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-rw-r--r--RELEASES.md8
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/place.rs45
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_lint/messages.ftl13
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_lint/src/early.rs2
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_lint/src/hidden_unicode_codepoints.rs1
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs45
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_lint/src/types.rs372
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_lint_defs/src/builtin.rs1
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/infer/mod.rs134
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/traits/fulfillment_errors.rs4
-rw-r--r--library/std/src/thread/local.rs2
-rw-r--r--tests/crashes/131451.rs9
-rw-r--r--tests/incremental/circular-dependencies.rs16
-rw-r--r--tests/run-make/crate-loading-crate-depends-on-itself/foo.stderr2
-rw-r--r--tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-1.rs3
-rw-r--r--tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-2.rs4
-rw-r--r--tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-3.rs2
-rw-r--r--tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.rs6
-rw-r--r--tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.stderr80
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/extern/extern-C-non-FFI-safe-arg-ice-52334.stderr2
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/extern/extern-C-str-arg-ice-80125.stderr2
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.rs2
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.stderr7
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-73249-2.stderr1
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-94223.stderr26
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs4
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.stderr11
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.rs6
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.stderr22
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.rs35
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.stderr123
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.rs16
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.stderr14
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2015.stderr40
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2018.stderr40
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.rs16
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs2
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a2.rs2
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs27
-rw-r--r--tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.stderr45
40 files changed, 912 insertions, 280 deletions
diff --git a/RELEASES.md b/RELEASES.md
index 8702bb02118..99733bade32 100644
--- a/RELEASES.md
+++ b/RELEASES.md
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ Compatibility Notes
 * We have renamed `std::panic::PanicInfo` to `std::panic::PanicHookInfo`. The old name will continue to work as an alias, but will result in a deprecation warning starting in Rust 1.82.0.
 
   `core::panic::PanicInfo` will remain unchanged, however, as this is now a *different type*.
- 
+
   The reason is that these types have different roles: `std::panic::PanicHookInfo` is the argument to the [panic hook](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/panic/fn.set_hook.html) in std context (where panics can have an arbitrary payload), while `core::panic::PanicInfo` is the argument to the [`#[panic_handler]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/panic-handler.html) in no_std context (where panics always carry a formatted *message*). Separating these types allows us to add more useful methods to these types, such as `std::panic::PanicHookInfo::payload_as_str()` and `core::panic::PanicInfo::message()`.
 
 * The new sort implementations may panic if a type's implementation of [`Ord`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.Ord.html) (or the given comparison function) does not implement a [total order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order) as the trait requires. `Ord`'s supertraits (`PartialOrd`, `Eq`, and `PartialEq`) must also be consistent. The previous implementations would not "notice" any problem, but the new implementations have a good chance of detecting inconsistencies, throwing a panic rather than returning knowingly unsorted data.
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ Stabilized APIs
 - [`impl Default for Arc<CStr>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/alloc/sync/struct.Arc.html#impl-Default-for-Arc%3CCStr%3E)
 - [`impl Default for Arc<[T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/alloc/sync/struct.Arc.html#impl-Default-for-Arc%3C%5BT%5D%3E)
 - [`impl IntoIterator for Box<[T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/alloc/boxed/struct.Box.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Box%3C%5BI%5D,+A%3E)
-- [`impl FromIterator<String> for Box<str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/alloc/boxed/struct.Box.html#impl-FromIterator%3CString%3E-for-Box%3Cstr%3E) 
+- [`impl FromIterator<String> for Box<str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/alloc/boxed/struct.Box.html#impl-FromIterator%3CString%3E-for-Box%3Cstr%3E)
 - [`impl FromIterator<char> for Box<str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/alloc/boxed/struct.Box.html#impl-FromIterator%3Cchar%3E-for-Box%3Cstr%3E)
 - [`LazyCell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/core/cell/struct.LazyCell.html)
 - [`LazyLock`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/std/sync/struct.LazyLock.html)
@@ -1816,7 +1816,7 @@ Compiler
 - [Detect uninhabited types early in const eval](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/109435/)
 - [Switch to LLD as default linker for {arm,thumb}v4t-none-eabi](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/109721/)
 - [Add tier 3 target `loongarch64-unknown-linux-gnu`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/96971)
-- [Add tier 3 target for `i586-pc-nto-qnx700` (QNX Neutrino RTOS, version 7.0)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/109173/), 
+- [Add tier 3 target for `i586-pc-nto-qnx700` (QNX Neutrino RTOS, version 7.0)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/109173/),
 - [Insert alignment checks for pointer dereferences as debug assertions](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/98112)
   This catches undefined behavior at runtime, and may cause existing code to fail.
 
@@ -2023,7 +2023,7 @@ Compatibility Notes
   If `tools = [...]` is set in config.toml, we will respect a missing rustdoc in that list. By
   default rustdoc remains included. To retain the prior behavior explicitly add `"rustdoc"` to the
   list.
-  
+
 <a id="1.69.0-Internal-Changes"></a>
 
 Internal Changes
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/place.rs b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/place.rs
index 2beec544fad..f54a932e1b6 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/place.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_const_eval/src/interpret/place.rs
@@ -1018,29 +1018,48 @@ where
         self.allocate_dyn(layout, kind, MemPlaceMeta::None)
     }
 
-    /// Returns a wide MPlace of type `str` to a new 1-aligned allocation.
-    /// Immutable strings are deduplicated and stored in global memory.
-    pub fn allocate_str(
+    /// Allocates a sequence of bytes in the interpreter's memory.
+    /// For immutable allocations, uses deduplication to reuse existing memory.
+    /// For mutable allocations, creates a new unique allocation.
+    pub fn allocate_bytes(
         &mut self,
-        str: &str,
+        bytes: &[u8],
+        align: Align,
         kind: MemoryKind<M::MemoryKind>,
         mutbl: Mutability,
-    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, MPlaceTy<'tcx, M::Provenance>> {
-        let tcx = self.tcx.tcx;
-
+    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, Pointer<M::Provenance>> {
         // Use cache for immutable strings.
-        let ptr = if mutbl.is_not() {
+        if mutbl.is_not() {
             // Use dedup'd allocation function.
             let salt = M::get_global_alloc_salt(self, None);
-            let id = tcx.allocate_bytes_dedup(str.as_bytes(), salt);
+            let id = self.tcx.allocate_bytes_dedup(bytes, salt);
 
             // Turn untagged "global" pointers (obtained via `tcx`) into the machine pointer to the allocation.
-            M::adjust_alloc_root_pointer(&self, Pointer::from(id), Some(kind))?
+            M::adjust_alloc_root_pointer(&self, Pointer::from(id), Some(kind))
         } else {
-            self.allocate_bytes_ptr(str.as_bytes(), Align::ONE, kind, mutbl)?
-        };
-        let meta = Scalar::from_target_usize(u64::try_from(str.len()).unwrap(), self);
+            // Allocate new memory for mutable data.
+            self.allocate_bytes_ptr(bytes, align, kind, mutbl)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Allocates a string in the interpreter's memory with metadata for length.
+    /// Uses `allocate_bytes` internally but adds string-specific metadata handling.
+    pub fn allocate_str(
+        &mut self,
+        str: &str,
+        kind: MemoryKind<M::MemoryKind>,
+        mutbl: Mutability,
+    ) -> InterpResult<'tcx, MPlaceTy<'tcx, M::Provenance>> {
+        let bytes = str.as_bytes();
+        let ptr = self.allocate_bytes(bytes, Align::ONE, kind, mutbl)?;
+
+        // Create length metadata for the string.
+        let meta = Scalar::from_target_usize(u64::try_from(bytes.len()).unwrap(), self);
+
+        // Get layout for Rust's str type.
         let layout = self.layout_of(self.tcx.types.str_).unwrap();
+
+        // Combine pointer and metadata into a wide pointer.
         interp_ok(self.ptr_with_meta_to_mplace(
             ptr.into(),
             MemPlaceMeta::Meta(meta),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/messages.ftl b/compiler/rustc_lint/messages.ftl
index 49e6b763590..422629cd11d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/messages.ftl
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/messages.ftl
@@ -359,7 +359,6 @@ lint_improper_ctypes_128bit = 128-bit integers don't currently have a known stab
 lint_improper_ctypes_array_help = consider passing a pointer to the array
 
 lint_improper_ctypes_array_reason = passing raw arrays by value is not FFI-safe
-lint_improper_ctypes_box = box cannot be represented as a single pointer
 
 lint_improper_ctypes_char_help = consider using `u32` or `libc::wchar_t` instead
 
@@ -377,7 +376,9 @@ lint_improper_ctypes_enum_repr_help =
 lint_improper_ctypes_enum_repr_reason = enum has no representation hint
 lint_improper_ctypes_fnptr_help = consider using an `extern fn(...) -> ...` function pointer instead
 
+lint_improper_ctypes_fnptr_indirect_reason = the function pointer to `{$ty}` is FFI-unsafe due to `{$inner_ty}`
 lint_improper_ctypes_fnptr_reason = this function pointer has Rust-specific calling convention
+
 lint_improper_ctypes_non_exhaustive = this enum is non-exhaustive
 lint_improper_ctypes_non_exhaustive_variant = this enum has non-exhaustive variants
 
@@ -388,7 +389,11 @@ lint_improper_ctypes_opaque = opaque types have no C equivalent
 lint_improper_ctypes_pat_help = consider using the base type instead
 
 lint_improper_ctypes_pat_reason = pattern types have no C equivalent
-lint_improper_ctypes_slice_help = consider using a raw pointer instead
+
+lint_improper_ctypes_sized_ptr_to_unsafe_type =
+    this reference (`{$ty}`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `{$inner_ty}` itself does not have a C layout
+
+lint_improper_ctypes_slice_help = consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
 
 lint_improper_ctypes_slice_reason = slices have no C equivalent
 lint_improper_ctypes_str_help = consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
@@ -414,6 +419,10 @@ lint_improper_ctypes_union_layout_help = consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[re
 lint_improper_ctypes_union_layout_reason = this union has unspecified layout
 lint_improper_ctypes_union_non_exhaustive = this union is non-exhaustive
 
+lint_improper_ctypes_unsized_box = this box for an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
+lint_improper_ctypes_unsized_ptr = this pointer to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
+lint_improper_ctypes_unsized_ref = this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
+
 lint_incomplete_include =
     include macro expected single expression in source
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/early.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/early.rs
index 4f3184f1d7c..a68a2a7f983 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/early.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/early.rs
@@ -245,6 +245,7 @@ impl<'a, T: EarlyLintPass> ast_visit::Visitor<'a> for EarlyContextAndPass<'a, T>
 
     fn visit_lifetime(&mut self, lt: &'a ast::Lifetime, _: ast_visit::LifetimeCtxt) {
         self.check_id(lt.id);
+        ast_visit::walk_lifetime(self, lt);
     }
 
     fn visit_path(&mut self, p: &'a ast::Path, id: ast::NodeId) {
@@ -259,6 +260,7 @@ impl<'a, T: EarlyLintPass> ast_visit::Visitor<'a> for EarlyContextAndPass<'a, T>
 
     fn visit_attribute(&mut self, attr: &'a ast::Attribute) {
         lint_callback!(self, check_attribute, attr);
+        ast_visit::walk_attribute(self, attr);
     }
 
     fn visit_mac_def(&mut self, mac: &'a ast::MacroDef, id: ast::NodeId) {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/hidden_unicode_codepoints.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/hidden_unicode_codepoints.rs
index 025fd452040..28368e1ab46 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/hidden_unicode_codepoints.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/hidden_unicode_codepoints.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::lints::{
 use crate::{EarlyContext, EarlyLintPass, LintContext};
 
 declare_lint! {
+    #[allow(text_direction_codepoint_in_literal)]
     /// The `text_direction_codepoint_in_literal` lint detects Unicode codepoints that change the
     /// visual representation of text on screen in a way that does not correspond to their on
     /// memory representation.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs
index 20822f23bf1..9fa263799eb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/lints.rs
@@ -1851,13 +1851,44 @@ pub(crate) struct UnpredictableFunctionPointerComparisonsSuggestion<'a> {
     pub right: Span,
 }
 
+pub(crate) struct ImproperCTypesLayer<'a> {
+    pub ty: Ty<'a>,
+    pub inner_ty: Option<Ty<'a>>,
+    pub note: DiagMessage,
+    pub span_note: Option<Span>,
+    pub help: Option<DiagMessage>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Subdiagnostic for ImproperCTypesLayer<'a> {
+    fn add_to_diag_with<G: EmissionGuarantee, F: SubdiagMessageOp<G>>(
+        self,
+        diag: &mut Diag<'_, G>,
+        f: &F,
+    ) {
+        diag.arg("ty", self.ty);
+        if let Some(ty) = self.inner_ty {
+            diag.arg("inner_ty", ty);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(help) = self.help {
+            let msg = f(diag, help.into());
+            diag.help(msg);
+        }
+
+        let msg = f(diag, self.note.into());
+        diag.note(msg);
+        if let Some(note) = self.span_note {
+            let msg = f(diag, fluent::lint_note.into());
+            diag.span_note(note, msg);
+        };
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) struct ImproperCTypes<'a> {
     pub ty: Ty<'a>,
     pub desc: &'a str,
     pub label: Span,
-    pub help: Option<DiagMessage>,
-    pub note: DiagMessage,
-    pub span_note: Option<Span>,
+    pub reasons: Vec<ImproperCTypesLayer<'a>>,
 }
 
 // Used because of the complexity of Option<DiagMessage>, DiagMessage, and Option<Span>
@@ -1867,12 +1898,8 @@ impl<'a> LintDiagnostic<'a, ()> for ImproperCTypes<'_> {
         diag.arg("ty", self.ty);
         diag.arg("desc", self.desc);
         diag.span_label(self.label, fluent::lint_label);
-        if let Some(help) = self.help {
-            diag.help(help);
-        }
-        diag.note(self.note);
-        if let Some(note) = self.span_note {
-            diag.span_note(note, fluent::lint_note);
+        for reason in self.reasons.into_iter() {
+            diag.subdiagnostic(reason);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/types.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/types.rs
index 33650be056d..90d44371ab5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint/src/types.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint/src/types.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ mod improper_ctypes;
 use crate::lints::{
     AmbiguousWidePointerComparisons, AmbiguousWidePointerComparisonsAddrMetadataSuggestion,
     AmbiguousWidePointerComparisonsAddrSuggestion, AtomicOrderingFence, AtomicOrderingLoad,
-    AtomicOrderingStore, ImproperCTypes, InvalidAtomicOrderingDiag, InvalidNanComparisons,
-    InvalidNanComparisonsSuggestion, UnpredictableFunctionPointerComparisons,
-    UnpredictableFunctionPointerComparisonsSuggestion, UnusedComparisons,
-    VariantSizeDifferencesDiag,
+    AtomicOrderingStore, ImproperCTypes, ImproperCTypesLayer, InvalidAtomicOrderingDiag,
+    InvalidNanComparisons, InvalidNanComparisonsSuggestion,
+    UnpredictableFunctionPointerComparisons, UnpredictableFunctionPointerComparisonsSuggestion,
+    UnusedComparisons, VariantSizeDifferencesDiag,
 };
 use crate::{LateContext, LateLintPass, LintContext, fluent_generated as fluent};
 
@@ -727,7 +727,109 @@ struct CTypesVisitorState<'tcx> {
 enum FfiResult<'tcx> {
     FfiSafe,
     FfiPhantom(Ty<'tcx>),
-    FfiUnsafe { ty: Ty<'tcx>, reason: DiagMessage, help: Option<DiagMessage> },
+    FfiUnsafe {
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        reason: DiagMessage,
+        help: Option<DiagMessage>,
+    },
+    FfiUnsafeWrapper {
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        reason: DiagMessage,
+        help: Option<DiagMessage>,
+        wrapped: Box<FfiResult<'tcx>>,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Determine if a type is sized or not, and wether it affects references/pointers/boxes to it
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum TypeSizedness {
+    /// type of definite size (pointers are C-compatible)
+    Definite,
+    /// unsized type because it includes an opaque/foreign type (pointers are C-compatible)
+    UnsizedWithExternType,
+    /// unsized type for other reasons (slice, string, dyn Trait, closure, ...) (pointers are not C-compatible)
+    UnsizedWithMetadata,
+}
+
+/// Is this type unsized because it contains (or is) a foreign type?
+/// (Returns Err if the type happens to be sized after all)
+fn get_type_sizedness<'tcx, 'a>(cx: &'a LateContext<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> TypeSizedness {
+    let tcx = cx.tcx;
+
+    if ty.is_sized(tcx, cx.typing_env()) {
+        TypeSizedness::Definite
+    } else {
+        match ty.kind() {
+            ty::Slice(_) => TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithMetadata,
+            ty::Str => TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithMetadata,
+            ty::Dynamic(..) => TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithMetadata,
+            ty::Foreign(..) => TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithExternType,
+            // While opaque types are checked for earlier, if a projection in a struct field
+            // normalizes to an opaque type, then it will reach this branch.
+            ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ..) => todo!("We... don't know enough about this type yet?"),
+            ty::Adt(def, args) => {
+                // for now assume: boxes and phantoms don't mess with this
+                match def.adt_kind() {
+                    AdtKind::Union | AdtKind::Enum => {
+                        bug!("unions and enums are necessarily sized")
+                    }
+                    AdtKind::Struct => {
+                        if let Some(sym::cstring_type | sym::cstr_type) =
+                            tcx.get_diagnostic_name(def.did())
+                        {
+                            return TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithMetadata;
+                        }
+                        // FIXME: how do we deal with non-exhaustive unsized structs/unions?
+
+                        if def.non_enum_variant().fields.is_empty() {
+                            bug!("an empty struct is necessarily sized");
+                        }
+
+                        let variant = def.non_enum_variant();
+
+                        // only the last field may be unsized
+                        let n_fields = variant.fields.len();
+                        let last_field = &variant.fields[(n_fields - 1).into()];
+                        let field_ty = last_field.ty(cx.tcx, args);
+                        let field_ty = cx
+                            .tcx
+                            .try_normalize_erasing_regions(cx.typing_env(), field_ty)
+                            .unwrap_or(field_ty);
+                        match get_type_sizedness(cx, field_ty) {
+                            s @ (TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithMetadata
+                            | TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithExternType) => s,
+                            TypeSizedness::Definite => {
+                                bug!("failed to find the reason why struct `{:?}` is unsized", ty)
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ty::Tuple(tuple) => {
+                // only the last field may be unsized
+                let n_fields = tuple.len();
+                let field_ty: Ty<'tcx> = tuple[n_fields - 1];
+                //let field_ty = last_field.ty(cx.tcx, args);
+                let field_ty = cx
+                    .tcx
+                    .try_normalize_erasing_regions(cx.typing_env(), field_ty)
+                    .unwrap_or(field_ty);
+                match get_type_sizedness(cx, field_ty) {
+                    s @ (TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithMetadata
+                    | TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithExternType) => s,
+                    TypeSizedness::Definite => {
+                        bug!("failed to find the reason why tuple `{:?}` is unsized", ty)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ty => {
+                bug!(
+                    "we shouldn't be trying to determine if this is unsized for a reason or another: `{:?}`",
+                    ty
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn nonnull_optimization_guaranteed<'tcx>(
@@ -764,7 +866,7 @@ fn ty_is_known_nonnull<'tcx>(
     match ty.kind() {
         ty::FnPtr(..) => true,
         ty::Ref(..) => true,
-        ty::Adt(def, _) if def.is_box() && matches!(mode, CItemKind::Definition) => true,
+        ty::Adt(def, _) if def.is_box() => true,
         ty::Adt(def, args) if def.repr().transparent() && !def.is_union() => {
             let marked_non_null = nonnull_optimization_guaranteed(tcx, *def);
 
@@ -933,12 +1035,13 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
     /// Check if the type is array and emit an unsafe type lint.
     fn check_for_array_ty(&mut self, sp: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
         if let ty::Array(..) = ty.kind() {
-            self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(
+            self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(ty.clone(), sp, vec![ImproperCTypesLayer {
                 ty,
-                sp,
-                fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_array_reason,
-                Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_array_help),
-            );
+                note: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_array_reason,
+                help: Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_array_help),
+                inner_ty: None,
+                span_note: None,
+            }]);
             true
         } else {
             false
@@ -995,9 +1098,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
             all_phantom &= match self.check_field_type_for_ffi(acc, field, args) {
                 FfiSafe => false,
                 // `()` fields are FFI-safe!
-                FfiUnsafe { ty, .. } if ty.is_unit() => false,
+                FfiUnsafe { ty, .. } | FfiUnsafeWrapper { ty, .. } if ty.is_unit() => false,
                 FfiPhantom(..) => true,
-                r @ FfiUnsafe { .. } => return r,
+                r @ (FfiUnsafe { .. } | FfiUnsafeWrapper { .. }) => return r,
             }
         }
 
@@ -1031,16 +1134,47 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
 
         match *ty.kind() {
             ty::Adt(def, args) => {
-                if let Some(boxed) = ty.boxed_ty()
-                    && matches!(self.mode, CItemKind::Definition)
-                {
-                    if boxed.is_sized(tcx, self.cx.typing_env()) {
-                        return FfiSafe;
+                if let Some(inner_ty) = ty.boxed_ty() {
+                    if let TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithExternType | TypeSizedness::Definite =
+                        get_type_sizedness(self.cx, inner_ty)
+                    {
+                        // discussion on declaration vs definition:
+                        // see the `ty::RawPtr(inner_ty, _) | ty::Ref(_, inner_ty, _)` arm
+                        // of this `match *ty.kind()` block
+                        if matches!(self.mode, CItemKind::Definition) {
+                            return FfiSafe;
+                        } else {
+                            let inner_res = self.check_type_for_ffi(acc, inner_ty);
+                            return match inner_res {
+                                FfiUnsafe { .. } | FfiUnsafeWrapper { .. } => FfiUnsafeWrapper {
+                                    ty,
+                                    reason: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_sized_ptr_to_unsafe_type,
+                                    wrapped: Box::new(inner_res),
+                                    help: None,
+                                },
+                                _ => inner_res,
+                            };
+                        }
                     } else {
+                        let help = match inner_ty.kind() {
+                            ty::Str => Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_str_help),
+                            ty::Slice(_) => Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_slice_help),
+                            ty::Adt(def, _)
+                                if matches!(def.adt_kind(), AdtKind::Struct | AdtKind::Union)
+                                    && matches!(
+                                        tcx.get_diagnostic_name(def.did()),
+                                        Some(sym::cstring_type | sym::cstr_type)
+                                    )
+                                    && !acc.base_ty.is_mutable_ptr() =>
+                            {
+                                Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_cstr_help)
+                            }
+                            _ => None,
+                        };
                         return FfiUnsafe {
                             ty,
-                            reason: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_box,
-                            help: None,
+                            reason: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_unsized_box,
+                            help,
                         };
                     }
                 }
@@ -1196,15 +1330,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                 help: Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_tuple_help),
             },
 
-            ty::RawPtr(ty, _) | ty::Ref(_, ty, _)
-                if {
-                    matches!(self.mode, CItemKind::Definition)
-                        && ty.is_sized(self.cx.tcx, self.cx.typing_env())
-                } =>
-            {
-                FfiSafe
-            }
-
             ty::RawPtr(ty, _)
                 if match ty.kind() {
                     ty::Tuple(tuple) => tuple.is_empty(),
@@ -1214,7 +1339,70 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                 FfiSafe
             }
 
-            ty::RawPtr(ty, _) | ty::Ref(_, ty, _) => self.check_type_for_ffi(acc, ty),
+            ty::RawPtr(inner_ty, _) | ty::Ref(_, inner_ty, _) => {
+                if let TypeSizedness::UnsizedWithExternType | TypeSizedness::Definite =
+                    get_type_sizedness(self.cx, inner_ty)
+                {
+                    // there's a nuance on what this lint should do for
+                    // function definitions (`extern "C" fn fn_name(...) {...}`)
+                    // versus declarations (`unsafe extern "C" {fn fn_name(...);}`).
+                    // This is touched upon in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/66220
+                    // and https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/72700
+                    //
+                    // The big question is: what does "ABI safety" mean? if you have something translated to a C pointer
+                    // (which has a stable layout) but points to FFI-unsafe type, is it safe?
+                    // On one hand, the function's ABI will match that of a similar C-declared function API,
+                    // on the other, dereferencing the pointer on the other side of the FFI boundary will be painful.
+                    // In this code, the opinion on is split between function declarations and function definitions,
+                    // with the idea that at least one side of the FFI boundary needs to treat the pointee as an opaque type.
+                    // For declarations, we see this as unsafe, but for definitions, we see this as safe.
+                    //
+                    // For extern function declarations, the actual definition of the function is written somewhere else,
+                    // meaning the declaration is free to express this opaqueness with an extern type (opaque caller-side) or a std::ffi::c_void (opaque callee-side)
+                    // For extern function definitions, however, in the case where the type is opaque caller-side, it is not opaque callee-side,
+                    // and having the full type information is necessary to compile the function.
+                    if matches!(self.mode, CItemKind::Definition) {
+                        return FfiSafe;
+                    } else if matches!(ty.kind(), ty::RawPtr(..))
+                        && matches!(inner_ty.kind(), ty::Tuple(tuple) if tuple.is_empty())
+                    {
+                        FfiSafe
+                    } else {
+                        let inner_res = self.check_type_for_ffi(acc, inner_ty);
+                        return match inner_res {
+                            FfiSafe => inner_res,
+                            _ => FfiUnsafeWrapper {
+                                ty,
+                                reason: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_sized_ptr_to_unsafe_type,
+                                wrapped: Box::new(inner_res),
+                                help: None,
+                            },
+                        };
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let help = match inner_ty.kind() {
+                        ty::Str => Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_str_help),
+                        ty::Slice(_) => Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_slice_help),
+                        ty::Adt(def, _)
+                            if matches!(def.adt_kind(), AdtKind::Struct | AdtKind::Union)
+                                && matches!(
+                                    tcx.get_diagnostic_name(def.did()),
+                                    Some(sym::cstring_type | sym::cstr_type)
+                                )
+                                && !acc.base_ty.is_mutable_ptr() =>
+                        {
+                            Some(fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_cstr_help)
+                        }
+                        _ => None,
+                    };
+                    let reason = match ty.kind() {
+                        ty::RawPtr(..) => fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_unsized_ptr,
+                        ty::Ref(..) => fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_unsized_ref,
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    };
+                    FfiUnsafe { ty, reason, help }
+                }
+            }
 
             ty::Array(inner_ty, _) => self.check_type_for_ffi(acc, inner_ty),
 
@@ -1232,7 +1420,14 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                 for arg in sig.inputs() {
                     match self.check_type_for_ffi(acc, *arg) {
                         FfiSafe => {}
-                        r => return r,
+                        r => {
+                            return FfiUnsafeWrapper {
+                                ty,
+                                reason: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_fnptr_indirect_reason,
+                                help: None,
+                                wrapped: Box::new(r),
+                            };
+                        }
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -1241,7 +1436,15 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                     return FfiSafe;
                 }
 
-                self.check_type_for_ffi(acc, ret_ty)
+                match self.check_type_for_ffi(acc, ret_ty) {
+                    r @ (FfiSafe | FfiPhantom(_)) => r,
+                    r => FfiUnsafeWrapper {
+                        ty: ty.clone(),
+                        reason: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_fnptr_indirect_reason,
+                        help: None,
+                        wrapped: Box::new(r),
+                    },
+                }
             }
 
             ty::Foreign(..) => FfiSafe,
@@ -1278,8 +1481,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
         &mut self,
         ty: Ty<'tcx>,
         sp: Span,
-        note: DiagMessage,
-        help: Option<DiagMessage>,
+        mut reasons: Vec<ImproperCTypesLayer<'tcx>>,
     ) {
         let lint = match self.mode {
             CItemKind::Declaration => IMPROPER_CTYPES,
@@ -1289,21 +1491,17 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
             CItemKind::Declaration => "block",
             CItemKind::Definition => "fn",
         };
-        let span_note = if let ty::Adt(def, _) = ty.kind()
-            && let Some(sp) = self.cx.tcx.hir().span_if_local(def.did())
-        {
-            Some(sp)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-        self.cx.emit_span_lint(lint, sp, ImproperCTypes {
-            ty,
-            desc,
-            label: sp,
-            help,
-            note,
-            span_note,
-        });
+        for reason in reasons.iter_mut() {
+            reason.span_note = if let ty::Adt(def, _) = reason.ty.kind()
+                && let Some(sp) = self.cx.tcx.hir().span_if_local(def.did())
+            {
+                Some(sp)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+        }
+
+        self.cx.emit_span_lint(lint, sp, ImproperCTypes { ty, desc, label: sp, reasons });
     }
 
     fn check_for_opaque_ty(&mut self, sp: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
@@ -1332,7 +1530,13 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
             .visit_with(&mut ProhibitOpaqueTypes)
             .break_value()
         {
-            self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(ty, sp, fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_opaque, None);
+            self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(ty.clone(), sp, vec![ImproperCTypesLayer {
+                ty,
+                note: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_opaque,
+                span_note: Some(sp),
+                help: None,
+                inner_ty: None,
+            }]);
             true
         } else {
             false
@@ -1371,15 +1575,71 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> ImproperCTypesVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
         match self.check_type_for_ffi(&mut acc, ty) {
             FfiResult::FfiSafe => {}
             FfiResult::FfiPhantom(ty) => {
-                self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(
+                self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(ty.clone(), sp, vec![ImproperCTypesLayer {
                     ty,
-                    sp,
-                    fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_only_phantomdata,
-                    None,
-                );
+                    note: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_only_phantomdata,
+                    span_note: None, // filled later
+                    help: None,
+                    inner_ty: None,
+                }]);
             }
             FfiResult::FfiUnsafe { ty, reason, help } => {
-                self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(ty, sp, reason, help);
+                self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(ty.clone(), sp, vec![ImproperCTypesLayer {
+                    ty,
+                    help,
+                    note: reason,
+                    span_note: None, // filled later
+                    inner_ty: None,
+                }]);
+            }
+            ffir @ FfiResult::FfiUnsafeWrapper { .. } => {
+                let mut ffiresult_recursor = ControlFlow::Continue(&ffir);
+                let mut cimproper_layers: Vec<ImproperCTypesLayer<'tcx>> = vec![];
+
+                // this whole while block converts the arbitrarily-deep
+                // FfiResult stack to an ImproperCTypesLayer Vec
+                while let ControlFlow::Continue(ref ffir_rec) = ffiresult_recursor {
+                    match ffir_rec {
+                        FfiResult::FfiPhantom(ty) => {
+                            if let Some(layer) = cimproper_layers.last_mut() {
+                                layer.inner_ty = Some(ty.clone());
+                            }
+                            cimproper_layers.push(ImproperCTypesLayer {
+                                ty: ty.clone(),
+                                inner_ty: None,
+                                help: None,
+                                note: fluent::lint_improper_ctypes_only_phantomdata,
+                                span_note: None, // filled later
+                            });
+                            ffiresult_recursor = ControlFlow::Break(());
+                        }
+                        FfiResult::FfiUnsafe { ty, reason, help }
+                        | FfiResult::FfiUnsafeWrapper { ty, reason, help, .. } => {
+                            if let Some(layer) = cimproper_layers.last_mut() {
+                                layer.inner_ty = Some(ty.clone());
+                            }
+                            cimproper_layers.push(ImproperCTypesLayer {
+                                ty: ty.clone(),
+                                inner_ty: None,
+                                help: help.clone(),
+                                note: reason.clone(),
+                                span_note: None, // filled later
+                            });
+
+                            if let FfiResult::FfiUnsafeWrapper { wrapped, .. } = ffir_rec {
+                                ffiresult_recursor = ControlFlow::Continue(wrapped.as_ref());
+                            } else {
+                                ffiresult_recursor = ControlFlow::Break(());
+                            }
+                        }
+                        FfiResult::FfiSafe => {
+                            bug!("malformed FfiResult stack: it should be unsafe all the way down")
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                // should always have at least one type
+                let last_ty = cimproper_layers.last().unwrap().ty.clone();
+                self.emit_ffi_unsafe_type_lint(last_ty, sp, cimproper_layers);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_lint_defs/src/builtin.rs b/compiler/rustc_lint_defs/src/builtin.rs
index d2b7ae620e2..54e927df3c4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_lint_defs/src/builtin.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_lint_defs/src/builtin.rs
@@ -3929,6 +3929,7 @@ declare_lint! {
 }
 
 declare_lint! {
+    #[allow(text_direction_codepoint_in_literal)]
     /// The `text_direction_codepoint_in_comment` lint detects Unicode codepoints in comments that
     /// change the visual representation of text on screen in a way that does not correspond to
     /// their on memory representation.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/infer/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/infer/mod.rs
index 8ba7969207e..f856a8d7abb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/infer/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/infer/mod.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ use std::{cmp, fmt, iter};
 
 use rustc_abi::ExternAbi;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxIndexMap, FxIndexSet};
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, Diag, DiagStyledString, IntoDiagArg, StringPart, pluralize};
+use rustc_errors::{
+    Applicability, Diag, DiagStyledString, IntoDiagArg, MultiSpan, StringPart, pluralize,
+};
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_hir::intravisit::Visitor;
@@ -67,6 +69,7 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::{
     self, List, Region, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitable,
     TypeVisitableExt,
 };
+use rustc_span::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
 use rustc_span::{BytePos, DesugaringKind, Pos, Span, sym};
 use tracing::{debug, instrument};
 
@@ -211,7 +214,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     /// Adds a note if the types come from similarly named crates
-    fn check_and_note_conflicting_crates(&self, err: &mut Diag<'_>, terr: TypeError<'tcx>) {
+    fn check_and_note_conflicting_crates(&self, err: &mut Diag<'_>, terr: TypeError<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        // FIXME(estebank): unify with `report_similar_impl_candidates`. The message is similar,
+        // even if the logic needed to detect the case is very different.
         use hir::def_id::CrateNum;
         use rustc_hir::definitions::DisambiguatedDefPathData;
         use ty::GenericArg;
@@ -285,7 +290,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             }
         }
 
-        let report_path_match = |err: &mut Diag<'_>, did1: DefId, did2: DefId| {
+        let report_path_match = |err: &mut Diag<'_>, did1: DefId, did2: DefId, ty: &str| -> bool {
             // Only report definitions from different crates. If both definitions
             // are from a local module we could have false positives, e.g.
             // let _ = [{struct Foo; Foo}, {struct Foo; Foo}];
@@ -297,24 +302,112 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
 
                 // We compare strings because DefPath can be different
                 // for imported and non-imported crates
+                let expected_str = self.tcx.def_path_str(did1);
+                let found_str = self.tcx.def_path_str(did2);
+                let Ok(expected_abs) = abs_path(did1) else { return false };
+                let Ok(found_abs) = abs_path(did2) else { return false };
                 let same_path = || -> Result<_, PrintError> {
-                    Ok(self.tcx.def_path_str(did1) == self.tcx.def_path_str(did2)
-                        || abs_path(did1)? == abs_path(did2)?)
+                    Ok(expected_str == found_str || expected_abs == found_abs)
+                };
+                // We want to use as unique a type path as possible. If both types are "locally
+                // known" by the same name, we use the "absolute path" which uses the original
+                // crate name instead.
+                let (expected, found) = if expected_str == found_str {
+                    (expected_abs.join("::"), found_abs.join("::"))
+                } else {
+                    (expected_str.clone(), found_str.clone())
                 };
                 if same_path().unwrap_or(false) {
-                    let crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(did1.krate);
-                    let msg = if did1.is_local() || did2.is_local() {
+                    // We've displayed "expected `a::b`, found `a::b`". We add context to
+                    // differentiate the different cases where that might happen.
+                    let expected_crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(did1.krate);
+                    let found_crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(did2.krate);
+                    let same_crate = expected_crate_name == found_crate_name;
+                    let expected_sp = self.tcx.def_span(did1);
+                    let found_sp = self.tcx.def_span(did2);
+
+                    let both_direct_dependencies = if !did1.is_local()
+                        && !did2.is_local()
+                        && let Some(data1) = self.tcx.extern_crate(did1.krate)
+                        && let Some(data2) = self.tcx.extern_crate(did2.krate)
+                        && data1.dependency_of == LOCAL_CRATE
+                        && data2.dependency_of == LOCAL_CRATE
+                    {
+                        // If both crates are directly depended on, we don't want to mention that
+                        // in the final message, as it is redundant wording.
+                        // We skip the case of semver trick, where one version of the local crate
+                        // depends on another version of itself by checking that both crates at play
+                        // are not the current one.
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        false
+                    };
+
+                    let mut span: MultiSpan = vec![expected_sp, found_sp].into();
+                    span.push_span_label(
+                        self.tcx.def_span(did1),
+                        format!("this is the expected {ty} `{expected}`"),
+                    );
+                    span.push_span_label(
+                        self.tcx.def_span(did2),
+                        format!("this is the found {ty} `{found}`"),
+                    );
+                    for def_id in [did1, did2] {
+                        let crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(def_id.krate);
+                        if !def_id.is_local()
+                            && let Some(data) = self.tcx.extern_crate(def_id.krate)
+                        {
+                            let descr = if same_crate {
+                                "one version of".to_string()
+                            } else {
+                                format!("one {ty} comes from")
+                            };
+                            let dependency = if both_direct_dependencies {
+                                if let rustc_session::cstore::ExternCrateSource::Extern(def_id) =
+                                    data.src
+                                    && let Some(name) = self.tcx.opt_item_name(def_id)
+                                {
+                                    format!(", which is renamed locally to `{name}`")
+                                } else {
+                                    String::new()
+                                }
+                            } else if data.dependency_of == LOCAL_CRATE {
+                                ", as a direct dependency of the current crate".to_string()
+                            } else {
+                                let dep = self.tcx.crate_name(data.dependency_of);
+                                format!(", as a dependency of crate `{dep}`")
+                            };
+                            span.push_span_label(
+                                data.span,
+                                format!("{descr} crate `{crate_name}` used here{dependency}"),
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    let msg = if (did1.is_local() || did2.is_local()) && same_crate {
+                        format!(
+                            "the crate `{expected_crate_name}` is compiled multiple times, \
+                             possibly with different configurations",
+                        )
+                    } else if same_crate {
                         format!(
-                            "the crate `{crate_name}` is compiled multiple times, possibly with different configurations"
+                            "two different versions of crate `{expected_crate_name}` are being \
+                             used; two types coming from two different versions of the same crate \
+                             are different types even if they look the same",
                         )
                     } else {
                         format!(
-                            "perhaps two different versions of crate `{crate_name}` are being used?"
+                            "two types coming from two different crates are different types even \
+                             if they look the same",
                         )
                     };
-                    err.note(msg);
+                    err.span_note(span, msg);
+                    if same_crate {
+                        err.help("you can use `cargo tree` to explore your dependency tree");
+                    }
+                    return true;
                 }
             }
+            false
         };
         match terr {
             TypeError::Sorts(ref exp_found) => {
@@ -323,14 +416,15 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                 if let (&ty::Adt(exp_adt, _), &ty::Adt(found_adt, _)) =
                     (exp_found.expected.kind(), exp_found.found.kind())
                 {
-                    report_path_match(err, exp_adt.did(), found_adt.did());
+                    return report_path_match(err, exp_adt.did(), found_adt.did(), "type");
                 }
             }
             TypeError::Traits(ref exp_found) => {
-                report_path_match(err, exp_found.expected, exp_found.found);
+                return report_path_match(err, exp_found.expected, exp_found.found, "trait");
             }
             _ => (), // FIXME(#22750) handle traits and stuff
         }
+        false
     }
 
     fn note_error_origin(
@@ -1409,6 +1503,10 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             label_or_note(span, terr.to_string(self.tcx));
         }
 
+        if self.check_and_note_conflicting_crates(diag, terr) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         if let Some((expected, found, path)) = expected_found {
             let (expected_label, found_label, exp_found) = match exp_found {
                 Mismatch::Variable(ef) => (
@@ -1470,15 +1568,17 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                         |prim: Ty<'tcx>, shadow: Ty<'tcx>, defid: DefId, diag: &mut Diag<'_>| {
                             let name = shadow.sort_string(self.tcx);
                             diag.note(format!(
-                                "{prim} and {name} have similar names, but are actually distinct types"
+                                "`{prim}` and {name} have similar names, but are actually distinct types"
+                            ));
+                            diag.note(format!(
+                                "one `{prim}` is a primitive defined by the language",
                             ));
-                            diag.note(format!("{prim} is a primitive defined by the language"));
                             let def_span = self.tcx.def_span(defid);
                             let msg = if defid.is_local() {
-                                format!("{name} is defined in the current crate")
+                                format!("the other {name} is defined in the current crate")
                             } else {
                                 let crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(defid.krate);
-                                format!("{name} is defined in crate `{crate_name}`")
+                                format!("the other {name} is defined in crate `{crate_name}`")
                             };
                             diag.span_note(def_span, msg);
                         };
@@ -1666,8 +1766,6 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             }
         }
 
-        self.check_and_note_conflicting_crates(diag, terr);
-
         self.note_and_explain_type_err(diag, terr, cause, span, cause.body_id.to_def_id());
         if let Some(exp_found) = exp_found
             && let exp_found = TypeError::Sorts(exp_found)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/traits/fulfillment_errors.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/traits/fulfillment_errors.rs
index 90b18253629..4fb02f60943 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/traits/fulfillment_errors.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/error_reporting/traits/fulfillment_errors.rs
@@ -1745,9 +1745,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
                     };
                     (
                         data.span,
-                        format!(
-                            "one version of crate `{crate_name}` is used here, as a {dependency}"
-                        ),
+                        format!("one version of crate `{crate_name}` used here, as a {dependency}"),
                     )
                 })
             {
diff --git a/library/std/src/thread/local.rs b/library/std/src/thread/local.rs
index 56cf438bd9b..2313f4b5beb 100644
--- a/library/std/src/thread/local.rs
+++ b/library/std/src/thread/local.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use crate::error::Error;
 use crate::fmt;
 
-/// A thread local storage key which owns its contents.
+/// A thread local storage (TLS) key which owns its contents.
 ///
 /// This key uses the fastest possible implementation available to it for the
 /// target platform. It is instantiated with the [`thread_local!`] macro and the
diff --git a/tests/crashes/131451.rs b/tests/crashes/131451.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cd5b44bad8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/crashes/131451.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//@ known-bug: #131451
+//@ needs-rustc-debug-assertions
+//@ compile-flags: -Zmir-enable-passes=+GVN -Zmir-enable-passes=+JumpThreading --crate-type=lib
+
+pub fn fun(terminate: bool) {
+    while true {}
+
+    while !terminate {}
+}
diff --git a/tests/incremental/circular-dependencies.rs b/tests/incremental/circular-dependencies.rs
index 320edad3fde..c7b5b931fbb 100644
--- a/tests/incremental/circular-dependencies.rs
+++ b/tests/incremental/circular-dependencies.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@
 //@ [cfail2] compile-flags: --test --extern aux={{build-base}}/circular-dependencies/auxiliary/libcircular_dependencies_aux.rmeta -L dependency={{build-base}}/circular-dependencies
 
 pub struct Foo;
-//[cfail2]~^ NOTE `Foo` is defined in the current crate
-//[cfail2]~| NOTE `Foo` is defined in the current crate
-//[cfail2]~| NOTE `circular_dependencies::Foo` is defined in crate `circular_dependencies`
-//[cfail2]~| NOTE `circular_dependencies::Foo` is defined in crate `circular_dependencies`
+//[cfail2]~^ NOTE the crate `circular_dependencies` is compiled multiple times, possibly with different configurations
+//[cfail2]~| NOTE the crate `circular_dependencies` is compiled multiple times, possibly with different configurations
+//[cfail2]~| NOTE this is the expected type `Foo`
+//[cfail2]~| NOTE this is the expected type `circular_dependencies::Foo`
+//[cfail2]~| NOTE this is the found type `Foo`
+//[cfail2]~| NOTE this is the found type `circular_dependencies::Foo`
 
 pub fn consume_foo(_: Foo) {}
 //[cfail2]~^ NOTE function defined here
@@ -24,14 +26,12 @@ fn test() {
     //[cfail2]~^ ERROR mismatched types [E0308]
     //[cfail2]~| NOTE expected `circular_dependencies::Foo`, found `Foo`
     //[cfail2]~| NOTE arguments to this function are incorrect
-    //[cfail2]~| NOTE `Foo` and `circular_dependencies::Foo` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
-    //[cfail2]~| NOTE the crate `circular_dependencies` is compiled multiple times, possibly with different configurations
     //[cfail2]~| NOTE function defined here
+    //[cfail2]~| NOTE one version of crate `circular_dependencies` used here, as a dependency of crate `circular_dependencies_aux`
+    //[cfail2]~| NOTE one version of crate `circular_dependencies` used here, as a dependency of crate `circular_dependencies_aux`
 
     consume_foo(aux::produce_foo());
     //[cfail2]~^ ERROR mismatched types [E0308]
     //[cfail2]~| NOTE expected `Foo`, found `circular_dependencies::Foo`
     //[cfail2]~| NOTE arguments to this function are incorrect
-    //[cfail2]~| NOTE `circular_dependencies::Foo` and `Foo` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
-    //[cfail2]~| NOTE the crate `circular_dependencies` is compiled multiple times, possibly with different configurations
 }
diff --git a/tests/run-make/crate-loading-crate-depends-on-itself/foo.stderr b/tests/run-make/crate-loading-crate-depends-on-itself/foo.stderr
index 36379429530..7f131153540 100644
--- a/tests/run-make/crate-loading-crate-depends-on-itself/foo.stderr
+++ b/tests/run-make/crate-loading-crate-depends-on-itself/foo.stderr
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ note: there are multiple different versions of crate `foo` in the dependency gra
   --> foo-current.rs:7:1
    |
 4  | extern crate foo;
-   | ----------------- one version of crate `foo` is used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
+   | ----------------- one version of crate `foo` used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
 5  |
 6  | pub struct Struct;
    | ----------------- this type implements the required trait
diff --git a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-1.rs b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-1.rs
index d81462504dd..bfeabccf5c1 100644
--- a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-1.rs
+++ b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-1.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ pub trait Trait {
     fn foo(&self);
     fn bar();
 }
+pub trait Trait2 {}
 impl Trait for Type {
     fn foo(&self) {}
     fn bar() {}
 }
 pub fn do_something<X: Trait>(_: X) {}
+pub fn do_something_type(_: Type) {}
+pub fn do_something_trait(_: Box<dyn Trait2>) {}
diff --git a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-2.rs b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-2.rs
index 0a566fe2c60..682d1ff64b8 100644
--- a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-2.rs
+++ b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-2.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@ pub trait Trait {
     fn foo(&self);
     fn bar();
 }
+pub trait Trait2 {}
+impl Trait2 for Type {}
 impl Trait for Type {
     fn foo(&self) {}
     fn bar() {}
 }
 pub fn do_something<X: Trait>(_: X) {}
+pub fn do_something_type(_: Type) {}
+pub fn do_something_trait(_: Box<dyn Trait2>) {}
diff --git a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-3.rs b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-3.rs
index f5c4d1baa81..07444511472 100644
--- a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-3.rs
+++ b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions-3.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #![crate_type = "rlib"]
 
 extern crate dependency;
-pub use dependency::Type;
+pub use dependency::{Trait2, Type, do_something_trait, do_something_type};
 pub struct OtherType;
 impl dependency::Trait for OtherType {
     fn foo(&self) {}
diff --git a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.rs b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.rs
index c68a9e6489f..3a4a20d38fc 100644
--- a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.rs
+++ b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 extern crate dep_2_reexport;
 extern crate dependency;
-use dep_2_reexport::{OtherType, Type};
-use dependency::{Trait, do_something};
+use dep_2_reexport::{OtherType, Trait2, Type};
+use dependency::{Trait, do_something, do_something_trait, do_something_type};
 
 fn main() {
     do_something(Type);
     Type.foo();
     Type::bar();
     do_something(OtherType);
+    do_something_type(Type);
+    do_something_trait(Box::new(Type) as Box<dyn Trait2>);
 }
diff --git a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.stderr b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.stderr
index 5888aad8f37..6e1d6111b58 100644
--- a/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.stderr
+++ b/tests/run-make/crate-loading/multiple-dep-versions.stderr
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ LL | pub trait Trait {
   ::: replaced
    |
 LL | extern crate dep_2_reexport;
-   | ---------------------------- one version of crate `dependency` is used here, as a dependency of crate `foo`
+   | ---------------------------- one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a dependency of crate `foo`
 LL | extern crate dependency;
-   | ------------------------ one version of crate `dependency` is used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
+   | ------------------------ one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
    |
   ::: replaced
    |
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ LL |     fn foo(&self);
    |
   ::: replaced
    |
-LL | use dependency::{Trait, do_something};
+LL | use dependency::{Trait, do_something, do_something_trait, do_something_type};
    |                  ----- `Trait` imported here doesn't correspond to the right version of crate `dependency`
    |
   ::: replaced
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ LL |     fn bar();
    |
   ::: replaced
    |
-LL | use dependency::{Trait, do_something};
+LL | use dependency::{Trait, do_something, do_something_trait, do_something_type};
    |                  ----- `Trait` imported here doesn't correspond to the right version of crate `dependency`
    |
   ::: replaced
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ LL | pub trait Trait {
   ::: replaced
    |
 LL | extern crate dep_2_reexport;
-   | ---------------------------- one version of crate `dependency` is used here, as a dependency of crate `foo`
+   | ---------------------------- one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a dependency of crate `foo`
 LL | extern crate dependency;
-   | ------------------------ one version of crate `dependency` is used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
+   | ------------------------ one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
    |
   ::: replaced
    |
@@ -121,7 +121,71 @@ note: required by a bound in `do_something`
 LL | pub fn do_something<X: Trait>(_: X) {}
    |                        ^^^^^ required by this bound in `do_something`
 
-error: aborting due to 4 previous errors
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> replaced
+   |
+LL |     do_something_type(Type);
+   |     ----------------- ^^^^ expected `dependency::Type`, found `dep_2_reexport::Type`
+   |     |
+   |     arguments to this function are incorrect
+   |
+note: two different versions of crate `dependency` are being used; two types coming from two different versions of the same crate are different types even if they look the same
+  --> replaced
+   |
+LL | pub struct Type(pub i32);
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the expected type `dependency::Type`
+   |
+  ::: replaced
+   |
+LL | pub struct Type;
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the found type `dep_2_reexport::Type`
+   |
+  ::: replaced
+   |
+LL | extern crate dep_2_reexport;
+   | ---------------------------- one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a dependency of crate `foo`
+LL | extern crate dependency;
+   | ------------------------ one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
+   = help: you can use `cargo tree` to explore your dependency tree
+note: function defined here
+  --> replaced
+   |
+LL | pub fn do_something_type(_: Type) {}
+   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error[E0308]: mismatched types
+  --> replaced
+   |
+LL |     do_something_trait(Box::new(Type) as Box<dyn Trait2>);
+   |     ------------------ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected trait `dependency::Trait2`, found trait `dep_2_reexport::Trait2`
+   |     |
+   |     arguments to this function are incorrect
+   |
+note: two different versions of crate `dependency` are being used; two types coming from two different versions of the same crate are different types even if they look the same
+  --> replaced
+   |
+LL | pub trait Trait2 {}
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the expected trait `dependency::Trait2`
+   |
+  ::: replaced
+   |
+LL | pub trait Trait2 {}
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the found trait `dep_2_reexport::Trait2`
+   |
+  ::: replaced
+   |
+LL | extern crate dep_2_reexport;
+   | ---------------------------- one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a dependency of crate `foo`
+LL | extern crate dependency;
+   | ------------------------ one version of crate `dependency` used here, as a direct dependency of the current crate
+   = help: you can use `cargo tree` to explore your dependency tree
+note: function defined here
+  --> replaced
+   |
+LL | pub fn do_something_trait(_: Box<dyn Trait2>) {}
+   |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error: aborting due to 6 previous errors
 
-Some errors have detailed explanations: E0277, E0599.
+Some errors have detailed explanations: E0277, E0308, E0599.
 For more information about an error, try `rustc --explain E0277`.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-non-FFI-safe-arg-ice-52334.stderr b/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-non-FFI-safe-arg-ice-52334.stderr
index 044c1ae2dd4..b5c718ec381 100644
--- a/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-non-FFI-safe-arg-ice-52334.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-non-FFI-safe-arg-ice-52334.stderr
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ warning: `extern` fn uses type `CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | type Foo = extern "C" fn(::std::ffi::CStr);
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(CStr)` is FFI-unsafe due to `CStr`
    = help: consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
    = note: `CStr`/`CString` do not have a guaranteed layout
    = note: `#[warn(improper_ctypes_definitions)]` on by default
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ warning: `extern` block uses type `CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL |     fn meh(blah: Foo);
    |                  ^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(CStr)` is FFI-unsafe due to `CStr`
    = help: consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
    = note: `CStr`/`CString` do not have a guaranteed layout
    = note: `#[warn(improper_ctypes)]` on by default
diff --git a/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-str-arg-ice-80125.stderr b/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-str-arg-ice-80125.stderr
index ebd6cec6ecd..f2ee21c3166 100644
--- a/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-str-arg-ice-80125.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/extern/extern-C-str-arg-ice-80125.stderr
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ warning: `extern` fn uses type `str`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | type ExternCallback = extern "C" fn(*const u8, u32, str);
    |                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(*const u8, u32, str)` is FFI-unsafe due to `str`
    = help: consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
    = note: string slices have no C equivalent
    = note: `#[warn(improper_ctypes_definitions)]` on by default
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ warning: `extern` fn uses type `str`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub extern "C" fn register_something(bind: ExternCallback) -> Struct {
    |                                            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(*const u8, u32, str)` is FFI-unsafe due to `str`
    = help: consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
    = note: string slices have no C equivalent
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.rs b/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.rs
index 0c35eb37a48..4e3832ab1b6 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 // It's an improper ctype (a slice) arg in an extern "C" fnptr.
 
 pub type F = extern "C" fn(&[u8]);
-//~^ ERROR: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
+//~^ ERROR: `extern` fn uses type `&[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 
 
 fn main() {}
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.stderr b/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.stderr
index d13f93ca96f..c0923dd96c8 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.stderr
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
+error: `extern` fn uses type `&[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.rs:5:14
    |
 LL | pub type F = extern "C" fn(&[u8]);
    |              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
-   = note: slices have no C equivalent
+   = note: the function pointer to `for<'a> extern "C" fn(&'a [u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `&[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 note: the lint level is defined here
   --> $DIR/extern-C-fnptr-lints-slices.rs:1:8
    |
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-73249-2.stderr b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-73249-2.stderr
index ef30a406969..f035cdb213e 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-73249-2.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-73249-2.stderr
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ error: `extern` block uses type `Qux`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL |     fn lint_me() -> A<()>;
    |                     ^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: this reference (`&Qux`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `Qux` itself does not have a C layout
    = note: opaque types have no C equivalent
 note: the lint level is defined here
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-73249-2.rs:2:9
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-94223.stderr b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-94223.stderr
index bd127cf6004..4bebca69b7f 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-94223.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-94223.stderr
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub fn bad(f: extern "C" fn([u8])) {}
    |               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn([u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
    = note: slices have no C equivalent
 note: the lint level is defined here
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-94223.rs:2:9
@@ -18,7 +19,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub fn bad_twice(f: Result<extern "C" fn([u8]), extern "C" fn([u8])>) {}
    |                            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn([u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
    = note: slices have no C equivalent
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
@@ -27,7 +29,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub fn bad_twice(f: Result<extern "C" fn([u8]), extern "C" fn([u8])>) {}
    |                                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn([u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
    = note: slices have no C equivalent
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
@@ -36,7 +39,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | struct BadStruct(extern "C" fn([u8]));
    |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn([u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
    = note: slices have no C equivalent
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
@@ -45,7 +49,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL |     A(extern "C" fn([u8])),
    |       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn([u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
    = note: slices have no C equivalent
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
@@ -54,7 +59,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL |     A(extern "C" fn([u8])),
    |       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn([u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
    = note: slices have no C equivalent
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
@@ -63,7 +69,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `[u8]`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | type Foo = extern "C" fn([u8]);
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn([u8])` is FFI-unsafe due to `[u8]`
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
    = note: slices have no C equivalent
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `Option<&<T as FooTrait>::FooType>`, which is not FFI-safe
@@ -72,6 +79,7 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `Option<&<T as FooTrait>::FooType>`, which is not F
 LL | pub type Foo2<T> = extern "C" fn(Option<&<T as FooTrait>::FooType>);
    |                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `for<'a> extern "C" fn(Option<&'a <T as FooTrait>::FooType>)` is FFI-unsafe due to `Option<&<T as FooTrait>::FooType>`
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]`, `#[repr(transparent)]`, or integer `#[repr(...)]` attribute to this enum
    = note: enum has no representation hint
 
@@ -81,6 +89,7 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `FfiUnsafe`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub static BAD: extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe) = f;
    |                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe)` is FFI-unsafe due to `FfiUnsafe`
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 note: the type is defined here
@@ -95,6 +104,7 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `FfiUnsafe`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub static BAD_TWICE: Result<extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe), extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe)> = Ok(f);
    |                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe)` is FFI-unsafe due to `FfiUnsafe`
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 note: the type is defined here
@@ -109,6 +119,7 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `FfiUnsafe`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub static BAD_TWICE: Result<extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe), extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe)> = Ok(f);
    |                                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe)` is FFI-unsafe due to `FfiUnsafe`
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 note: the type is defined here
@@ -123,6 +134,7 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `FfiUnsafe`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub const BAD_CONST: extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe) = f;
    |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: the function pointer to `extern "C" fn(FfiUnsafe)` is FFI-unsafe due to `FfiUnsafe`
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 note: the type is defined here
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs
index b04decd0bca..c4de5a44a96 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ extern "C" {
     //~^ ERROR `extern` block uses type `CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
     //~| HELP consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
     fn take_cstr_ref(s: &CStr);
-    //~^ ERROR `extern` block uses type `CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
+    //~^ ERROR `extern` block uses type `&CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
     //~| HELP consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
     fn take_cstring(s: CString);
     //~^ ERROR `extern` block uses type `CString`, which is not FFI-safe
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ extern "C" {
 }
 
 extern "C" fn rust_take_cstr_ref(s: &CStr) {}
-//~^ ERROR `extern` fn uses type `CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
+//~^ ERROR `extern` fn uses type `&CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
 //~| HELP consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
 extern "C" fn rust_take_cstring(s: CString) {}
 //~^ ERROR `extern` fn uses type `CString`, which is not FFI-safe
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.stderr b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.stderr
index 8957758d577..da15b748f21 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-cstr.stderr
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ note: the lint level is defined here
 LL | #![deny(improper_ctypes, improper_ctypes_definitions)]
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-error: `extern` block uses type `CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
+error: `extern` block uses type `&CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs:10:25
    |
 LL |     fn take_cstr_ref(s: &CStr);
    |                         ^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = help: consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
-   = note: `CStr`/`CString` do not have a guaranteed layout
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `CString`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs:13:24
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ error: `extern` block uses type `CString`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL |     fn take_cstring_ref(s: &CString);
    |                            ^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: this reference (`&CString`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `CString` itself does not have a C layout
    = help: consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
    = note: `CStr`/`CString` do not have a guaranteed layout
 
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ error: `extern` block uses type `CString`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL |     fn no_special_help_for_mut_cstring(s: *mut CString);
    |                                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: this reference (`*mut CString`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `CString` itself does not have a C layout
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 
@@ -54,17 +56,18 @@ error: `extern` block uses type `CString`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL |     fn no_special_help_for_mut_cstring_ref(s: &mut CString);
    |                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: this reference (`&mut CString`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `CString` itself does not have a C layout
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 
-error: `extern` fn uses type `CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
+error: `extern` fn uses type `&CStr`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs:29:37
    |
 LL | extern "C" fn rust_take_cstr_ref(s: &CStr) {}
    |                                     ^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = help: consider passing a `*const std::ffi::c_char` instead, and use `CStr::as_ptr()`
-   = note: `CStr`/`CString` do not have a guaranteed layout
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 note: the lint level is defined here
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-cstr.rs:2:26
    |
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.rs b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.rs
index 73820c86d1a..e16ff9573fd 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.rs
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ pub extern "C" fn ptr_unit(p: *const ()) { }
 pub extern "C" fn ptr_tuple(p: *const ((),)) { }
 
 pub extern "C" fn slice_type(p: &[u32]) { }
-//~^ ERROR: uses type `[u32]`
+//~^ ERROR: uses type `&[u32]`
 
 pub extern "C" fn str_type(p: &str) { }
-//~^ ERROR: uses type `str`
+//~^ ERROR: uses type `&str`
 
 pub extern "C" fn box_type(p: Box<u32>) { }
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn transparent_i128(p: TransparentI128) { }
 //~^ ERROR: uses type `i128`
 
 pub extern "C" fn transparent_str(p: TransparentStr) { }
-//~^ ERROR: uses type `str`
+//~^ ERROR: uses type `&str`
 
 pub extern "C" fn transparent_fn(p: TransparentBadFn) { }
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.stderr b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.stderr
index a62533a4be1..c86c02c8006 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes-fn.stderr
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-error: `extern` fn uses type `[u32]`, which is not FFI-safe
+error: `extern` fn uses type `&[u32]`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:70:33
    |
 LL | pub extern "C" fn slice_type(p: &[u32]) { }
    |                                 ^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
-   = note: slices have no C equivalent
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 note: the lint level is defined here
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:2:9
    |
 LL | #![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-error: `extern` fn uses type `str`, which is not FFI-safe
+error: `extern` fn uses type `&str`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:73:31
    |
 LL | pub extern "C" fn str_type(p: &str) { }
    |                               ^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = help: consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
-   = note: string slices have no C equivalent
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `Box<[u8]>`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:80:34
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `Box<[u8]>`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub extern "C" fn boxed_slice(p: Box<[u8]>) { }
    |                                  ^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = note: box cannot be represented as a single pointer
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
+   = note: this box for an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `Box<str>`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:83:35
@@ -35,7 +36,8 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `Box<str>`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub extern "C" fn boxed_string(p: Box<str>) { }
    |                                   ^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = note: box cannot be represented as a single pointer
+   = help: consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
+   = note: this box for an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `Box<dyn Trait>`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:86:34
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ error: `extern` fn uses type `Box<dyn Trait>`, which is not FFI-safe
 LL | pub extern "C" fn boxed_trait(p: Box<dyn Trait>) { }
    |                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = note: box cannot be represented as a single pointer
+   = note: this box for an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `char`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:89:32
@@ -149,14 +151,14 @@ LL | pub extern "C" fn transparent_i128(p: TransparentI128) { }
    |
    = note: 128-bit integers don't currently have a known stable ABI
 
-error: `extern` fn uses type `str`, which is not FFI-safe
+error: `extern` fn uses type `&str`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:126:38
    |
 LL | pub extern "C" fn transparent_str(p: TransparentStr) { }
    |                                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = help: consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
-   = note: string slices have no C equivalent
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` fn uses type `PhantomData<bool>`, which is not FFI-safe
   --> $DIR/lint-ctypes-fn.rs:172:43
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.rs b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.rs
index dae07930aba..8c516ab8428 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![feature(rustc_private)]
+#![feature(extern_types)]
 
 #![allow(private_interfaces)]
 #![deny(improper_ctypes)]
@@ -6,7 +7,9 @@
 use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::ffi::{c_int, c_uint};
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 
+unsafe extern "C" {type UnsizedOpaque;}
 trait Bar { }
 trait Mirror { type It: ?Sized; }
 impl<T: ?Sized> Mirror for T { type It = Self; }
@@ -20,7 +23,7 @@ pub type I32Pair = (i32, i32);
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct ZeroSize;
 pub type RustFn = fn();
-pub type RustBadRet = extern "C" fn() -> Box<u32>;
+pub type RustBoxRet = extern "C" fn() -> Box<u32>;
 pub type CVoidRet = ();
 pub struct Foo;
 #[repr(transparent)]
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ pub struct TransparentI128(i128);
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct TransparentStr(&'static str);
 #[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct TransparentBadFn(RustBadRet);
+pub struct TransparentBoxFn(RustBoxRet);
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct TransparentInt(u32);
 #[repr(transparent)]
@@ -39,6 +42,16 @@ pub struct TransparentLifetime<'a>(*const u8, PhantomData<&'a ()>);
 pub struct TransparentUnit<U>(f32, PhantomData<U>);
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct TransparentCustomZst(i32, ZeroSize);
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct UnsizedStructBecauseForeign {
+    sized: u32,
+    unszd: UnsizedOpaque,
+}
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct UnsizedStructBecauseDyn {
+    sized: u32,
+    unszd: dyn Debug,
+}
 
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct ZeroSizeWithPhantomData(::std::marker::PhantomData<i32>);
@@ -48,15 +61,14 @@ extern "C" {
     pub fn ptr_type2(size: *const Foo); //~ ERROR: uses type `Foo`
     pub fn ptr_unit(p: *const ());
     pub fn ptr_tuple(p: *const ((),)); //~ ERROR: uses type `((),)`
-    pub fn slice_type(p: &[u32]); //~ ERROR: uses type `[u32]`
-    pub fn str_type(p: &str); //~ ERROR: uses type `str`
-    pub fn box_type(p: Box<u32>); //~ ERROR uses type `Box<u32>`
+    pub fn slice_type(p: &[u32]); //~ ERROR: uses type `&[u32]`
+    pub fn str_type(p: &str); //~ ERROR: uses type `&str`
+    pub fn box_type(p: Box<u32>);
     pub fn opt_box_type(p: Option<Box<u32>>);
-    //~^ ERROR uses type `Option<Box<u32>>`
     pub fn char_type(p: char); //~ ERROR uses type `char`
     pub fn i128_type(p: i128); //~ ERROR uses type `i128`
     pub fn u128_type(p: u128); //~ ERROR uses type `u128`
-    pub fn trait_type(p: &dyn Bar); //~ ERROR uses type `dyn Bar`
+    pub fn trait_type(p: &dyn Bar); //~ ERROR uses type `&dyn Bar`
     pub fn tuple_type(p: (i32, i32)); //~ ERROR uses type `(i32, i32)`
     pub fn tuple_type2(p: I32Pair); //~ ERROR uses type `(i32, i32)`
     pub fn zero_size(p: ZeroSize); //~ ERROR uses type `ZeroSize`
@@ -66,12 +78,15 @@ extern "C" {
         -> ::std::marker::PhantomData<bool>; //~ ERROR uses type `PhantomData<bool>`
     pub fn fn_type(p: RustFn); //~ ERROR uses type `fn()`
     pub fn fn_type2(p: fn()); //~ ERROR uses type `fn()`
-    pub fn fn_contained(p: RustBadRet); //~ ERROR: uses type `Box<u32>`
+    pub fn fn_contained(p: RustBoxRet);
     pub fn transparent_i128(p: TransparentI128); //~ ERROR: uses type `i128`
-    pub fn transparent_str(p: TransparentStr); //~ ERROR: uses type `str`
-    pub fn transparent_fn(p: TransparentBadFn); //~ ERROR: uses type `Box<u32>`
+    pub fn transparent_str(p: TransparentStr); //~ ERROR: uses type `&str`
+    pub fn transparent_fn(p: TransparentBoxFn);
     pub fn raw_array(arr: [u8; 8]); //~ ERROR: uses type `[u8; 8]`
 
+    pub fn struct_unsized_ptr_no_metadata(p: &UnsizedStructBecauseForeign);
+    pub fn struct_unsized_ptr_has_metadata(p: &UnsizedStructBecauseDyn); //~ ERROR uses type `&UnsizedStructBecauseDyn`
+
     pub fn no_niche_a(a: Option<UnsafeCell<extern fn()>>);
     //~^ ERROR: uses type `Option<UnsafeCell<extern "C" fn()>>`
     pub fn no_niche_b(b: Option<UnsafeCell<&i32>>);
diff --git a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.stderr b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.stderr
index 2c81c7b8e4b..8580a10b215 100644
--- a/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/lint/lint-ctypes.stderr
@@ -1,83 +1,68 @@
 error: `extern` block uses type `Foo`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:47:28
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:60:28
    |
 LL |     pub fn ptr_type1(size: *const Foo);
    |                            ^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: this reference (`*const Foo`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `Foo` itself does not have a C layout
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 note: the type is defined here
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:25:1
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:28:1
    |
 LL | pub struct Foo;
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 note: the lint level is defined here
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:4:9
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:5:9
    |
 LL | #![deny(improper_ctypes)]
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `Foo`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:48:28
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:61:28
    |
 LL |     pub fn ptr_type2(size: *const Foo);
    |                            ^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: this reference (`*const Foo`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `Foo` itself does not have a C layout
    = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
    = note: this struct has unspecified layout
 note: the type is defined here
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:25:1
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:28:1
    |
 LL | pub struct Foo;
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `((),)`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:50:25
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:63:25
    |
 LL |     pub fn ptr_tuple(p: *const ((),));
    |                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
+   = note: this reference (`*const ((),)`) is ABI-compatible with a C pointer, but `((),)` itself does not have a C layout
    = help: consider using a struct instead
    = note: tuples have unspecified layout
 
-error: `extern` block uses type `[u32]`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:51:26
+error: `extern` block uses type `&[u32]`, which is not FFI-safe
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:64:26
    |
 LL |     pub fn slice_type(p: &[u32]);
    |                          ^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = help: consider using a raw pointer instead
-   = note: slices have no C equivalent
+   = help: consider using a raw pointer to the slice's first element (and a length) instead
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
-error: `extern` block uses type `str`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:52:24
+error: `extern` block uses type `&str`, which is not FFI-safe
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:65:24
    |
 LL |     pub fn str_type(p: &str);
    |                        ^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = help: consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
-   = note: string slices have no C equivalent
-
-error: `extern` block uses type `Box<u32>`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:53:24
-   |
-LL |     pub fn box_type(p: Box<u32>);
-   |                        ^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
-   |
-   = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
-   = note: this struct has unspecified layout
-
-error: `extern` block uses type `Option<Box<u32>>`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:54:28
-   |
-LL |     pub fn opt_box_type(p: Option<Box<u32>>);
-   |                            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
-   |
-   = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]`, `#[repr(transparent)]`, or integer `#[repr(...)]` attribute to this enum
-   = note: enum has no representation hint
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `char`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:56:25
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:68:25
    |
 LL |     pub fn char_type(p: char);
    |                         ^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -86,7 +71,7 @@ LL |     pub fn char_type(p: char);
    = note: the `char` type has no C equivalent
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `i128`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:57:25
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:69:25
    |
 LL |     pub fn i128_type(p: i128);
    |                         ^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -94,23 +79,23 @@ LL |     pub fn i128_type(p: i128);
    = note: 128-bit integers don't currently have a known stable ABI
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `u128`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:58:25
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:70:25
    |
 LL |     pub fn u128_type(p: u128);
    |                         ^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = note: 128-bit integers don't currently have a known stable ABI
 
-error: `extern` block uses type `dyn Bar`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:59:26
+error: `extern` block uses type `&dyn Bar`, which is not FFI-safe
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:71:26
    |
 LL |     pub fn trait_type(p: &dyn Bar);
    |                          ^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
-   = note: trait objects have no C equivalent
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `(i32, i32)`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:60:26
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:72:26
    |
 LL |     pub fn tuple_type(p: (i32, i32));
    |                          ^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -119,7 +104,7 @@ LL |     pub fn tuple_type(p: (i32, i32));
    = note: tuples have unspecified layout
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `(i32, i32)`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:61:27
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:73:27
    |
 LL |     pub fn tuple_type2(p: I32Pair);
    |                           ^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -128,7 +113,7 @@ LL |     pub fn tuple_type2(p: I32Pair);
    = note: tuples have unspecified layout
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `ZeroSize`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:62:25
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:74:25
    |
 LL |     pub fn zero_size(p: ZeroSize);
    |                         ^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -136,26 +121,26 @@ LL |     pub fn zero_size(p: ZeroSize);
    = help: consider adding a member to this struct
    = note: this struct has no fields
 note: the type is defined here
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:21:1
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:24:1
    |
 LL | pub struct ZeroSize;
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `ZeroSizeWithPhantomData`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:63:33
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:75:33
    |
 LL |     pub fn zero_size_phantom(p: ZeroSizeWithPhantomData);
    |                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = note: composed only of `PhantomData`
 note: the type is defined here
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:44:1
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:57:1
    |
 LL | pub struct ZeroSizeWithPhantomData(::std::marker::PhantomData<i32>);
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `PhantomData<bool>`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:66:12
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:78:12
    |
 LL |         -> ::std::marker::PhantomData<bool>;
    |            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -163,7 +148,7 @@ LL |         -> ::std::marker::PhantomData<bool>;
    = note: composed only of `PhantomData`
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `fn()`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:67:23
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:79:23
    |
 LL |     pub fn fn_type(p: RustFn);
    |                       ^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -172,7 +157,7 @@ LL |     pub fn fn_type(p: RustFn);
    = note: this function pointer has Rust-specific calling convention
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `fn()`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:68:24
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:80:24
    |
 LL |     pub fn fn_type2(p: fn());
    |                        ^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -180,43 +165,25 @@ LL |     pub fn fn_type2(p: fn());
    = help: consider using an `extern fn(...) -> ...` function pointer instead
    = note: this function pointer has Rust-specific calling convention
 
-error: `extern` block uses type `Box<u32>`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:69:28
-   |
-LL |     pub fn fn_contained(p: RustBadRet);
-   |                            ^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
-   |
-   = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
-   = note: this struct has unspecified layout
-
 error: `extern` block uses type `i128`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:70:32
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:82:32
    |
 LL |     pub fn transparent_i128(p: TransparentI128);
    |                                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = note: 128-bit integers don't currently have a known stable ABI
 
-error: `extern` block uses type `str`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:71:31
+error: `extern` block uses type `&str`, which is not FFI-safe
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:83:31
    |
 LL |     pub fn transparent_str(p: TransparentStr);
    |                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = help: consider using `*const u8` and a length instead
-   = note: string slices have no C equivalent
-
-error: `extern` block uses type `Box<u32>`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:72:30
-   |
-LL |     pub fn transparent_fn(p: TransparentBadFn);
-   |                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
-   |
-   = help: consider adding a `#[repr(C)]` or `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute to this struct
-   = note: this struct has unspecified layout
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `[u8; 8]`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:73:27
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:85:27
    |
 LL |     pub fn raw_array(arr: [u8; 8]);
    |                           ^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -224,8 +191,16 @@ LL |     pub fn raw_array(arr: [u8; 8]);
    = help: consider passing a pointer to the array
    = note: passing raw arrays by value is not FFI-safe
 
+error: `extern` block uses type `&UnsizedStructBecauseDyn`, which is not FFI-safe
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:88:47
+   |
+LL |     pub fn struct_unsized_ptr_has_metadata(p: &UnsizedStructBecauseDyn);
+   |                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
+   |
+   = note: this reference to an unsized type contains metadata, which makes it incompatible with a C pointer
+
 error: `extern` block uses type `Option<UnsafeCell<extern "C" fn()>>`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:75:26
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:90:26
    |
 LL |     pub fn no_niche_a(a: Option<UnsafeCell<extern fn()>>);
    |                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -234,7 +209,7 @@ LL |     pub fn no_niche_a(a: Option<UnsafeCell<extern fn()>>);
    = note: enum has no representation hint
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `Option<UnsafeCell<&i32>>`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:77:26
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:92:26
    |
 LL |     pub fn no_niche_b(b: Option<UnsafeCell<&i32>>);
    |                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -243,7 +218,7 @@ LL |     pub fn no_niche_b(b: Option<UnsafeCell<&i32>>);
    = note: enum has no representation hint
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `u128`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:80:34
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:95:34
    |
 LL |     pub static static_u128_type: u128;
    |                                  ^^^^ not FFI-safe
@@ -251,12 +226,12 @@ LL |     pub static static_u128_type: u128;
    = note: 128-bit integers don't currently have a known stable ABI
 
 error: `extern` block uses type `u128`, which is not FFI-safe
-  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:81:40
+  --> $DIR/lint-ctypes.rs:96:40
    |
 LL |     pub static static_u128_array_type: [u128; 16];
    |                                        ^^^^^^^^^^ not FFI-safe
    |
    = note: 128-bit integers don't currently have a known stable ABI
 
-error: aborting due to 27 previous errors
+error: aborting due to 24 previous errors
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.rs b/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.rs
index 98890a15d98..a58fe68b863 100644
--- a/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
 #![allow(non_camel_case_types)]
 
-struct bool;
-struct str;
+struct bool; //~ NOTE the other `bool` is defined in the current crate
+struct str; //~ NOTE the other `str` is defined in the current crate
 
-fn foo(_: bool) {}
-fn bar(_: &str) {}
+fn foo(_: bool) {} //~ NOTE function defined here
+fn bar(_: &str) {} //~ NOTE function defined here
 
 fn main() {
     foo(true);
     //~^ ERROR mismatched types [E0308]
+    //~| NOTE expected `bool`, found a different `bool`
+    //~| NOTE arguments to this function are incorrect
+    //~| NOTE `bool` and `bool` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
+    //~| NOTE one `bool` is a primitive defined by the language
     bar("hello");
     //~^ ERROR mismatched types [E0308]
+    //~| NOTE expected `str`, found a different `str`
+    //~| NOTE arguments to this function are incorrect
+    //~| NOTE `str` and `str` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
+    //~| NOTE one `str` is a primitive defined by the language
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.stderr b/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.stderr
index 0530bf5863e..cf26234dba8 100644
--- a/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/mismatched_types/similar_paths_primitive.stderr
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ LL |     foo(true);
    |     |
    |     arguments to this function are incorrect
    |
-   = note: bool and `bool` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
-   = note: bool is a primitive defined by the language
-note: `bool` is defined in the current crate
+   = note: `bool` and `bool` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
+   = note: one `bool` is a primitive defined by the language
+note: the other `bool` is defined in the current crate
   --> $DIR/similar_paths_primitive.rs:3:1
    |
 LL | struct bool;
@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@ LL | fn foo(_: bool) {}
    |    ^^^ -------
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
-  --> $DIR/similar_paths_primitive.rs:12:9
+  --> $DIR/similar_paths_primitive.rs:16:9
    |
 LL |     bar("hello");
    |     --- ^^^^^^^ expected `str`, found a different `str`
    |     |
    |     arguments to this function are incorrect
    |
-   = note: str and `str` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
-   = note: str is a primitive defined by the language
-note: `str` is defined in the current crate
+   = note: `str` and `str` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
+   = note: one `str` is a primitive defined by the language
+note: the other `str` is defined in the current crate
   --> $DIR/similar_paths_primitive.rs:4:1
    |
 LL | struct str;
diff --git a/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2015.stderr b/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2015.stderr
index ff552f663c7..5c42d65abf0 100644
--- a/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2015.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2015.stderr
@@ -34,11 +34,47 @@ LL |     () => { mod test { fn gen() {} } }
 error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
   --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:25:9
    |
-LL | fn test<'gen>() {}
+LL | fn test<'gen>(_: &'gen i32) {}
    |         ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
    |
    = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
    = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
 
-error: aborting due to 4 previous errors
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:25:19
+   |
+LL | fn test<'gen>(_: &'gen i32) {}
+   |                   ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:33:13
+   |
+LL | struct Test<'gen>(Box<Test<'gen>>, &'gen ());
+   |             ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:33:28
+   |
+LL | struct Test<'gen>(Box<Test<'gen>>, &'gen ());
+   |                            ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:33:37
+   |
+LL | struct Test<'gen>(Box<Test<'gen>>, &'gen ());
+   |                                     ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: aborting due to 8 previous errors
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2018.stderr b/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2018.stderr
index efa812069c3..050e58c119b 100644
--- a/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2018.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.e2018.stderr
@@ -34,11 +34,47 @@ LL |     () => { mod test { fn gen() {} } }
 error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
   --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:25:9
    |
-LL | fn test<'gen>() {}
+LL | fn test<'gen>(_: &'gen i32) {}
    |         ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
    |
    = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
    = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
 
-error: aborting due to 4 previous errors
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:25:19
+   |
+LL | fn test<'gen>(_: &'gen i32) {}
+   |                   ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:33:13
+   |
+LL | struct Test<'gen>(Box<Test<'gen>>, &'gen ());
+   |             ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:33:28
+   |
+LL | struct Test<'gen>(Box<Test<'gen>>, &'gen ());
+   |                            ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+  --> $DIR/gen-kw.rs:33:37
+   |
+LL | struct Test<'gen>(Box<Test<'gen>>, &'gen ());
+   |                                     ^^^^ help: you can use a raw identifier to stay compatible: `'r#gen`
+   |
+   = warning: this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+   = note: for more information, see issue #49716 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/49716>
+
+error: aborting due to 8 previous errors
 
diff --git a/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.rs b/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.rs
index 5a658470c0a..3c075a4c022 100644
--- a/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/rust-2024/gen-kw.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,23 @@ macro_rules! t {
     //[e2018]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
 }
 
-fn test<'gen>() {}
+fn test<'gen>(_: &'gen i32) {}
 //~^ ERROR `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+//~| ERROR `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
 //[e2015]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+//[e2015]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+//[e2018]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+//[e2018]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+
+struct Test<'gen>(Box<Test<'gen>>, &'gen ());
+//~^ ERROR `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+//~| ERROR `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+//~| ERROR `gen` is a keyword in the 2024 edition
+//[e2015]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+//[e2015]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+//[e2015]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2015) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+//[e2018]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
+//[e2018]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
 //[e2018]~| WARNING this is accepted in the current edition (Rust 2018) but is a hard error in Rust 2024!
 
 t!();
diff --git a/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs b/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs
index e2e18500541..616493193fd 100644
--- a/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 pub struct Foo;
 
-pub trait Bar{}
+pub trait Bar {}
 
 pub fn bar() -> Box<Bar> {
     unimplemented!()
diff --git a/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a2.rs b/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a2.rs
index d16a4ac10e0..57a7685b77c 100644
--- a/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a2.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/type/auxiliary/crate_a2.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 pub struct Foo;
 
-pub trait Bar{}
+pub trait Bar {}
 
 pub fn bar() -> Box<Bar> {
     unimplemented!()
diff --git a/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs b/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs
index da766165238..e88960364a2 100644
--- a/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs
+++ b/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs
@@ -3,25 +3,32 @@
 
 // This tests the extra note reported when a type error deals with
 // seemingly identical types.
-// The main use case of this error is when there are two crates
-// (generally different versions of the same crate) with the same name
-// causing a type mismatch. Here, we simulate that error using block-scoped
-// aliased `extern crate` declarations.
+// The main use case of this error is when there are two crates imported
+// with the same name, causing a type mismatch. Here, we simulate that error
+// using block-scoped aliased `extern crate` declarations.
+// This is *not* the same case as two different crate versions in the
+// dependency tree. That is tested in `tests/run-make/crate-loading/`.
 
 fn main() {
     let foo2 = {extern crate crate_a2 as a; a::Foo};
+        //~^ NOTE one type comes from crate `crate_a2` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
+        //~| NOTE one trait comes from crate `crate_a2` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
     let bar2 = {extern crate crate_a2 as a; a::bar()};
     {
         extern crate crate_a1 as a;
+        //~^ NOTE one type comes from crate `crate_a1` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
+        //~| NOTE one trait comes from crate `crate_a1` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
         a::try_foo(foo2);
         //~^ ERROR mismatched types
-        //~| perhaps two different versions of crate `crate_a1`
-        //~| expected `main::a::Foo`, found a different `main::a::Foo`
+        //~| NOTE expected `main::a::Foo`, found a different `main::a::Foo`
+        //~| NOTE arguments to this function are incorrect
+        //~| NOTE two types coming from two different crates are different types even if they look the same
+        //~| NOTE function defined here
         a::try_bar(bar2);
         //~^ ERROR mismatched types
-        //~| perhaps two different versions of crate `crate_a1`
-        //~| expected trait `main::a::Bar`
-        //~| expected struct `Box<(dyn main::a::Bar + 'static)>`
-        //~| found struct `Box<dyn main::a::Bar>`
+        //~| NOTE expected trait `main::a::Bar`, found a different trait `main::a::Bar`
+        //~| NOTE arguments to this function are incorrect
+        //~| NOTE two types coming from two different crates are different types even if they look the same
+        //~| NOTE function defined here
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.stderr b/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.stderr
index 504812f5867..7b791549f56 100644
--- a/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.stderr
+++ b/tests/ui/type/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.stderr
@@ -1,23 +1,29 @@
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
-  --> $DIR/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs:16:20
+  --> $DIR/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs:21:20
    |
 LL |         a::try_foo(foo2);
    |         ---------- ^^^^ expected `main::a::Foo`, found a different `main::a::Foo`
    |         |
    |         arguments to this function are incorrect
    |
-   = note: `main::a::Foo` and `main::a::Foo` have similar names, but are actually distinct types
-note: `main::a::Foo` is defined in crate `crate_a2`
+note: two types coming from two different crates are different types even if they look the same
   --> $DIR/auxiliary/crate_a2.rs:1:1
    |
 LL | pub struct Foo;
-   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-note: `main::a::Foo` is defined in crate `crate_a1`
-  --> $DIR/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs:1:1
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the found type `crate_a2::Foo`
+   |
+  ::: $DIR/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs:1:1
    |
 LL | pub struct Foo;
-   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-   = note: perhaps two different versions of crate `crate_a1` are being used?
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the expected type `crate_a1::Foo`
+   |
+  ::: $DIR/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs:13:17
+   |
+LL |     let foo2 = {extern crate crate_a2 as a; a::Foo};
+   |                 --------------------------- one type comes from crate `crate_a2` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
+...
+LL |         extern crate crate_a1 as a;
+   |         --------------------------- one type comes from crate `crate_a1` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
 note: function defined here
   --> $DIR/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs:10:8
    |
@@ -25,16 +31,31 @@ LL | pub fn try_foo(x: Foo){}
    |        ^^^^^^^
 
 error[E0308]: mismatched types
-  --> $DIR/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs:20:20
+  --> $DIR/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs:27:20
    |
 LL |         a::try_bar(bar2);
    |         ---------- ^^^^ expected trait `main::a::Bar`, found a different trait `main::a::Bar`
    |         |
    |         arguments to this function are incorrect
    |
-   = note: expected struct `Box<(dyn main::a::Bar + 'static)>`
-              found struct `Box<dyn main::a::Bar>`
-   = note: perhaps two different versions of crate `crate_a1` are being used?
+note: two types coming from two different crates are different types even if they look the same
+  --> $DIR/auxiliary/crate_a2.rs:3:1
+   |
+LL | pub trait Bar {}
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the found trait `crate_a2::Bar`
+   |
+  ::: $DIR/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs:3:1
+   |
+LL | pub trait Bar {}
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ this is the expected trait `crate_a1::Bar`
+   |
+  ::: $DIR/type-mismatch-same-crate-name.rs:13:17
+   |
+LL |     let foo2 = {extern crate crate_a2 as a; a::Foo};
+   |                 --------------------------- one trait comes from crate `crate_a2` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
+...
+LL |         extern crate crate_a1 as a;
+   |         --------------------------- one trait comes from crate `crate_a1` used here, which is renamed locally to `a`
 note: function defined here
   --> $DIR/auxiliary/crate_a1.rs:11:8
    |