)| wc.subst(self.tcx, &bound_vars))
-            .filter_map(|wc| LowerInto::<Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>>>::lower_into(wc, &self.interner)).collect();
+        let where_clauses = self.where_clauses_for(opaque_ty_id.0, bound_vars);
 
         let value = chalk_solve::rust_ir::OpaqueTyDatumBound {
-            bounds: chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, where_clauses),
+            bounds: chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders.clone(), vec![]),
+            where_clauses: chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, where_clauses),
         };
         Arc::new(chalk_solve::rust_ir::OpaqueTyDatum {
             opaque_ty_id,
-            bound: chalk_ir::Binders::new(chalk_ir::VariableKinds::new(&self.interner), value),
+            bound: chalk_ir::Binders::empty(&self.interner, value),
         })
     }
 
-    /// Since Chalk can't handle all Rust types currently, we have to handle
-    /// some specially for now. Over time, these `Some` returns will change to
-    /// `None` and eventually this function will be removed.
-    fn force_impl_for(
-        &self,
-        well_known: chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait,
-        ty: &chalk_ir::TyData<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
-    ) -> Option<bool> {
-        use chalk_ir::TyData::*;
-        match well_known {
-            chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Sized => match ty {
-                Apply(apply) => match apply.name {
-                    chalk_ir::TypeName::Adt(chalk_ir::AdtId(adt_def)) => match adt_def.adt_kind() {
-                        ty::AdtKind::Struct | ty::AdtKind::Union => None,
-                        ty::AdtKind::Enum => {
-                            let constraint = self.tcx.adt_sized_constraint(adt_def.did);
-                            if !constraint.0.is_empty() { unimplemented!() } else { Some(true) }
-                        }
-                    },
-                    _ => None,
-                },
-                Dyn(_)
-                | Alias(_)
-                | Placeholder(_)
-                | Function(_)
-                | InferenceVar(_, _)
-                | BoundVar(_) => None,
-            },
-            chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Copy
-            | chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Clone => match ty {
-                Apply(apply) => match apply.name {
-                    chalk_ir::TypeName::Adt(chalk_ir::AdtId(adt_def)) => match adt_def.adt_kind() {
-                        ty::AdtKind::Struct | ty::AdtKind::Union => None,
-                        ty::AdtKind::Enum => {
-                            let constraint = self.tcx.adt_sized_constraint(adt_def.did);
-                            if !constraint.0.is_empty() { unimplemented!() } else { Some(true) }
-                        }
-                    },
-                    _ => None,
-                },
-                Dyn(_)
-                | Alias(_)
-                | Placeholder(_)
-                | Function(_)
-                | InferenceVar(_, _)
-                | BoundVar(_) => None,
-            },
-            chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Drop => None,
-            chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Fn => None,
-            chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::FnMut => None,
-            chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::FnOnce => None,
-            chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::Unsize => None,
-        }
-    }
-
     fn program_clauses_for_env(
         &self,
         environment: &chalk_ir::Environment<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
@@ -431,20 +427,20 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
     ) -> Option<chalk_ir::TraitId<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         use chalk_solve::rust_ir::WellKnownTrait::*;
         let def_id = match well_known_trait {
-            Sized => self.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait(),
-            Copy => self.tcx.lang_items().copy_trait(),
-            Clone => self.tcx.lang_items().clone_trait(),
-            Drop => self.tcx.lang_items().drop_trait(),
-            Fn => self.tcx.lang_items().fn_trait(),
-            FnMut => self.tcx.lang_items().fn_mut_trait(),
-            FnOnce => self.tcx.lang_items().fn_once_trait(),
-            Unsize => self.tcx.lang_items().unsize_trait(),
+            Sized => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait(),
+            Copy => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().copy_trait(),
+            Clone => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().clone_trait(),
+            Drop => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().drop_trait(),
+            Fn => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().fn_trait(),
+            FnMut => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().fn_mut_trait(),
+            FnOnce => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().fn_once_trait(),
+            Unsize => self.interner.tcx.lang_items().unsize_trait(),
         };
         def_id.map(chalk_ir::TraitId)
     }
 
     fn is_object_safe(&self, trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId<RustInterner<'tcx>>) -> bool {
-        self.tcx.is_object_safe(trait_id.0)
+        self.interner.tcx.is_object_safe(trait_id.0)
     }
 
     fn hidden_opaque_type(
@@ -452,7 +448,10 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         _id: chalk_ir::OpaqueTyId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
         // FIXME(chalk): actually get hidden ty
-        self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Tuple(self.tcx.intern_substs(&[]))).lower_into(&self.interner)
+        self.interner
+            .tcx
+            .mk_ty(ty::Tuple(self.interner.tcx.intern_substs(&[])))
+            .lower_into(&self.interner)
     }
 
     fn closure_kind(
@@ -460,7 +459,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         _closure_id: chalk_ir::ClosureId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
         substs: &chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> chalk_solve::rust_ir::ClosureKind {
-        let kind = &substs.parameters(&self.interner)[substs.len(&self.interner) - 3];
+        let kind = &substs.as_slice(&self.interner)[substs.len(&self.interner) - 3];
         match kind.assert_ty_ref(&self.interner).data(&self.interner) {
             chalk_ir::TyData::Apply(apply) => match apply.name {
                 chalk_ir::TypeName::Scalar(scalar) => match scalar {
@@ -484,10 +483,10 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         substs: &chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::Binders<chalk_solve::rust_ir::FnDefInputsAndOutputDatum<RustInterner<'tcx>>>
     {
-        let sig = &substs.parameters(&self.interner)[substs.len(&self.interner) - 2];
+        let sig = &substs.as_slice(&self.interner)[substs.len(&self.interner) - 2];
         match sig.assert_ty_ref(&self.interner).data(&self.interner) {
             chalk_ir::TyData::Function(f) => {
-                let substitution = f.substitution.parameters(&self.interner);
+                let substitution = f.substitution.as_slice(&self.interner);
                 let return_type =
                     substitution.last().unwrap().assert_ty_ref(&self.interner).clone();
                 // Closure arguments are tupled
@@ -506,7 +505,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
                 };
 
                 chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::from(
+                    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::from_iter(
                         &self.interner,
                         (0..f.num_binders).map(|_| chalk_ir::VariableKind::Lifetime),
                     ),
@@ -523,7 +522,7 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         substs: &chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::Binders<chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let inputs_and_output = self.closure_inputs_and_output(_closure_id, substs);
-        let tuple = substs.parameters(&self.interner).last().unwrap().assert_ty_ref(&self.interner);
+        let tuple = substs.as_slice(&self.interner).last().unwrap().assert_ty_ref(&self.interner);
         inputs_and_output.map_ref(|_| tuple.clone())
     }
 
@@ -532,8 +531,8 @@ impl<'tcx> chalk_solve::RustIrDatabase<RustInterner<'tcx>> for RustIrDatabase<'t
         _closure_id: chalk_ir::ClosureId<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
         substs: &chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
-        let substitution = &substs.parameters(&self.interner)[0..substs.len(&self.interner) - 3];
-        chalk_ir::Substitution::from(&self.interner, substitution)
+        let substitution = &substs.as_slice(&self.interner)[0..substs.len(&self.interner) - 3];
+        chalk_ir::Substitution::from_iter(&self.interner, substitution)
     }
 }
 
@@ -573,7 +572,7 @@ fn binders_for<'tcx>(
     interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>,
     bound_vars: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
 ) -> chalk_ir::VariableKinds<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
-    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::from(
+    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::from_iter(
         interner,
         bound_vars.iter().map(|arg| match arg.unpack() {
             ty::subst::GenericArgKind::Lifetime(_re) => chalk_ir::VariableKind::Lifetime,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/lowering.rs b/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/lowering.rs
index 779540ecd24..e89a51a8176 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/lowering.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/lowering.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,13 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Subst
         self,
         interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
-        chalk_ir::Substitution::from(interner, self.iter().map(|s| s.lower_into(interner)))
+        chalk_ir::Substitution::from_iter(interner, self.iter().map(|s| s.lower_into(interner)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, SubstsRef<'tcx>> for &chalk_ir::Substitution<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
+    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> SubstsRef<'tcx> {
+        interner.tcx.mk_substs(self.iter(interner).map(|subst| subst.lower_into(interner)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -76,78 +82,29 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Goal<RustInterner<'
         self,
         interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>,
     ) -> chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Goal<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
-        let clauses = self.environment.into_iter().filter_map(|clause| match clause {
+        let clauses = self.environment.into_iter().map(|clause| match clause {
             ChalkEnvironmentClause::Predicate(predicate) => {
-                // FIXME(chalk): forall
-                match predicate.bound_atom(interner.tcx).skip_binder() {
-                    ty::PredicateAtom::Trait(predicate, _) => {
-                        let predicate = ty::Binder::bind(predicate);
-                        let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
-                            collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &predicate);
-
-                        Some(
-                            chalk_ir::ProgramClauseData(chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                                binders,
-                                chalk_ir::ProgramClauseImplication {
-                                    consequence: chalk_ir::DomainGoal::FromEnv(
-                                        chalk_ir::FromEnv::Trait(
-                                            predicate.trait_ref.lower_into(interner),
-                                        ),
-                                    ),
-                                    conditions: chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner),
-                                    priority: chalk_ir::ClausePriority::High,
-                                },
-                            ))
-                            .intern(interner),
-                        )
-                    }
-                    ty::PredicateAtom::RegionOutlives(predicate) => {
-                        let predicate = ty::Binder::bind(predicate);
-                        let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
-                            collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &predicate);
-
-                        Some(
-                            chalk_ir::ProgramClauseData(chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                                binders,
-                                chalk_ir::ProgramClauseImplication {
-                                    consequence: chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
-                                        chalk_ir::WhereClause::LifetimeOutlives(
-                                            chalk_ir::LifetimeOutlives {
-                                                a: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
-                                                b: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
-                                            },
-                                        ),
-                                    ),
-                                    conditions: chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner),
-                                    priority: chalk_ir::ClausePriority::High,
-                                },
-                            ))
-                            .intern(interner),
-                        )
-                    }
-                    // FIXME(chalk): need to add TypeOutlives
-                    ty::PredicateAtom::TypeOutlives(_) => None,
-                    ty::PredicateAtom::Projection(predicate) => {
-                        let predicate = ty::Binder::bind(predicate);
-                        let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
-                            collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &predicate);
-
-                        Some(
-                            chalk_ir::ProgramClauseData(chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                                binders,
-                                chalk_ir::ProgramClauseImplication {
-                                    consequence: chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
-                                        chalk_ir::WhereClause::AliasEq(
-                                            predicate.lower_into(interner),
-                                        ),
-                                    ),
-                                    conditions: chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner),
-                                    priority: chalk_ir::ClausePriority::High,
-                                },
-                            ))
-                            .intern(interner),
-                        )
-                    }
+                let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
+                    collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &predicate.bound_atom(interner.tcx));
+                let consequence = match predicate {
+                    ty::PredicateAtom::Trait(predicate, _) => chalk_ir::DomainGoal::FromEnv(
+                        chalk_ir::FromEnv::Trait(predicate.trait_ref.lower_into(interner)),
+                    ),
+                    ty::PredicateAtom::RegionOutlives(predicate) => chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
+                        chalk_ir::WhereClause::LifetimeOutlives(chalk_ir::LifetimeOutlives {
+                            a: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
+                            b: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
+                        }),
+                    ),
+                    ty::PredicateAtom::TypeOutlives(predicate) => chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
+                        chalk_ir::WhereClause::TypeOutlives(chalk_ir::TypeOutlives {
+                            ty: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
+                            lifetime: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
+                        }),
+                    ),
+                    ty::PredicateAtom::Projection(predicate) => chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
+                        chalk_ir::WhereClause::AliasEq(predicate.lower_into(interner)),
+                    ),
                     ty::PredicateAtom::WellFormed(..)
                     | ty::PredicateAtom::ObjectSafe(..)
                     | ty::PredicateAtom::ClosureKind(..)
@@ -156,27 +113,35 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Goal<RustInterner<'
                     | ty::PredicateAtom::ConstEquate(..) => {
                         bug!("unexpected predicate {}", predicate)
                     }
-                }
+                };
+                let value = chalk_ir::ProgramClauseImplication {
+                    consequence,
+                    conditions: chalk_ir::Goals::empty(interner),
+                    priority: chalk_ir::ClausePriority::High,
+                    constraints: chalk_ir::Constraints::empty(interner),
+                };
+                chalk_ir::ProgramClauseData(chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, value)).intern(interner)
             }
-            ChalkEnvironmentClause::TypeFromEnv(ty) => Some(
+            ChalkEnvironmentClause::TypeFromEnv(ty) => {
                 chalk_ir::ProgramClauseData(chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::new(interner),
+                    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::empty(interner),
                     chalk_ir::ProgramClauseImplication {
                         consequence: chalk_ir::DomainGoal::FromEnv(chalk_ir::FromEnv::Ty(
                             ty.lower_into(interner).shifted_in(interner),
                         )),
-                        conditions: chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner),
+                        conditions: chalk_ir::Goals::empty(interner),
                         priority: chalk_ir::ClausePriority::High,
+                        constraints: chalk_ir::Constraints::empty(interner),
                     },
                 ))
-                .intern(interner),
-            ),
+                .intern(interner)
+            }
         });
 
         let goal: chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>> = self.goal.lower_into(&interner);
         chalk_ir::InEnvironment {
             environment: chalk_ir::Environment {
-                clauses: chalk_ir::ProgramClauses::from(&interner, clauses),
+                clauses: chalk_ir::ProgramClauses::from_iter(&interner, clauses),
             },
             goal: goal.intern(&interner),
         }
@@ -185,63 +150,52 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Goal<RustInterner<'
 
 impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for ty::Predicate<'tcx> {
     fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
-        // FIXME(chalk): forall
-        match self.bound_atom(interner.tcx).skip_binder() {
+        let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
+            collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &self.bound_atom(interner.tcx));
+
+        let value = match predicate {
             ty::PredicateAtom::Trait(predicate, _) => {
-                ty::Binder::bind(predicate).lower_into(interner)
+                chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
+                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::Implemented(predicate.trait_ref.lower_into(interner)),
+                ))
             }
             ty::PredicateAtom::RegionOutlives(predicate) => {
-                let predicate = ty::Binder::bind(predicate);
-                let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
-                    collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &predicate);
-
-                chalk_ir::GoalData::Quantified(
-                    chalk_ir::QuantifierKind::ForAll,
-                    chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                        binders,
-                        chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
-                            chalk_ir::WhereClause::LifetimeOutlives(chalk_ir::LifetimeOutlives {
-                                a: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
-                                b: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
-                            }),
-                        ))
-                        .intern(interner),
-                    ),
-                )
+                chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
+                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::LifetimeOutlives(chalk_ir::LifetimeOutlives {
+                        a: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
+                        b: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
+                    }),
+                ))
             }
-            // FIXME(chalk): TypeOutlives
-            ty::PredicateAtom::TypeOutlives(_predicate) => {
-                chalk_ir::GoalData::All(chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner))
+            ty::PredicateAtom::TypeOutlives(predicate) => {
+                chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
+                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::TypeOutlives(chalk_ir::TypeOutlives {
+                        ty: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
+                        lifetime: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
+                    }),
+                ))
             }
             ty::PredicateAtom::Projection(predicate) => {
-                ty::Binder::bind(predicate).lower_into(interner)
+                chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
+                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::AliasEq(predicate.lower_into(interner)),
+                ))
             }
             ty::PredicateAtom::WellFormed(arg) => match arg.unpack() {
                 GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => match ty.kind() {
                     // FIXME(chalk): In Chalk, a placeholder is WellFormed if it
                     // `FromEnv`. However, when we "lower" Params, we don't update
                     // the environment.
-                    ty::Placeholder(..) => chalk_ir::GoalData::All(chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner)),
-
-                    _ => {
-                        let (ty, binders, _named_regions) =
-                            collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &ty::Binder::bind(ty));
-
-                        chalk_ir::GoalData::Quantified(
-                            chalk_ir::QuantifierKind::ForAll,
-                            chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                                binders,
-                                chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::WellFormed(
-                                    chalk_ir::WellFormed::Ty(ty.lower_into(interner)),
-                                ))
-                                .intern(interner),
-                            ),
-                        )
+                    ty::Placeholder(..) => {
+                        chalk_ir::GoalData::All(chalk_ir::Goals::empty(interner))
                     }
+
+                    _ => chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::WellFormed(
+                        chalk_ir::WellFormed::Ty(ty.lower_into(interner)),
+                    )),
                 },
                 // FIXME(chalk): handle well formed consts
                 GenericArgKind::Const(..) => {
-                    chalk_ir::GoalData::All(chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner))
+                    chalk_ir::GoalData::All(chalk_ir::Goals::empty(interner))
                 }
                 GenericArgKind::Lifetime(lt) => bug!("unexpect well formed predicate: {:?}", lt),
             },
@@ -258,9 +212,14 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for ty::Predi
             | ty::PredicateAtom::Subtype(..)
             | ty::PredicateAtom::ConstEvaluatable(..)
             | ty::PredicateAtom::ConstEquate(..) => {
-                chalk_ir::GoalData::All(chalk_ir::Goals::new(interner))
+                chalk_ir::GoalData::All(chalk_ir::Goals::empty(interner))
             }
-        }
+        };
+
+        chalk_ir::GoalData::Quantified(
+            chalk_ir::QuantifierKind::ForAll,
+            chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, value.intern(interner)),
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -275,25 +234,6 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::TraitRef<RustInterner<'tcx>>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>>>
-    for ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>
-{
-    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
-        let (ty, binders, _named_regions) = collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &self);
-
-        chalk_ir::GoalData::Quantified(
-            chalk_ir::QuantifierKind::ForAll,
-            chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                binders,
-                chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
-                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::Implemented(ty.trait_ref.lower_into(interner)),
-                ))
-                .intern(interner),
-            ),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::AliasEq<RustInterner<'tcx>>>
     for rustc_middle::ty::ProjectionPredicate<'tcx>
 {
@@ -305,25 +245,6 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::AliasEq<RustInterner<'tcx>>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>>>
-    for ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>
-{
-    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> chalk_ir::GoalData<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
-        let (ty, binders, _named_regions) = collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &self);
-
-        chalk_ir::GoalData::Quantified(
-            chalk_ir::QuantifierKind::ForAll,
-            chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                binders,
-                chalk_ir::GoalData::DomainGoal(chalk_ir::DomainGoal::Holds(
-                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::AliasEq(ty.lower_into(interner)),
-                ))
-                .intern(interner),
-            ),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Ty<'tcx> {
     fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
         use chalk_ir::TyData;
@@ -364,7 +285,8 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Ty<'tcx> {
                 ast::FloatTy::F64 => float(chalk_ir::FloatTy::F64),
             },
             Adt(def, substs) => apply(struct_ty(def.did), substs.lower_into(interner)),
-            Foreign(_def_id) => unimplemented!(),
+            // FIXME(chalk): lower Foreign
+            Foreign(def_id) => apply(chalk_ir::TypeName::FnDef(chalk_ir::FnDefId(def_id)), empty()),
             Str => apply(chalk_ir::TypeName::Str, empty()),
             Array(ty, len) => {
                 let value = match len.val {
@@ -381,7 +303,7 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Ty<'tcx> {
                 };
                 apply(
                     chalk_ir::TypeName::Array,
-                    chalk_ir::Substitution::from(
+                    chalk_ir::Substitution::from_iter(
                         interner,
                         &[
                             chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty.lower_into(interner)).intern(interner),
@@ -415,7 +337,7 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Ty<'tcx> {
                 };
                 apply(
                     name,
-                    chalk_ir::Substitution::from(
+                    chalk_ir::Substitution::from_iter(
                         interner,
                         &[
                             chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(region.lower_into(interner))
@@ -432,14 +354,20 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Ty<'tcx> {
             FnPtr(sig) => {
                 let (inputs_and_outputs, binders, _named_regions) =
                     collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &sig.inputs_and_output());
-                TyData::Function(chalk_ir::Fn {
+                TyData::Function(chalk_ir::FnPointer {
                     num_binders: binders.len(interner),
-                    substitution: chalk_ir::Substitution::from(
+                    substitution: chalk_ir::Substitution::from_iter(
                         interner,
                         inputs_and_outputs.iter().map(|ty| {
                             chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty.lower_into(interner)).intern(interner)
                         }),
                     ),
+                    abi: sig.abi(),
+                    safety: match sig.unsafety() {
+                        rustc_hir::Unsafety::Normal => chalk_ir::Safety::Safe,
+                        rustc_hir::Unsafety::Unsafe => chalk_ir::Safety::Unsafe,
+                    },
+                    variadic: sig.c_variadic(),
                 })
                 .intern(interner)
             }
@@ -485,6 +413,111 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Ty<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>> for &chalk_ir::Ty<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
+    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        use chalk_ir::TyData;
+        use rustc_ast::ast;
+
+        let kind = match self.data(interner) {
+            TyData::Apply(application_ty) => match application_ty.name {
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Adt(struct_id) => {
+                    ty::Adt(struct_id.0, application_ty.substitution.lower_into(interner))
+                }
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Scalar(scalar) => match scalar {
+                    chalk_ir::Scalar::Bool => ty::Bool,
+                    chalk_ir::Scalar::Char => ty::Char,
+                    chalk_ir::Scalar::Int(int_ty) => match int_ty {
+                        chalk_ir::IntTy::Isize => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::Isize),
+                        chalk_ir::IntTy::I8 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I8),
+                        chalk_ir::IntTy::I16 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I16),
+                        chalk_ir::IntTy::I32 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I32),
+                        chalk_ir::IntTy::I64 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I64),
+                        chalk_ir::IntTy::I128 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I128),
+                    },
+                    chalk_ir::Scalar::Uint(int_ty) => match int_ty {
+                        chalk_ir::UintTy::Usize => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::Usize),
+                        chalk_ir::UintTy::U8 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U8),
+                        chalk_ir::UintTy::U16 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U16),
+                        chalk_ir::UintTy::U32 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U32),
+                        chalk_ir::UintTy::U64 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U64),
+                        chalk_ir::UintTy::U128 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U128),
+                    },
+                    chalk_ir::Scalar::Float(float_ty) => match float_ty {
+                        chalk_ir::FloatTy::F32 => ty::Float(ast::FloatTy::F32),
+                        chalk_ir::FloatTy::F64 => ty::Float(ast::FloatTy::F64),
+                    },
+                },
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Array => unimplemented!(),
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::FnDef(id) => {
+                    ty::FnDef(id.0, application_ty.substitution.lower_into(interner))
+                }
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Closure(closure) => {
+                    ty::Closure(closure.0, application_ty.substitution.lower_into(interner))
+                }
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Never => ty::Never,
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Tuple(_size) => {
+                    ty::Tuple(application_ty.substitution.lower_into(interner))
+                }
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Slice => ty::Slice(
+                    application_ty.substitution.as_slice(interner)[0]
+                        .ty(interner)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .lower_into(interner),
+                ),
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Raw(mutbl) => ty::RawPtr(ty::TypeAndMut {
+                    ty: application_ty.substitution.as_slice(interner)[0]
+                        .ty(interner)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .lower_into(interner),
+                    mutbl: match mutbl {
+                        chalk_ir::Mutability::Mut => ast::Mutability::Mut,
+                        chalk_ir::Mutability::Not => ast::Mutability::Not,
+                    },
+                }),
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Ref(mutbl) => ty::Ref(
+                    application_ty.substitution.as_slice(interner)[0]
+                        .lifetime(interner)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .lower_into(interner),
+                    application_ty.substitution.as_slice(interner)[1]
+                        .ty(interner)
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .lower_into(interner),
+                    match mutbl {
+                        chalk_ir::Mutability::Mut => ast::Mutability::Mut,
+                        chalk_ir::Mutability::Not => ast::Mutability::Not,
+                    },
+                ),
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Str => ty::Str,
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::OpaqueType(opaque_ty) => {
+                    ty::Opaque(opaque_ty.0, application_ty.substitution.lower_into(interner))
+                }
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::AssociatedType(assoc_ty) => ty::Projection(ty::ProjectionTy {
+                    substs: application_ty.substitution.lower_into(interner),
+                    item_def_id: assoc_ty.0,
+                }),
+                chalk_ir::TypeName::Error => unimplemented!(),
+            },
+            TyData::Placeholder(placeholder) => ty::Placeholder(ty::Placeholder {
+                universe: ty::UniverseIndex::from_usize(placeholder.ui.counter),
+                name: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(placeholder.idx),
+            }),
+            TyData::Alias(_alias_ty) => unimplemented!(),
+            TyData::Function(_quantified_ty) => unimplemented!(),
+            TyData::BoundVar(_bound) => ty::Bound(
+                ty::DebruijnIndex::from_usize(_bound.debruijn.depth() as usize),
+                ty::BoundTy {
+                    var: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(_bound.index),
+                    kind: ty::BoundTyKind::Anon,
+                },
+            ),
+            TyData::InferenceVar(_, _) => unimplemented!(),
+            TyData::Dyn(_) => unimplemented!(),
+        };
+        interner.tcx.mk_ty(kind)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Lifetime<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Region<'tcx> {
     fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> chalk_ir::Lifetime<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
         use rustc_middle::ty::RegionKind::*;
@@ -522,6 +555,59 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Lifetime<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Region<'t
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, Region<'tcx>> for &chalk_ir::Lifetime<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
+    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> Region<'tcx> {
+        let kind = match self.data(interner) {
+            chalk_ir::LifetimeData::BoundVar(var) => ty::RegionKind::ReLateBound(
+                ty::DebruijnIndex::from_u32(var.debruijn.depth()),
+                ty::BoundRegion::BrAnon(var.index as u32),
+            ),
+            chalk_ir::LifetimeData::InferenceVar(_var) => unimplemented!(),
+            chalk_ir::LifetimeData::Placeholder(p) => {
+                ty::RegionKind::RePlaceholder(ty::Placeholder {
+                    universe: ty::UniverseIndex::from_usize(p.ui.counter),
+                    name: ty::BoundRegion::BrAnon(p.idx as u32),
+                })
+            }
+            chalk_ir::LifetimeData::Phantom(_, _) => unimplemented!(),
+        };
+        interner.tcx.mk_region(kind)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Const<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for ty::Const<'tcx> {
+    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> chalk_ir::Const<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
+        let ty = self.ty.lower_into(interner);
+        let value = match self.val {
+            ty::ConstKind::Value(val) => {
+                chalk_ir::ConstValue::Concrete(chalk_ir::ConcreteConst { interned: val })
+            }
+            ty::ConstKind::Bound(db, bound) => chalk_ir::ConstValue::BoundVar(
+                chalk_ir::BoundVar::new(chalk_ir::DebruijnIndex::new(db.as_u32()), bound.index()),
+            ),
+            _ => unimplemented!("Const not implemented. {:?}", self),
+        };
+        chalk_ir::ConstData { ty, value }.intern(interner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, ty::Const<'tcx>> for &chalk_ir::Const<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
+    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> ty::Const<'tcx> {
+        let data = self.data(interner);
+        let ty = data.ty.lower_into(interner);
+        let val = match data.value {
+            chalk_ir::ConstValue::BoundVar(var) => ty::ConstKind::Bound(
+                ty::DebruijnIndex::from_u32(var.debruijn.depth()),
+                ty::BoundVar::from_u32(var.index as u32),
+            ),
+            chalk_ir::ConstValue::InferenceVar(_var) => unimplemented!(),
+            chalk_ir::ConstValue::Placeholder(_p) => unimplemented!(),
+            chalk_ir::ConstValue::Concrete(c) => ty::ConstKind::Value(c.interned),
+        };
+        ty::Const { ty, val }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::GenericArg<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for GenericArg<'tcx> {
     fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> chalk_ir::GenericArg<RustInterner<'tcx>> {
         match self.unpack() {
@@ -531,18 +617,35 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::GenericArg<RustInterner<'tcx>>> for Generic
             ty::subst::GenericArgKind::Lifetime(lifetime) => {
                 chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(lifetime.lower_into(interner))
             }
-            ty::subst::GenericArgKind::Const(_) => chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(
-                chalk_ir::TyData::Apply(chalk_ir::ApplicationTy {
-                    name: chalk_ir::TypeName::Tuple(0),
-                    substitution: chalk_ir::Substitution::empty(interner),
-                })
-                .intern(interner),
-            ),
+            ty::subst::GenericArgKind::Const(c) => {
+                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(c.lower_into(interner))
+            }
         }
         .intern(interner)
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, ty::subst::GenericArg<'tcx>>
+    for &chalk_ir::GenericArg<RustInterner<'tcx>>
+{
+    fn lower_into(self, interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>) -> ty::subst::GenericArg<'tcx> {
+        match self.data(interner) {
+            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(ty) => {
+                let t: Ty<'tcx> = ty.lower_into(interner);
+                t.into()
+            }
+            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(lifetime) => {
+                let r: Region<'tcx> = lifetime.lower_into(interner);
+                r.into()
+            }
+            chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(c) => {
+                let c: ty::Const<'tcx> = c.lower_into(interner);
+                interner.tcx.mk_const(c).into()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // We lower into an Option here since there are some predicates which Chalk
 // doesn't have a representation for yet (as a `WhereClause`), but are so common
 // that we just are accepting the unsoundness for now. The `Option` will
@@ -554,33 +657,27 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'
         self,
         interner: &RustInterner<'tcx>,
     ) -> Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
-        // FIXME(chalk): forall
-        match self.bound_atom(interner.tcx).skip_binder() {
+        let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
+            collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &self.bound_atom(interner.tcx));
+        let value = match predicate {
             ty::PredicateAtom::Trait(predicate, _) => {
-                let predicate = ty::Binder::bind(predicate);
-                let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
-                    collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &predicate);
-
-                Some(chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                    binders,
-                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::Implemented(predicate.trait_ref.lower_into(interner)),
-                ))
+                Some(chalk_ir::WhereClause::Implemented(predicate.trait_ref.lower_into(interner)))
             }
             ty::PredicateAtom::RegionOutlives(predicate) => {
-                let predicate = ty::Binder::bind(predicate);
-                let (predicate, binders, _named_regions) =
-                    collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &predicate);
-
-                Some(chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                    binders,
-                    chalk_ir::WhereClause::LifetimeOutlives(chalk_ir::LifetimeOutlives {
-                        a: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
-                        b: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
-                    }),
-                ))
+                Some(chalk_ir::WhereClause::LifetimeOutlives(chalk_ir::LifetimeOutlives {
+                    a: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
+                    b: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
+                }))
+            }
+            ty::PredicateAtom::TypeOutlives(predicate) => {
+                Some(chalk_ir::WhereClause::TypeOutlives(chalk_ir::TypeOutlives {
+                    ty: predicate.0.lower_into(interner),
+                    lifetime: predicate.1.lower_into(interner),
+                }))
+            }
+            ty::PredicateAtom::Projection(predicate) => {
+                Some(chalk_ir::WhereClause::AliasEq(predicate.lower_into(interner)))
             }
-            ty::PredicateAtom::TypeOutlives(_predicate) => None,
-            ty::PredicateAtom::Projection(_predicate) => None,
             ty::PredicateAtom::WellFormed(_ty) => None,
 
             ty::PredicateAtom::ObjectSafe(..)
@@ -588,7 +685,8 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, Option<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClause<RustInterner<'
             | ty::PredicateAtom::Subtype(..)
             | ty::PredicateAtom::ConstEvaluatable(..)
             | ty::PredicateAtom::ConstEquate(..) => bug!("unexpected predicate {}", &self),
-        }
+        };
+        value.map(|value| chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, value))
     }
 }
 
@@ -601,26 +699,34 @@ impl<'tcx> LowerInto<'tcx, chalk_ir::Binders<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClauses<Ru
     ) -> chalk_ir::Binders<chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClauses<RustInterner<'tcx>>> {
         let (predicates, binders, _named_regions) =
             collect_bound_vars(interner, interner.tcx, &self);
+        let self_ty = interner.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Bound(
+            // This is going to be wrapped in a binder
+            ty::DebruijnIndex::from_usize(1),
+            ty::BoundTy { var: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(0), kind: ty::BoundTyKind::Anon },
+        ));
         let where_clauses = predicates.into_iter().map(|predicate| match predicate {
             ty::ExistentialPredicate::Trait(ty::ExistentialTraitRef { def_id, substs }) => {
                 chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::new(interner),
+                    chalk_ir::VariableKinds::empty(interner),
                     chalk_ir::WhereClause::Implemented(chalk_ir::TraitRef {
                         trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId(def_id),
-                        substitution: substs.lower_into(interner),
+                        substitution: interner
+                            .tcx
+                            .mk_substs_trait(self_ty, substs)
+                            .lower_into(interner),
                     }),
                 )
             }
             ty::ExistentialPredicate::Projection(_predicate) => unimplemented!(),
             ty::ExistentialPredicate::AutoTrait(def_id) => chalk_ir::Binders::new(
-                chalk_ir::VariableKinds::new(interner),
+                chalk_ir::VariableKinds::empty(interner),
                 chalk_ir::WhereClause::Implemented(chalk_ir::TraitRef {
                     trait_id: chalk_ir::TraitId(def_id),
-                    substitution: chalk_ir::Substitution::empty(interner),
+                    substitution: interner.tcx.mk_substs_trait(self_ty, &[]).lower_into(interner),
                 }),
             ),
         });
-        let value = chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClauses::from(interner, where_clauses);
+        let value = chalk_ir::QuantifiedWhereClauses::from_iter(interner, where_clauses);
         chalk_ir::Binders::new(binders, value)
     }
 }
@@ -662,7 +768,8 @@ crate fn collect_bound_vars<'a, 'tcx, T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
             .or_else(|| bug!("Skipped bound var index: ty={:?}, parameters={:?}", ty, parameters));
     });
 
-    let binders = chalk_ir::VariableKinds::from(interner, parameters.into_iter().map(|(_, v)| v));
+    let binders =
+        chalk_ir::VariableKinds::from_iter(interner, parameters.into_iter().map(|(_, v)| v));
 
     (new_ty, binders, named_parameters)
 }
@@ -773,10 +880,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for NamedBoundVarSubstitutor<'a, 'tcx> {
         result
     }
 
-    fn fold_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
-        t.super_fold_with(self)
-    }
-
     fn fold_region(&mut self, r: Region<'tcx>) -> Region<'tcx> {
         match r {
             ty::ReLateBound(index, br) if *index == self.binder_index => match br {
@@ -807,16 +910,18 @@ crate struct ParamsSubstitutor<'tcx> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     binder_index: ty::DebruijnIndex,
     list: Vec<rustc_middle::ty::ParamTy>,
+    next_ty_placeholder: usize,
     crate params: rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap<usize, rustc_middle::ty::ParamTy>,
     crate named_regions: BTreeMap<DefId, u32>,
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> ParamsSubstitutor<'tcx> {
-    crate fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Self {
+    crate fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, next_ty_placeholder: usize) -> Self {
         ParamsSubstitutor {
             tcx,
             binder_index: ty::INNERMOST,
             list: vec![],
+            next_ty_placeholder,
             params: rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap::default(),
             named_regions: BTreeMap::default(),
         }
@@ -842,13 +947,13 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for ParamsSubstitutor<'tcx> {
             // first pass to collect placeholders. Then we can insert params after.
             ty::Placeholder(_) => unimplemented!(),
             ty::Param(param) => match self.list.iter().position(|r| r == &param) {
-                Some(_idx) => self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
+                Some(idx) => self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
                     universe: ty::UniverseIndex::from_usize(0),
-                    name: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(_idx),
+                    name: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(idx),
                 })),
                 None => {
                     self.list.push(param);
-                    let idx = self.list.len() - 1;
+                    let idx = self.list.len() - 1 + self.next_ty_placeholder;
                     self.params.insert(idx, param);
                     self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
                         universe: ty::UniverseIndex::from_usize(0),
@@ -884,3 +989,83 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for ParamsSubstitutor<'tcx> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Used to collect `Placeholder`s.
+crate struct PlaceholdersCollector {
+    universe_index: ty::UniverseIndex,
+    crate next_ty_placeholder: usize,
+    crate next_anon_region_placeholder: u32,
+}
+
+impl PlaceholdersCollector {
+    crate fn new() -> Self {
+        PlaceholdersCollector {
+            universe_index: ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
+            next_ty_placeholder: 0,
+            next_anon_region_placeholder: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for PlaceholdersCollector {
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        match t.kind() {
+            ty::Placeholder(p) if p.universe == self.universe_index => {
+                self.next_ty_placeholder = self.next_ty_placeholder.max(p.name.as_usize() + 1);
+            }
+
+            _ => (),
+        };
+
+        t.super_visit_with(self)
+    }
+
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: Region<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        match r {
+            ty::RePlaceholder(p) if p.universe == self.universe_index => {
+                if let ty::BoundRegion::BrAnon(anon) = p.name {
+                    self.next_anon_region_placeholder = self.next_anon_region_placeholder.max(anon);
+                }
+            }
+
+            _ => (),
+        };
+
+        r.super_visit_with(self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Used to substitute specific `Regions`s with placeholders.
+crate struct RegionsSubstitutor<'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    restatic_placeholder: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+    reempty_placeholder: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> RegionsSubstitutor<'tcx> {
+    crate fn new(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        restatic_placeholder: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        reempty_placeholder: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        RegionsSubstitutor { tcx, restatic_placeholder, reempty_placeholder }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for RegionsSubstitutor<'tcx> {
+    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.tcx
+    }
+
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: Region<'tcx>) -> Region<'tcx> {
+        match r {
+            ty::ReStatic => self.restatic_placeholder,
+            ty::ReEmpty(ui) => {
+                assert_eq!(ui.as_usize(), 0);
+                self.reempty_placeholder
+            }
+
+            _ => r.super_fold_with(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/mod.rs
index f18b4ca65f6..c0d4a5d0e7e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_traits/src/chalk/mod.rs
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@ use rustc_middle::infer::canonical::{CanonicalTyVarKind, CanonicalVarKind};
 use rustc_middle::traits::ChalkRustInterner;
 use rustc_middle::ty::query::Providers;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::GenericArg;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{
-    self, Bound, BoundVar, ParamTy, Region, RegionKind, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable,
-};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, BoundVar, ParamTy, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable};
 
 use rustc_infer::infer::canonical::{
     Canonical, CanonicalVarValues, Certainty, QueryRegionConstraints, QueryResponse,
@@ -25,7 +23,9 @@ use rustc_infer::infer::canonical::{
 use rustc_infer::traits::{self, ChalkCanonicalGoal};
 
 use crate::chalk::db::RustIrDatabase as ChalkRustIrDatabase;
-use crate::chalk::lowering::{LowerInto, ParamsSubstitutor};
+use crate::chalk::lowering::{
+    LowerInto, ParamsSubstitutor, PlaceholdersCollector, RegionsSubstitutor,
+};
 
 use chalk_solve::Solution;
 
@@ -40,16 +40,35 @@ crate fn evaluate_goal<'tcx>(
     let interner = ChalkRustInterner { tcx };
 
     // Chalk doesn't have a notion of `Params`, so instead we use placeholders.
-    let mut params_substitutor = ParamsSubstitutor::new(tcx);
+    let mut placeholders_collector = PlaceholdersCollector::new();
+    obligation.visit_with(&mut placeholders_collector);
+
+    let restatic_placeholder = tcx.mk_region(ty::RegionKind::RePlaceholder(ty::Placeholder {
+        universe: ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
+        name: ty::BoundRegion::BrAnon(placeholders_collector.next_anon_region_placeholder),
+    }));
+    let reempty_placeholder = tcx.mk_region(ty::RegionKind::RePlaceholder(ty::Placeholder {
+        universe: ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
+        name: ty::BoundRegion::BrAnon(placeholders_collector.next_anon_region_placeholder + 1),
+    }));
+
+    let mut params_substitutor =
+        ParamsSubstitutor::new(tcx, placeholders_collector.next_ty_placeholder);
     let obligation = obligation.fold_with(&mut params_substitutor);
+    // FIXME(chalk): we really should be substituting these back in the solution
     let _params: FxHashMap<usize, ParamTy> = params_substitutor.params;
+
+    let mut regions_substitutor =
+        RegionsSubstitutor::new(tcx, restatic_placeholder, reempty_placeholder);
+    let obligation = obligation.fold_with(&mut regions_substitutor);
+
     let max_universe = obligation.max_universe.index();
 
-    let _lowered_goal: chalk_ir::UCanonical<
+    let lowered_goal: chalk_ir::UCanonical<
         chalk_ir::InEnvironment<chalk_ir::Goal<ChalkRustInterner<'tcx>>>,
     > = chalk_ir::UCanonical {
         canonical: chalk_ir::Canonical {
-            binders: chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds::from(
+            binders: chalk_ir::CanonicalVarKinds::from_iter(
                 &interner,
                 obligation.variables.iter().map(|v| match v.kind {
                     CanonicalVarKind::PlaceholderTy(_ty) => unimplemented!(),
@@ -81,108 +100,20 @@ crate fn evaluate_goal<'tcx>(
         universes: max_universe + 1,
     };
 
-    let solver_choice = chalk_solve::SolverChoice::SLG { max_size: 32, expected_answers: None };
-    let mut solver = solver_choice.into_solver::<ChalkRustInterner<'tcx>>();
-
-    let db = ChalkRustIrDatabase { tcx, interner };
-    let solution = solver.solve(&db, &_lowered_goal);
+    use chalk_solve::Solver;
+    let mut solver = chalk_engine::solve::SLGSolver::new(32, None);
+    let db = ChalkRustIrDatabase { interner, restatic_placeholder, reempty_placeholder };
+    let solution = chalk_solve::logging::with_tracing_logs(|| solver.solve(&db, &lowered_goal));
 
     // Ideally, the code to convert *back* to rustc types would live close to
     // the code to convert *from* rustc types. Right now though, we don't
     // really need this and so it's really minimal.
     // Right now, we also treat a `Unique` solution the same as
     // `Ambig(Definite)`. This really isn't right.
-    let make_solution = |_subst: chalk_ir::Substitution<_>| {
+    let make_solution = |subst: chalk_ir::Substitution<_>| {
         let mut var_values: IndexVec<BoundVar, GenericArg<'tcx>> = IndexVec::new();
-        _subst.parameters(&interner).iter().for_each(|p| {
-            // FIXME(chalk): we should move this elsewhere, since this is
-            // essentially inverse of lowering a `GenericArg`.
-            let _data = p.data(&interner);
-            match _data {
-                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Ty(_t) => {
-                    use chalk_ir::TyData;
-                    use rustc_ast as ast;
-
-                    let _data = _t.data(&interner);
-                    let kind = match _data {
-                        TyData::Apply(_application_ty) => match _application_ty.name {
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Adt(_struct_id) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Scalar(scalar) => match scalar {
-                                chalk_ir::Scalar::Bool => ty::Bool,
-                                chalk_ir::Scalar::Char => ty::Char,
-                                chalk_ir::Scalar::Int(int_ty) => match int_ty {
-                                    chalk_ir::IntTy::Isize => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::Isize),
-                                    chalk_ir::IntTy::I8 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I8),
-                                    chalk_ir::IntTy::I16 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I16),
-                                    chalk_ir::IntTy::I32 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I32),
-                                    chalk_ir::IntTy::I64 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I64),
-                                    chalk_ir::IntTy::I128 => ty::Int(ast::IntTy::I128),
-                                },
-                                chalk_ir::Scalar::Uint(int_ty) => match int_ty {
-                                    chalk_ir::UintTy::Usize => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::Usize),
-                                    chalk_ir::UintTy::U8 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U8),
-                                    chalk_ir::UintTy::U16 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U16),
-                                    chalk_ir::UintTy::U32 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U32),
-                                    chalk_ir::UintTy::U64 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U64),
-                                    chalk_ir::UintTy::U128 => ty::Uint(ast::UintTy::U128),
-                                },
-                                chalk_ir::Scalar::Float(float_ty) => match float_ty {
-                                    chalk_ir::FloatTy::F32 => ty::Float(ast::FloatTy::F32),
-                                    chalk_ir::FloatTy::F64 => ty::Float(ast::FloatTy::F64),
-                                },
-                            },
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Array => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::FnDef(_) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Closure(_) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Never => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Tuple(_size) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Slice => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Raw(_) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Ref(_) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Str => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::OpaqueType(_ty) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::AssociatedType(_assoc_ty) => unimplemented!(),
-                            chalk_ir::TypeName::Error => unimplemented!(),
-                        },
-                        TyData::Placeholder(_placeholder) => {
-                            unimplemented!();
-                        }
-                        TyData::Alias(_alias_ty) => unimplemented!(),
-                        TyData::Function(_quantified_ty) => unimplemented!(),
-                        TyData::BoundVar(_bound) => Bound(
-                            ty::DebruijnIndex::from_usize(_bound.debruijn.depth() as usize),
-                            ty::BoundTy {
-                                var: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(_bound.index),
-                                kind: ty::BoundTyKind::Anon,
-                            },
-                        ),
-                        TyData::InferenceVar(_, _) => unimplemented!(),
-                        TyData::Dyn(_) => unimplemented!(),
-                    };
-                    let _ty: Ty<'_> = tcx.mk_ty(kind);
-                    let _arg: GenericArg<'_> = _ty.into();
-                    var_values.push(_arg);
-                }
-                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Lifetime(_l) => {
-                    let _data = _l.data(&interner);
-                    let _lifetime: Region<'_> = match _data {
-                        chalk_ir::LifetimeData::BoundVar(_var) => {
-                            tcx.mk_region(RegionKind::ReLateBound(
-                                rustc_middle::ty::DebruijnIndex::from_usize(
-                                    _var.debruijn.depth() as usize
-                                ),
-                                rustc_middle::ty::BoundRegion::BrAnon(_var.index as u32),
-                            ))
-                        }
-                        chalk_ir::LifetimeData::InferenceVar(_var) => unimplemented!(),
-                        chalk_ir::LifetimeData::Placeholder(_index) => unimplemented!(),
-                        chalk_ir::LifetimeData::Phantom(_, _) => unimplemented!(),
-                    };
-                    let _arg: GenericArg<'_> = _lifetime.into();
-                    var_values.push(_arg);
-                }
-                chalk_ir::GenericArgData::Const(_) => unimplemented!(),
-            }
+        subst.as_slice(&interner).iter().for_each(|p| {
+            var_values.push(p.lower_into(&interner));
         });
         let sol = Canonical {
             max_universe: ty::UniverseIndex::from_usize(0),
@@ -194,17 +125,17 @@ crate fn evaluate_goal<'tcx>(
                 value: (),
             },
         };
-        &*tcx.arena.alloc(sol)
+        tcx.arena.alloc(sol)
     };
     solution
         .map(|s| match s {
-            Solution::Unique(_subst) => {
+            Solution::Unique(subst) => {
                 // FIXME(chalk): handle constraints
-                make_solution(_subst.value.subst)
+                make_solution(subst.value.subst)
             }
-            Solution::Ambig(_guidance) => {
-                match _guidance {
-                    chalk_solve::Guidance::Definite(_subst) => make_solution(_subst.value),
+            Solution::Ambig(guidance) => {
+                match guidance {
+                    chalk_solve::Guidance::Definite(subst) => make_solution(subst.value),
                     chalk_solve::Guidance::Suggested(_) => unimplemented!(),
                     chalk_solve::Guidance::Unknown => {
                         // chalk_fulfill doesn't use the var_values here, so
diff --git a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.rs b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.rs
index 2b62bf18a71..369777a7904 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.rs
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ fn main() {
 
     // Here we have two solutions so we get back the behavior of the old-style
     // trait solver.
-    only_bar(x); //~ ERROR the trait bound `f64: Bar` is not satisfied
+    only_bar(x); //~ ERROR the trait bound `{float}: Bar` is not satisfied
 }
diff --git a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.stderr b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.stderr
index 5cfb968404d..fb8ccbfc660 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_inference.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `f64: Bar` is not satisfied
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `{float}: Bar` is not satisfied
   --> $DIR/type_inference.rs:27:5
    |
 LL | fn only_bar<T: Bar>(_x: T) { }
    |                --- required by this bound in `only_bar`
 ...
 LL |     only_bar(x);
-   |     ^^^^^^^^ the trait `Bar` is not implemented for `f64`
+   |     ^^^^^^^^ the trait `Bar` is not implemented for `{float}`
+   |
+   = help: the following implementations were found:
+             <i32 as Bar>
+             <u32 as Bar>
 
 error: aborting due to previous error
 
diff --git a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.rs b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.rs
index 7c469d99c57..dd83a03fdf6 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.rs
+++ b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
        x: 5,
     };
 
-    let s = S { //~ ERROR the trait bound `f64: Foo` is not satisfied
+    let s = S { //~ ERROR the trait bound `{float}: Foo` is not satisfied
         x: 5.0,
     };
 
diff --git a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.stderr b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.stderr
index ab585a6ed21..3cd60369454 100644
--- a/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.stderr
+++ b/src/test/ui/chalkify/type_wf.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
-error[E0277]: the trait bound `f64: Foo` is not satisfied
+error[E0277]: the trait bound `{float}: Foo` is not satisfied
   --> $DIR/type_wf.rs:18:13
    |
 LL | struct S<T: Foo> {
    | ---------------- required by `S`
 ...
 LL |     let s = S {
-   |             ^ the trait `Foo` is not implemented for `f64`
+   |             ^ the trait `Foo` is not implemented for `{float}`
+   |
+   = help: the following implementations were found:
+             <Option<T> as Foo>
+             <i32 as Foo>
 
 error: aborting due to previous error