about summary refs log tree commit diff
path: root/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs')
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs2177
1 files changed, 2177 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5a654e83aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2177 @@
+//! The current rustc diagnostics emitter.
+//!
+//! An `Emitter` takes care of generating the output from a `DiagnosticBuilder` struct.
+//!
+//! There are various `Emitter` implementations that generate different output formats such as
+//! JSON and human readable output.
+//!
+//! The output types are defined in `rustc_session::config::ErrorOutputType`.
+
+use Destination::*;
+
+use rustc_span::source_map::SourceMap;
+use rustc_span::{MultiSpan, SourceFile, Span};
+
+use crate::snippet::{Annotation, AnnotationType, Line, MultilineAnnotation, Style, StyledString};
+use crate::styled_buffer::StyledBuffer;
+use crate::{
+    pluralize, CodeSuggestion, Diagnostic, DiagnosticId, Level, SubDiagnostic, SuggestionStyle,
+};
+
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
+use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
+use rustc_span::hygiene::{ExpnKind, MacroKind};
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cmp::{max, min, Reverse};
+use std::io;
+use std::io::prelude::*;
+use std::iter;
+use std::path::Path;
+use termcolor::{Ansi, BufferWriter, ColorChoice, ColorSpec, StandardStream};
+use termcolor::{Buffer, Color, WriteColor};
+use tracing::*;
+
+/// Default column width, used in tests and when terminal dimensions cannot be determined.
+const DEFAULT_COLUMN_WIDTH: usize = 140;
+
+/// Describes the way the content of the `rendered` field of the json output is generated
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum HumanReadableErrorType {
+    Default(ColorConfig),
+    AnnotateSnippet(ColorConfig),
+    Short(ColorConfig),
+}
+
+impl HumanReadableErrorType {
+    /// Returns a (`short`, `color`) tuple
+    pub fn unzip(self) -> (bool, ColorConfig) {
+        match self {
+            HumanReadableErrorType::Default(cc) => (false, cc),
+            HumanReadableErrorType::Short(cc) => (true, cc),
+            HumanReadableErrorType::AnnotateSnippet(cc) => (false, cc),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn new_emitter(
+        self,
+        dst: Box<dyn Write + Send>,
+        source_map: Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+        teach: bool,
+        terminal_width: Option<usize>,
+        macro_backtrace: bool,
+    ) -> EmitterWriter {
+        let (short, color_config) = self.unzip();
+        let color = color_config.suggests_using_colors();
+        EmitterWriter::new(dst, source_map, short, teach, color, terminal_width, macro_backtrace)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct Margin {
+    /// The available whitespace in the left that can be consumed when centering.
+    pub whitespace_left: usize,
+    /// The column of the beginning of left-most span.
+    pub span_left: usize,
+    /// The column of the end of right-most span.
+    pub span_right: usize,
+    /// The beginning of the line to be displayed.
+    pub computed_left: usize,
+    /// The end of the line to be displayed.
+    pub computed_right: usize,
+    /// The current width of the terminal. Uses value of `DEFAULT_COLUMN_WIDTH` constant by default
+    /// and in tests.
+    pub column_width: usize,
+    /// The end column of a span label, including the span. Doesn't account for labels not in the
+    /// same line as the span.
+    pub label_right: usize,
+}
+
+impl Margin {
+    fn new(
+        whitespace_left: usize,
+        span_left: usize,
+        span_right: usize,
+        label_right: usize,
+        column_width: usize,
+        max_line_len: usize,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // The 6 is padding to give a bit of room for `...` when displaying:
+        // ```
+        // error: message
+        //   --> file.rs:16:58
+        //    |
+        // 16 | ... fn foo(self) -> Self::Bar {
+        //    |                     ^^^^^^^^^
+        // ```
+
+        let mut m = Margin {
+            whitespace_left: whitespace_left.saturating_sub(6),
+            span_left: span_left.saturating_sub(6),
+            span_right: span_right + 6,
+            computed_left: 0,
+            computed_right: 0,
+            column_width,
+            label_right: label_right + 6,
+        };
+        m.compute(max_line_len);
+        m
+    }
+
+    fn was_cut_left(&self) -> bool {
+        self.computed_left > 0
+    }
+
+    fn was_cut_right(&self, line_len: usize) -> bool {
+        let right =
+            if self.computed_right == self.span_right || self.computed_right == self.label_right {
+                // Account for the "..." padding given above. Otherwise we end up with code lines that
+                // do fit but end in "..." as if they were trimmed.
+                self.computed_right - 6
+            } else {
+                self.computed_right
+            };
+        right < line_len && self.computed_left + self.column_width < line_len
+    }
+
+    fn compute(&mut self, max_line_len: usize) {
+        // When there's a lot of whitespace (>20), we want to trim it as it is useless.
+        self.computed_left = if self.whitespace_left > 20 {
+            self.whitespace_left - 16 // We want some padding.
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        // We want to show as much as possible, max_line_len is the right-most boundary for the
+        // relevant code.
+        self.computed_right = max(max_line_len, self.computed_left);
+
+        if self.computed_right - self.computed_left > self.column_width {
+            // Trimming only whitespace isn't enough, let's get craftier.
+            if self.label_right - self.whitespace_left <= self.column_width {
+                // Attempt to fit the code window only trimming whitespace.
+                self.computed_left = self.whitespace_left;
+                self.computed_right = self.computed_left + self.column_width;
+            } else if self.label_right - self.span_left <= self.column_width {
+                // Attempt to fit the code window considering only the spans and labels.
+                let padding_left = (self.column_width - (self.label_right - self.span_left)) / 2;
+                self.computed_left = self.span_left.saturating_sub(padding_left);
+                self.computed_right = self.computed_left + self.column_width;
+            } else if self.span_right - self.span_left <= self.column_width {
+                // Attempt to fit the code window considering the spans and labels plus padding.
+                let padding_left = (self.column_width - (self.span_right - self.span_left)) / 5 * 2;
+                self.computed_left = self.span_left.saturating_sub(padding_left);
+                self.computed_right = self.computed_left + self.column_width;
+            } else {
+                // Mostly give up but still don't show the full line.
+                self.computed_left = self.span_left;
+                self.computed_right = self.span_right;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn left(&self, line_len: usize) -> usize {
+        min(self.computed_left, line_len)
+    }
+
+    fn right(&self, line_len: usize) -> usize {
+        if line_len.saturating_sub(self.computed_left) <= self.column_width {
+            line_len
+        } else {
+            min(line_len, self.computed_right)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const ANONYMIZED_LINE_NUM: &str = "LL";
+
+/// Emitter trait for emitting errors.
+pub trait Emitter {
+    /// Emit a structured diagnostic.
+    fn emit_diagnostic(&mut self, diag: &Diagnostic);
+
+    /// Emit a notification that an artifact has been output.
+    /// This is currently only supported for the JSON format,
+    /// other formats can, and will, simply ignore it.
+    fn emit_artifact_notification(&mut self, _path: &Path, _artifact_type: &str) {}
+
+    /// Checks if should show explanations about "rustc --explain"
+    fn should_show_explain(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn source_map(&self) -> Option<&Lrc<SourceMap>>;
+
+    /// Formats the substitutions of the primary_span
+    ///
+    /// The are a lot of conditions to this method, but in short:
+    ///
+    /// * If the current `Diagnostic` has only one visible `CodeSuggestion`,
+    ///   we format the `help` suggestion depending on the content of the
+    ///   substitutions. In that case, we return the modified span only.
+    ///
+    /// * If the current `Diagnostic` has multiple suggestions,
+    ///   we return the original `primary_span` and the original suggestions.
+    fn primary_span_formatted<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        diag: &'a Diagnostic,
+    ) -> (MultiSpan, &'a [CodeSuggestion]) {
+        let mut primary_span = diag.span.clone();
+        if let Some((sugg, rest)) = diag.suggestions.split_first() {
+            if rest.is_empty() &&
+               // ^ if there is only one suggestion
+               // don't display multi-suggestions as labels
+               sugg.substitutions.len() == 1 &&
+               // don't display multipart suggestions as labels
+               sugg.substitutions[0].parts.len() == 1 &&
+               // don't display long messages as labels
+               sugg.msg.split_whitespace().count() < 10 &&
+               // don't display multiline suggestions as labels
+               !sugg.substitutions[0].parts[0].snippet.contains('\n') &&
+               ![
+                    // when this style is set we want the suggestion to be a message, not inline
+                    SuggestionStyle::HideCodeAlways,
+                    // trivial suggestion for tooling's sake, never shown
+                    SuggestionStyle::CompletelyHidden,
+                    // subtle suggestion, never shown inline
+                    SuggestionStyle::ShowAlways,
+               ].contains(&sugg.style)
+            {
+                let substitution = &sugg.substitutions[0].parts[0].snippet.trim();
+                let msg = if substitution.is_empty() || sugg.style.hide_inline() {
+                    // This substitution is only removal OR we explicitly don't want to show the
+                    // code inline (`hide_inline`). Therefore, we don't show the substitution.
+                    format!("help: {}", sugg.msg)
+                } else {
+                    // Show the default suggestion text with the substitution
+                    format!(
+                        "help: {}{}: `{}`",
+                        sugg.msg,
+                        if self
+                            .source_map()
+                            .map(|sm| is_case_difference(
+                                &**sm,
+                                substitution,
+                                sugg.substitutions[0].parts[0].span,
+                            ))
+                            .unwrap_or(false)
+                        {
+                            " (notice the capitalization)"
+                        } else {
+                            ""
+                        },
+                        substitution,
+                    )
+                };
+                primary_span.push_span_label(sugg.substitutions[0].parts[0].span, msg);
+
+                // We return only the modified primary_span
+                (primary_span, &[])
+            } else {
+                // if there are multiple suggestions, print them all in full
+                // to be consistent. We could try to figure out if we can
+                // make one (or the first one) inline, but that would give
+                // undue importance to a semi-random suggestion
+                (primary_span, &diag.suggestions)
+            }
+        } else {
+            (primary_span, &diag.suggestions)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fix_multispans_in_extern_macros_and_render_macro_backtrace(
+        &self,
+        source_map: &Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+        span: &mut MultiSpan,
+        children: &mut Vec<SubDiagnostic>,
+        level: &Level,
+        backtrace: bool,
+    ) {
+        // Check for spans in macros, before `fix_multispans_in_extern_macros`
+        // has a chance to replace them.
+        let has_macro_spans = iter::once(&*span)
+            .chain(children.iter().map(|child| &child.span))
+            .flat_map(|span| span.primary_spans())
+            .flat_map(|sp| sp.macro_backtrace())
+            .find_map(|expn_data| {
+                match expn_data.kind {
+                    ExpnKind::Root => None,
+
+                    // Skip past non-macro entries, just in case there
+                    // are some which do actually involve macros.
+                    ExpnKind::Desugaring(..) | ExpnKind::AstPass(..) => None,
+
+                    ExpnKind::Macro(macro_kind, _) => Some(macro_kind),
+                }
+            });
+
+        if !backtrace {
+            self.fix_multispans_in_extern_macros(source_map, span, children);
+        }
+
+        self.render_multispans_macro_backtrace(span, children, backtrace);
+
+        if !backtrace {
+            if let Some(macro_kind) = has_macro_spans {
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "this {} originates in {} {} \
+                    (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)",
+                    level,
+                    macro_kind.article(),
+                    macro_kind.descr(),
+                );
+
+                children.push(SubDiagnostic {
+                    level: Level::Note,
+                    message: vec![(msg, Style::NoStyle)],
+                    span: MultiSpan::new(),
+                    render_span: None,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn render_multispans_macro_backtrace(
+        &self,
+        span: &mut MultiSpan,
+        children: &mut Vec<SubDiagnostic>,
+        backtrace: bool,
+    ) {
+        for span in iter::once(span).chain(children.iter_mut().map(|child| &mut child.span)) {
+            self.render_multispan_macro_backtrace(span, backtrace);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn render_multispan_macro_backtrace(&self, span: &mut MultiSpan, always_backtrace: bool) {
+        let mut new_labels: Vec<(Span, String)> = vec![];
+
+        for &sp in span.primary_spans() {
+            if sp.is_dummy() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // FIXME(eddyb) use `retain` on `macro_backtrace` to remove all the
+            // entries we don't want to print, to make sure the indices being
+            // printed are contiguous (or omitted if there's only one entry).
+            let macro_backtrace: Vec<_> = sp.macro_backtrace().collect();
+            for (i, trace) in macro_backtrace.iter().rev().enumerate() {
+                if trace.def_site.is_dummy() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if always_backtrace {
+                    new_labels.push((
+                        trace.def_site,
+                        format!(
+                            "in this expansion of `{}`{}",
+                            trace.kind.descr(),
+                            if macro_backtrace.len() > 1 {
+                                // if macro_backtrace.len() == 1 it'll be
+                                // pointed at by "in this macro invocation"
+                                format!(" (#{})", i + 1)
+                            } else {
+                                String::new()
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                // Don't add a label on the call site if the diagnostic itself
+                // already points to (a part of) that call site, as the label
+                // is meant for showing the relevant invocation when the actual
+                // diagnostic is pointing to some part of macro definition.
+                //
+                // This also handles the case where an external span got replaced
+                // with the call site span by `fix_multispans_in_extern_macros`.
+                //
+                // NB: `-Zmacro-backtrace` overrides this, for uniformity, as the
+                // "in this expansion of" label above is always added in that mode,
+                // and it needs an "in this macro invocation" label to match that.
+                let redundant_span = trace.call_site.contains(sp);
+
+                if !redundant_span && matches!(trace.kind, ExpnKind::Macro(MacroKind::Bang, _))
+                    || always_backtrace
+                {
+                    new_labels.push((
+                        trace.call_site,
+                        format!(
+                            "in this macro invocation{}",
+                            if macro_backtrace.len() > 1 && always_backtrace {
+                                // only specify order when the macro
+                                // backtrace is multiple levels deep
+                                format!(" (#{})", i + 1)
+                            } else {
+                                String::new()
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    ));
+                }
+                if !always_backtrace {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (label_span, label_text) in new_labels {
+            span.push_span_label(label_span, label_text);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This does a small "fix" for multispans by looking to see if it can find any that
+    // point directly at external macros. Since these are often difficult to read,
+    // this will change the span to point at the use site.
+    fn fix_multispans_in_extern_macros(
+        &self,
+        source_map: &Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+        span: &mut MultiSpan,
+        children: &mut Vec<SubDiagnostic>,
+    ) {
+        debug!("fix_multispans_in_extern_macros: before: span={:?} children={:?}", span, children);
+        for span in iter::once(&mut *span).chain(children.iter_mut().map(|child| &mut child.span)) {
+            self.fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(source_map, span);
+        }
+        debug!("fix_multispans_in_extern_macros: after: span={:?} children={:?}", span, children);
+    }
+
+    // This "fixes" MultiSpans that contain `Span`s pointing to locations inside of external macros.
+    // Since these locations are often difficult to read,
+    // we move these spans from the external macros to their corresponding use site.
+    fn fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(
+        &self,
+        source_map: &Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+        span: &mut MultiSpan,
+    ) {
+        let sm = match source_map {
+            Some(ref sm) => sm,
+            None => return,
+        };
+
+        // First, find all the spans in external macros and point instead at their use site.
+        let replacements: Vec<(Span, Span)> = span
+            .primary_spans()
+            .iter()
+            .copied()
+            .chain(span.span_labels().iter().map(|sp_label| sp_label.span))
+            .filter_map(|sp| {
+                if !sp.is_dummy() && sm.is_imported(sp) {
+                    let maybe_callsite = sp.source_callsite();
+                    if sp != maybe_callsite {
+                        return Some((sp, maybe_callsite));
+                    }
+                }
+                None
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // After we have them, make sure we replace these 'bad' def sites with their use sites.
+        for (from, to) in replacements {
+            span.replace(from, to);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Emitter for EmitterWriter {
+    fn source_map(&self) -> Option<&Lrc<SourceMap>> {
+        self.sm.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn emit_diagnostic(&mut self, diag: &Diagnostic) {
+        let mut children = diag.children.clone();
+        let (mut primary_span, suggestions) = self.primary_span_formatted(&diag);
+        debug!("emit_diagnostic: suggestions={:?}", suggestions);
+
+        self.fix_multispans_in_extern_macros_and_render_macro_backtrace(
+            &self.sm,
+            &mut primary_span,
+            &mut children,
+            &diag.level,
+            self.macro_backtrace,
+        );
+
+        self.emit_messages_default(
+            &diag.level,
+            &diag.styled_message(),
+            &diag.code,
+            &primary_span,
+            &children,
+            &suggestions,
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn should_show_explain(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.short_message
+    }
+}
+
+/// An emitter that does nothing when emitting a diagnostic.
+pub struct SilentEmitter;
+
+impl Emitter for SilentEmitter {
+    fn source_map(&self) -> Option<&Lrc<SourceMap>> {
+        None
+    }
+    fn emit_diagnostic(&mut self, _: &Diagnostic) {}
+}
+
+/// Maximum number of lines we will print for each error; arbitrary.
+pub const MAX_HIGHLIGHT_LINES: usize = 6;
+/// Maximum number of lines we will print for a multiline suggestion; arbitrary.
+///
+/// This should be replaced with a more involved mechanism to output multiline suggestions that
+/// more closely mimmics the regular diagnostic output, where irrelevant code lines are elided.
+pub const MAX_SUGGESTION_HIGHLIGHT_LINES: usize = 6;
+/// Maximum number of suggestions to be shown
+///
+/// Arbitrary, but taken from trait import suggestion limit
+pub const MAX_SUGGESTIONS: usize = 4;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ColorConfig {
+    Auto,
+    Always,
+    Never,
+}
+
+impl ColorConfig {
+    fn to_color_choice(self) -> ColorChoice {
+        match self {
+            ColorConfig::Always => {
+                if atty::is(atty::Stream::Stderr) {
+                    ColorChoice::Always
+                } else {
+                    ColorChoice::AlwaysAnsi
+                }
+            }
+            ColorConfig::Never => ColorChoice::Never,
+            ColorConfig::Auto if atty::is(atty::Stream::Stderr) => ColorChoice::Auto,
+            ColorConfig::Auto => ColorChoice::Never,
+        }
+    }
+    fn suggests_using_colors(self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            ColorConfig::Always | ColorConfig::Auto => true,
+            ColorConfig::Never => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handles the writing of `HumanReadableErrorType::Default` and `HumanReadableErrorType::Short`
+pub struct EmitterWriter {
+    dst: Destination,
+    sm: Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+    short_message: bool,
+    teach: bool,
+    ui_testing: bool,
+    terminal_width: Option<usize>,
+
+    macro_backtrace: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FileWithAnnotatedLines {
+    pub file: Lrc<SourceFile>,
+    pub lines: Vec<Line>,
+    multiline_depth: usize,
+}
+
+impl EmitterWriter {
+    pub fn stderr(
+        color_config: ColorConfig,
+        source_map: Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+        short_message: bool,
+        teach: bool,
+        terminal_width: Option<usize>,
+        macro_backtrace: bool,
+    ) -> EmitterWriter {
+        let dst = Destination::from_stderr(color_config);
+        EmitterWriter {
+            dst,
+            sm: source_map,
+            short_message,
+            teach,
+            ui_testing: false,
+            terminal_width,
+            macro_backtrace,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(
+        dst: Box<dyn Write + Send>,
+        source_map: Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+        short_message: bool,
+        teach: bool,
+        colored: bool,
+        terminal_width: Option<usize>,
+        macro_backtrace: bool,
+    ) -> EmitterWriter {
+        EmitterWriter {
+            dst: Raw(dst, colored),
+            sm: source_map,
+            short_message,
+            teach,
+            ui_testing: false,
+            terminal_width,
+            macro_backtrace,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ui_testing(mut self, ui_testing: bool) -> Self {
+        self.ui_testing = ui_testing;
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn maybe_anonymized(&self, line_num: usize) -> String {
+        if self.ui_testing { ANONYMIZED_LINE_NUM.to_string() } else { line_num.to_string() }
+    }
+
+    fn draw_line(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &mut StyledBuffer,
+        source_string: &str,
+        line_index: usize,
+        line_offset: usize,
+        width_offset: usize,
+        code_offset: usize,
+        margin: Margin,
+    ) {
+        let line_len = source_string.len();
+        // Create the source line we will highlight.
+        let left = margin.left(line_len);
+        let right = margin.right(line_len);
+        // On long lines, we strip the source line, accounting for unicode.
+        let mut taken = 0;
+        let code: String = source_string
+            .chars()
+            .skip(left)
+            .take_while(|ch| {
+                // Make sure that the trimming on the right will fall within the terminal width.
+                // FIXME: `unicode_width` sometimes disagrees with terminals on how wide a `char` is.
+                // For now, just accept that sometimes the code line will be longer than desired.
+                let next = unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar::width(*ch).unwrap_or(1);
+                if taken + next > right - left {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                taken += next;
+                true
+            })
+            .collect();
+        buffer.puts(line_offset, code_offset, &code, Style::Quotation);
+        if margin.was_cut_left() {
+            // We have stripped some code/whitespace from the beginning, make it clear.
+            buffer.puts(line_offset, code_offset, "...", Style::LineNumber);
+        }
+        if margin.was_cut_right(line_len) {
+            // We have stripped some code after the right-most span end, make it clear we did so.
+            buffer.puts(line_offset, code_offset + taken - 3, "...", Style::LineNumber);
+        }
+        buffer.puts(line_offset, 0, &self.maybe_anonymized(line_index), Style::LineNumber);
+
+        draw_col_separator(buffer, line_offset, width_offset - 2);
+    }
+
+    fn render_source_line(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &mut StyledBuffer,
+        file: Lrc<SourceFile>,
+        line: &Line,
+        width_offset: usize,
+        code_offset: usize,
+        margin: Margin,
+    ) -> Vec<(usize, Style)> {
+        // Draw:
+        //
+        //   LL | ... code ...
+        //      |     ^^-^ span label
+        //      |       |
+        //      |       secondary span label
+        //
+        //   ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ we don't care about code too far to the right of a span, we trim it
+        //   |  | |   |
+        //   |  | |   actual code found in your source code and the spans we use to mark it
+        //   |  | when there's too much wasted space to the left, trim it
+        //   |  vertical divider between the column number and the code
+        //   column number
+
+        if line.line_index == 0 {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+
+        let source_string = match file.get_line(line.line_index - 1) {
+            Some(s) => s,
+            None => return Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        let line_offset = buffer.num_lines();
+
+        let left = margin.left(source_string.len()); // Left trim
+        // Account for unicode characters of width !=0 that were removed.
+        let left = source_string
+            .chars()
+            .take(left)
+            .map(|ch| unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar::width(ch).unwrap_or(1))
+            .sum();
+
+        self.draw_line(
+            buffer,
+            &source_string,
+            line.line_index,
+            line_offset,
+            width_offset,
+            code_offset,
+            margin,
+        );
+
+        // Special case when there's only one annotation involved, it is the start of a multiline
+        // span and there's no text at the beginning of the code line. Instead of doing the whole
+        // graph:
+        //
+        // 2 |   fn foo() {
+        //   |  _^
+        // 3 | |
+        // 4 | | }
+        //   | |_^ test
+        //
+        // we simplify the output to:
+        //
+        // 2 | / fn foo() {
+        // 3 | |
+        // 4 | | }
+        //   | |_^ test
+        if let [ann] = &line.annotations[..] {
+            if let AnnotationType::MultilineStart(depth) = ann.annotation_type {
+                if source_string.chars().take(ann.start_col).all(|c| c.is_whitespace()) {
+                    let style = if ann.is_primary {
+                        Style::UnderlinePrimary
+                    } else {
+                        Style::UnderlineSecondary
+                    };
+                    buffer.putc(line_offset, width_offset + depth - 1, '/', style);
+                    return vec![(depth, style)];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // We want to display like this:
+        //
+        //      vec.push(vec.pop().unwrap());
+        //      ---      ^^^               - previous borrow ends here
+        //      |        |
+        //      |        error occurs here
+        //      previous borrow of `vec` occurs here
+        //
+        // But there are some weird edge cases to be aware of:
+        //
+        //      vec.push(vec.pop().unwrap());
+        //      --------                    - previous borrow ends here
+        //      ||
+        //      |this makes no sense
+        //      previous borrow of `vec` occurs here
+        //
+        // For this reason, we group the lines into "highlight lines"
+        // and "annotations lines", where the highlight lines have the `^`.
+
+        // Sort the annotations by (start, end col)
+        // The labels are reversed, sort and then reversed again.
+        // Consider a list of annotations (A1, A2, C1, C2, B1, B2) where
+        // the letter signifies the span. Here we are only sorting by the
+        // span and hence, the order of the elements with the same span will
+        // not change. On reversing the ordering (|a, b| but b.cmp(a)), you get
+        // (C1, C2, B1, B2, A1, A2). All the elements with the same span are
+        // still ordered first to last, but all the elements with different
+        // spans are ordered by their spans in last to first order. Last to
+        // first order is important, because the jiggly lines and | are on
+        // the left, so the rightmost span needs to be rendered first,
+        // otherwise the lines would end up needing to go over a message.
+
+        let mut annotations = line.annotations.clone();
+        annotations.sort_by_key(|a| Reverse(a.start_col));
+
+        // First, figure out where each label will be positioned.
+        //
+        // In the case where you have the following annotations:
+        //
+        //      vec.push(vec.pop().unwrap());
+        //      --------                    - previous borrow ends here [C]
+        //      ||
+        //      |this makes no sense [B]
+        //      previous borrow of `vec` occurs here [A]
+        //
+        // `annotations_position` will hold [(2, A), (1, B), (0, C)].
+        //
+        // We try, when possible, to stick the rightmost annotation at the end
+        // of the highlight line:
+        //
+        //      vec.push(vec.pop().unwrap());
+        //      ---      ---               - previous borrow ends here
+        //
+        // But sometimes that's not possible because one of the other
+        // annotations overlaps it. For example, from the test
+        // `span_overlap_label`, we have the following annotations
+        // (written on distinct lines for clarity):
+        //
+        //      fn foo(x: u32) {
+        //      --------------
+        //             -
+        //
+        // In this case, we can't stick the rightmost-most label on
+        // the highlight line, or we would get:
+        //
+        //      fn foo(x: u32) {
+        //      -------- x_span
+        //      |
+        //      fn_span
+        //
+        // which is totally weird. Instead we want:
+        //
+        //      fn foo(x: u32) {
+        //      --------------
+        //      |      |
+        //      |      x_span
+        //      fn_span
+        //
+        // which is...less weird, at least. In fact, in general, if
+        // the rightmost span overlaps with any other span, we should
+        // use the "hang below" version, so we can at least make it
+        // clear where the span *starts*. There's an exception for this
+        // logic, when the labels do not have a message:
+        //
+        //      fn foo(x: u32) {
+        //      --------------
+        //             |
+        //             x_span
+        //
+        // instead of:
+        //
+        //      fn foo(x: u32) {
+        //      --------------
+        //      |      |
+        //      |      x_span
+        //      <EMPTY LINE>
+        //
+        let mut annotations_position = vec![];
+        let mut line_len = 0;
+        let mut p = 0;
+        for (i, annotation) in annotations.iter().enumerate() {
+            for (j, next) in annotations.iter().enumerate() {
+                if overlaps(next, annotation, 0)  // This label overlaps with another one and both
+                    && annotation.has_label()     // take space (they have text and are not
+                    && j > i                      // multiline lines).
+                    && p == 0
+                // We're currently on the first line, move the label one line down
+                {
+                    // If we're overlapping with an un-labelled annotation with the same span
+                    // we can just merge them in the output
+                    if next.start_col == annotation.start_col
+                        && next.end_col == annotation.end_col
+                        && !next.has_label()
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // This annotation needs a new line in the output.
+                    p += 1;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            annotations_position.push((p, annotation));
+            for (j, next) in annotations.iter().enumerate() {
+                if j > i {
+                    let l = next.label.as_ref().map_or(0, |label| label.len() + 2);
+                    if (overlaps(next, annotation, l) // Do not allow two labels to be in the same
+                                                     // line if they overlap including padding, to
+                                                     // avoid situations like:
+                                                     //
+                                                     //      fn foo(x: u32) {
+                                                     //      -------^------
+                                                     //      |      |
+                                                     //      fn_spanx_span
+                                                     //
+                        && annotation.has_label()    // Both labels must have some text, otherwise
+                        && next.has_label())         // they are not overlapping.
+                                                     // Do not add a new line if this annotation
+                                                     // or the next are vertical line placeholders.
+                        || (annotation.takes_space() // If either this or the next annotation is
+                            && next.has_label())     // multiline start/end, move it to a new line
+                        || (annotation.has_label()   // so as not to overlap the orizontal lines.
+                            && next.takes_space())
+                        || (annotation.takes_space() && next.takes_space())
+                        || (overlaps(next, annotation, l)
+                            && next.end_col <= annotation.end_col
+                            && next.has_label()
+                            && p == 0)
+                    // Avoid #42595.
+                    {
+                        // This annotation needs a new line in the output.
+                        p += 1;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            line_len = max(line_len, p);
+        }
+
+        if line_len != 0 {
+            line_len += 1;
+        }
+
+        // If there are no annotations or the only annotations on this line are
+        // MultilineLine, then there's only code being shown, stop processing.
+        if line.annotations.iter().all(|a| a.is_line()) {
+            return vec![];
+        }
+
+        // Write the column separator.
+        //
+        // After this we will have:
+        //
+        // 2 |   fn foo() {
+        //   |
+        //   |
+        //   |
+        // 3 |
+        // 4 |   }
+        //   |
+        for pos in 0..=line_len {
+            draw_col_separator(buffer, line_offset + pos + 1, width_offset - 2);
+            buffer.putc(line_offset + pos + 1, width_offset - 2, '|', Style::LineNumber);
+        }
+
+        // Write the horizontal lines for multiline annotations
+        // (only the first and last lines need this).
+        //
+        // After this we will have:
+        //
+        // 2 |   fn foo() {
+        //   |  __________
+        //   |
+        //   |
+        // 3 |
+        // 4 |   }
+        //   |  _
+        for &(pos, annotation) in &annotations_position {
+            let style = if annotation.is_primary {
+                Style::UnderlinePrimary
+            } else {
+                Style::UnderlineSecondary
+            };
+            let pos = pos + 1;
+            match annotation.annotation_type {
+                AnnotationType::MultilineStart(depth) | AnnotationType::MultilineEnd(depth) => {
+                    draw_range(
+                        buffer,
+                        '_',
+                        line_offset + pos,
+                        width_offset + depth,
+                        code_offset + annotation.start_col - left,
+                        style,
+                    );
+                }
+                _ if self.teach => {
+                    buffer.set_style_range(
+                        line_offset,
+                        code_offset + annotation.start_col - left,
+                        code_offset + annotation.end_col - left,
+                        style,
+                        annotation.is_primary,
+                    );
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Write the vertical lines for labels that are on a different line as the underline.
+        //
+        // After this we will have:
+        //
+        // 2 |   fn foo() {
+        //   |  __________
+        //   | |    |
+        //   | |
+        // 3 | |
+        // 4 | | }
+        //   | |_
+        for &(pos, annotation) in &annotations_position {
+            let style = if annotation.is_primary {
+                Style::UnderlinePrimary
+            } else {
+                Style::UnderlineSecondary
+            };
+            let pos = pos + 1;
+
+            if pos > 1 && (annotation.has_label() || annotation.takes_space()) {
+                for p in line_offset + 1..=line_offset + pos {
+                    buffer.putc(
+                        p,
+                        (code_offset + annotation.start_col).saturating_sub(left),
+                        '|',
+                        style,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            match annotation.annotation_type {
+                AnnotationType::MultilineStart(depth) => {
+                    for p in line_offset + pos + 1..line_offset + line_len + 2 {
+                        buffer.putc(p, width_offset + depth - 1, '|', style);
+                    }
+                }
+                AnnotationType::MultilineEnd(depth) => {
+                    for p in line_offset..=line_offset + pos {
+                        buffer.putc(p, width_offset + depth - 1, '|', style);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Write the labels on the annotations that actually have a label.
+        //
+        // After this we will have:
+        //
+        // 2 |   fn foo() {
+        //   |  __________
+        //   |      |
+        //   |      something about `foo`
+        // 3 |
+        // 4 |   }
+        //   |  _  test
+        for &(pos, annotation) in &annotations_position {
+            let style =
+                if annotation.is_primary { Style::LabelPrimary } else { Style::LabelSecondary };
+            let (pos, col) = if pos == 0 {
+                (pos + 1, (annotation.end_col + 1).saturating_sub(left))
+            } else {
+                (pos + 2, annotation.start_col.saturating_sub(left))
+            };
+            if let Some(ref label) = annotation.label {
+                buffer.puts(line_offset + pos, code_offset + col, &label, style);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Sort from biggest span to smallest span so that smaller spans are
+        // represented in the output:
+        //
+        // x | fn foo()
+        //   | ^^^---^^
+        //   | |  |
+        //   | |  something about `foo`
+        //   | something about `fn foo()`
+        annotations_position.sort_by_key(|(_, ann)| {
+            // Decreasing order. When annotations share the same length, prefer `Primary`.
+            (Reverse(ann.len()), ann.is_primary)
+        });
+
+        // Write the underlines.
+        //
+        // After this we will have:
+        //
+        // 2 |   fn foo() {
+        //   |  ____-_____^
+        //   |      |
+        //   |      something about `foo`
+        // 3 |
+        // 4 |   }
+        //   |  _^  test
+        for &(_, annotation) in &annotations_position {
+            let (underline, style) = if annotation.is_primary {
+                ('^', Style::UnderlinePrimary)
+            } else {
+                ('-', Style::UnderlineSecondary)
+            };
+            for p in annotation.start_col..annotation.end_col {
+                buffer.putc(
+                    line_offset + 1,
+                    (code_offset + p).saturating_sub(left),
+                    underline,
+                    style,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        annotations_position
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|&(_, annotation)| match annotation.annotation_type {
+                AnnotationType::MultilineStart(p) | AnnotationType::MultilineEnd(p) => {
+                    let style = if annotation.is_primary {
+                        Style::LabelPrimary
+                    } else {
+                        Style::LabelSecondary
+                    };
+                    Some((p, style))
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    }
+
+    fn get_multispan_max_line_num(&mut self, msp: &MultiSpan) -> usize {
+        let sm = match self.sm {
+            Some(ref sm) => sm,
+            None => return 0,
+        };
+
+        let mut max = 0;
+        for primary_span in msp.primary_spans() {
+            if !primary_span.is_dummy() {
+                let hi = sm.lookup_char_pos(primary_span.hi());
+                max = (hi.line).max(max);
+            }
+        }
+        if !self.short_message {
+            for span_label in msp.span_labels() {
+                if !span_label.span.is_dummy() {
+                    let hi = sm.lookup_char_pos(span_label.span.hi());
+                    max = (hi.line).max(max);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        max
+    }
+
+    fn get_max_line_num(&mut self, span: &MultiSpan, children: &[SubDiagnostic]) -> usize {
+        let primary = self.get_multispan_max_line_num(span);
+        children
+            .iter()
+            .map(|sub| self.get_multispan_max_line_num(&sub.span))
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+            .max(primary)
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a left margin to every line but the first, given a padding length and the label being
+    /// displayed, keeping the provided highlighting.
+    fn msg_to_buffer(
+        &self,
+        buffer: &mut StyledBuffer,
+        msg: &[(String, Style)],
+        padding: usize,
+        label: &str,
+        override_style: Option<Style>,
+    ) {
+        // The extra 5 ` ` is padding that's always needed to align to the `note: `:
+        //
+        //   error: message
+        //     --> file.rs:13:20
+        //      |
+        //   13 |     <CODE>
+        //      |      ^^^^
+        //      |
+        //      = note: multiline
+        //              message
+        //   ++^^^----xx
+        //    |  |   | |
+        //    |  |   | magic `2`
+        //    |  |   length of label
+        //    |  magic `3`
+        //    `max_line_num_len`
+        let padding = " ".repeat(padding + label.len() + 5);
+
+        /// Returns `override` if it is present and `style` is `NoStyle` or `style` otherwise
+        fn style_or_override(style: Style, override_: Option<Style>) -> Style {
+            match (style, override_) {
+                (Style::NoStyle, Some(override_)) => override_,
+                _ => style,
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut line_number = 0;
+
+        // Provided the following diagnostic message:
+        //
+        //     let msg = vec![
+        //       ("
+        //       ("highlighted multiline\nstring to\nsee how it ", Style::NoStyle),
+        //       ("looks", Style::Highlight),
+        //       ("with\nvery ", Style::NoStyle),
+        //       ("weird", Style::Highlight),
+        //       (" formats\n", Style::NoStyle),
+        //       ("see?", Style::Highlight),
+        //     ];
+        //
+        // the expected output on a note is (* surround the highlighted text)
+        //
+        //        = note: highlighted multiline
+        //                string to
+        //                see how it *looks* with
+        //                very *weird* formats
+        //                see?
+        for &(ref text, ref style) in msg.iter() {
+            let lines = text.split('\n').collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            if lines.len() > 1 {
+                for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i != 0 {
+                        line_number += 1;
+                        buffer.append(line_number, &padding, Style::NoStyle);
+                    }
+                    buffer.append(line_number, line, style_or_override(*style, override_style));
+                }
+            } else {
+                buffer.append(line_number, text, style_or_override(*style, override_style));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_message_default(
+        &mut self,
+        msp: &MultiSpan,
+        msg: &[(String, Style)],
+        code: &Option<DiagnosticId>,
+        level: &Level,
+        max_line_num_len: usize,
+        is_secondary: bool,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let mut buffer = StyledBuffer::new();
+        let header_style = if is_secondary { Style::HeaderMsg } else { Style::MainHeaderMsg };
+
+        if !msp.has_primary_spans() && !msp.has_span_labels() && is_secondary && !self.short_message
+        {
+            // This is a secondary message with no span info
+            for _ in 0..max_line_num_len {
+                buffer.prepend(0, " ", Style::NoStyle);
+            }
+            draw_note_separator(&mut buffer, 0, max_line_num_len + 1);
+            if *level != Level::FailureNote {
+                let level_str = level.to_string();
+                if !level_str.is_empty() {
+                    buffer.append(0, &level_str, Style::MainHeaderMsg);
+                    buffer.append(0, ": ", Style::NoStyle);
+                }
+            }
+            self.msg_to_buffer(&mut buffer, msg, max_line_num_len, "note", None);
+        } else {
+            let level_str = level.to_string();
+            // The failure note level itself does not provide any useful diagnostic information
+            if *level != Level::FailureNote && !level_str.is_empty() {
+                buffer.append(0, &level_str, Style::Level(*level));
+            }
+            // only render error codes, not lint codes
+            if let Some(DiagnosticId::Error(ref code)) = *code {
+                buffer.append(0, "[", Style::Level(*level));
+                buffer.append(0, &code, Style::Level(*level));
+                buffer.append(0, "]", Style::Level(*level));
+            }
+            if *level != Level::FailureNote && !level_str.is_empty() {
+                buffer.append(0, ": ", header_style);
+            }
+            for &(ref text, _) in msg.iter() {
+                buffer.append(0, text, header_style);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut annotated_files = FileWithAnnotatedLines::collect_annotations(msp, &self.sm);
+
+        // Make sure our primary file comes first
+        let (primary_lo, sm) = if let (Some(sm), Some(ref primary_span)) =
+            (self.sm.as_ref(), msp.primary_span().as_ref())
+        {
+            if !primary_span.is_dummy() {
+                (sm.lookup_char_pos(primary_span.lo()), sm)
+            } else {
+                emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message)?;
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        } else {
+            // If we don't have span information, emit and exit
+            emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message)?;
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if let Ok(pos) =
+            annotated_files.binary_search_by(|x| x.file.name.cmp(&primary_lo.file.name))
+        {
+            annotated_files.swap(0, pos);
+        }
+
+        // Print out the annotate source lines that correspond with the error
+        for annotated_file in annotated_files {
+            // we can't annotate anything if the source is unavailable.
+            if !sm.ensure_source_file_source_present(annotated_file.file.clone()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // print out the span location and spacer before we print the annotated source
+            // to do this, we need to know if this span will be primary
+            let is_primary = primary_lo.file.name == annotated_file.file.name;
+            if is_primary {
+                let loc = primary_lo.clone();
+                if !self.short_message {
+                    // remember where we are in the output buffer for easy reference
+                    let buffer_msg_line_offset = buffer.num_lines();
+
+                    buffer.prepend(buffer_msg_line_offset, "--> ", Style::LineNumber);
+                    buffer.append(
+                        buffer_msg_line_offset,
+                        &format!(
+                            "{}:{}:{}",
+                            loc.file.name,
+                            sm.doctest_offset_line(&loc.file.name, loc.line),
+                            loc.col.0 + 1,
+                        ),
+                        Style::LineAndColumn,
+                    );
+                    for _ in 0..max_line_num_len {
+                        buffer.prepend(buffer_msg_line_offset, " ", Style::NoStyle);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    buffer.prepend(
+                        0,
+                        &format!(
+                            "{}:{}:{}: ",
+                            loc.file.name,
+                            sm.doctest_offset_line(&loc.file.name, loc.line),
+                            loc.col.0 + 1,
+                        ),
+                        Style::LineAndColumn,
+                    );
+                }
+            } else if !self.short_message {
+                // remember where we are in the output buffer for easy reference
+                let buffer_msg_line_offset = buffer.num_lines();
+
+                // Add spacing line
+                draw_col_separator(&mut buffer, buffer_msg_line_offset, max_line_num_len + 1);
+
+                // Then, the secondary file indicator
+                buffer.prepend(buffer_msg_line_offset + 1, "::: ", Style::LineNumber);
+                let loc = if let Some(first_line) = annotated_file.lines.first() {
+                    let col = if let Some(first_annotation) = first_line.annotations.first() {
+                        format!(":{}", first_annotation.start_col + 1)
+                    } else {
+                        String::new()
+                    };
+                    format!(
+                        "{}:{}{}",
+                        annotated_file.file.name,
+                        sm.doctest_offset_line(&annotated_file.file.name, first_line.line_index),
+                        col
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    annotated_file.file.name.to_string()
+                };
+                buffer.append(buffer_msg_line_offset + 1, &loc, Style::LineAndColumn);
+                for _ in 0..max_line_num_len {
+                    buffer.prepend(buffer_msg_line_offset + 1, " ", Style::NoStyle);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !self.short_message {
+                // Put in the spacer between the location and annotated source
+                let buffer_msg_line_offset = buffer.num_lines();
+                draw_col_separator_no_space(
+                    &mut buffer,
+                    buffer_msg_line_offset,
+                    max_line_num_len + 1,
+                );
+
+                // Contains the vertical lines' positions for active multiline annotations
+                let mut multilines = FxHashMap::default();
+
+                // Get the left-side margin to remove it
+                let mut whitespace_margin = usize::MAX;
+                for line_idx in 0..annotated_file.lines.len() {
+                    let file = annotated_file.file.clone();
+                    let line = &annotated_file.lines[line_idx];
+                    if let Some(source_string) = file.get_line(line.line_index - 1) {
+                        let leading_whitespace =
+                            source_string.chars().take_while(|c| c.is_whitespace()).count();
+                        if source_string.chars().any(|c| !c.is_whitespace()) {
+                            whitespace_margin = min(whitespace_margin, leading_whitespace);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if whitespace_margin == usize::MAX {
+                    whitespace_margin = 0;
+                }
+
+                // Left-most column any visible span points at.
+                let mut span_left_margin = usize::MAX;
+                for line in &annotated_file.lines {
+                    for ann in &line.annotations {
+                        span_left_margin = min(span_left_margin, ann.start_col);
+                        span_left_margin = min(span_left_margin, ann.end_col);
+                    }
+                }
+                if span_left_margin == usize::MAX {
+                    span_left_margin = 0;
+                }
+
+                // Right-most column any visible span points at.
+                let mut span_right_margin = 0;
+                let mut label_right_margin = 0;
+                let mut max_line_len = 0;
+                for line in &annotated_file.lines {
+                    max_line_len = max(
+                        max_line_len,
+                        annotated_file.file.get_line(line.line_index - 1).map_or(0, |s| s.len()),
+                    );
+                    for ann in &line.annotations {
+                        span_right_margin = max(span_right_margin, ann.start_col);
+                        span_right_margin = max(span_right_margin, ann.end_col);
+                        // FIXME: account for labels not in the same line
+                        let label_right = ann.label.as_ref().map_or(0, |l| l.len() + 1);
+                        label_right_margin = max(label_right_margin, ann.end_col + label_right);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let width_offset = 3 + max_line_num_len;
+                let code_offset = if annotated_file.multiline_depth == 0 {
+                    width_offset
+                } else {
+                    width_offset + annotated_file.multiline_depth + 1
+                };
+
+                let column_width = if let Some(width) = self.terminal_width {
+                    width.saturating_sub(code_offset)
+                } else if self.ui_testing {
+                    DEFAULT_COLUMN_WIDTH
+                } else {
+                    termize::dimensions()
+                        .map(|(w, _)| w.saturating_sub(code_offset))
+                        .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_COLUMN_WIDTH)
+                };
+
+                let margin = Margin::new(
+                    whitespace_margin,
+                    span_left_margin,
+                    span_right_margin,
+                    label_right_margin,
+                    column_width,
+                    max_line_len,
+                );
+
+                // Next, output the annotate source for this file
+                for line_idx in 0..annotated_file.lines.len() {
+                    let previous_buffer_line = buffer.num_lines();
+
+                    let depths = self.render_source_line(
+                        &mut buffer,
+                        annotated_file.file.clone(),
+                        &annotated_file.lines[line_idx],
+                        width_offset,
+                        code_offset,
+                        margin,
+                    );
+
+                    let mut to_add = FxHashMap::default();
+
+                    for (depth, style) in depths {
+                        if multilines.get(&depth).is_some() {
+                            multilines.remove(&depth);
+                        } else {
+                            to_add.insert(depth, style);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Set the multiline annotation vertical lines to the left of
+                    // the code in this line.
+                    for (depth, style) in &multilines {
+                        for line in previous_buffer_line..buffer.num_lines() {
+                            draw_multiline_line(&mut buffer, line, width_offset, *depth, *style);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // check to see if we need to print out or elide lines that come between
+                    // this annotated line and the next one.
+                    if line_idx < (annotated_file.lines.len() - 1) {
+                        let line_idx_delta = annotated_file.lines[line_idx + 1].line_index
+                            - annotated_file.lines[line_idx].line_index;
+                        if line_idx_delta > 2 {
+                            let last_buffer_line_num = buffer.num_lines();
+                            buffer.puts(last_buffer_line_num, 0, "...", Style::LineNumber);
+
+                            // Set the multiline annotation vertical lines on `...` bridging line.
+                            for (depth, style) in &multilines {
+                                draw_multiline_line(
+                                    &mut buffer,
+                                    last_buffer_line_num,
+                                    width_offset,
+                                    *depth,
+                                    *style,
+                                );
+                            }
+                        } else if line_idx_delta == 2 {
+                            let unannotated_line = annotated_file
+                                .file
+                                .get_line(annotated_file.lines[line_idx].line_index)
+                                .unwrap_or_else(|| Cow::from(""));
+
+                            let last_buffer_line_num = buffer.num_lines();
+
+                            self.draw_line(
+                                &mut buffer,
+                                &unannotated_line,
+                                annotated_file.lines[line_idx + 1].line_index - 1,
+                                last_buffer_line_num,
+                                width_offset,
+                                code_offset,
+                                margin,
+                            );
+
+                            for (depth, style) in &multilines {
+                                draw_multiline_line(
+                                    &mut buffer,
+                                    last_buffer_line_num,
+                                    width_offset,
+                                    *depth,
+                                    *style,
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    multilines.extend(&to_add);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // final step: take our styled buffer, render it, then output it
+        emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_suggestion_default(
+        &mut self,
+        suggestion: &CodeSuggestion,
+        level: &Level,
+        max_line_num_len: usize,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let sm = match self.sm {
+            Some(ref sm) => sm,
+            None => return Ok(()),
+        };
+
+        // Render the replacements for each suggestion
+        let suggestions = suggestion.splice_lines(&**sm);
+        debug!("emit_suggestion_default: suggestions={:?}", suggestions);
+
+        if suggestions.is_empty() {
+            // Suggestions coming from macros can have malformed spans. This is a heavy handed
+            // approach to avoid ICEs by ignoring the suggestion outright.
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mut buffer = StyledBuffer::new();
+
+        // Render the suggestion message
+        let level_str = level.to_string();
+        if !level_str.is_empty() {
+            buffer.append(0, &level_str, Style::Level(*level));
+            buffer.append(0, ": ", Style::HeaderMsg);
+        }
+        self.msg_to_buffer(
+            &mut buffer,
+            &[(suggestion.msg.to_owned(), Style::NoStyle)],
+            max_line_num_len,
+            "suggestion",
+            Some(Style::HeaderMsg),
+        );
+
+        let mut row_num = 2;
+        let mut notice_capitalization = false;
+        for (complete, parts, only_capitalization) in suggestions.iter().take(MAX_SUGGESTIONS) {
+            notice_capitalization |= only_capitalization;
+            // Only show underline if the suggestion spans a single line and doesn't cover the
+            // entirety of the code output. If you have multiple replacements in the same line
+            // of code, show the underline.
+            let show_underline = !(parts.len() == 1 && parts[0].snippet.trim() == complete.trim())
+                && complete.lines().count() == 1;
+
+            let lines = sm
+                .span_to_lines(parts[0].span)
+                .expect("span_to_lines failed when emitting suggestion");
+
+            assert!(!lines.lines.is_empty() || parts[0].span.is_dummy());
+
+            let line_start = sm.lookup_char_pos(parts[0].span.lo()).line;
+            draw_col_separator_no_space(&mut buffer, 1, max_line_num_len + 1);
+            let mut lines = complete.lines();
+            for (line_pos, line) in lines.by_ref().take(MAX_SUGGESTION_HIGHLIGHT_LINES).enumerate()
+            {
+                // Print the span column to avoid confusion
+                buffer.puts(
+                    row_num,
+                    0,
+                    &self.maybe_anonymized(line_start + line_pos),
+                    Style::LineNumber,
+                );
+                // print the suggestion
+                draw_col_separator(&mut buffer, row_num, max_line_num_len + 1);
+                buffer.append(row_num, line, Style::NoStyle);
+                row_num += 1;
+            }
+
+            // This offset and the ones below need to be signed to account for replacement code
+            // that is shorter than the original code.
+            let mut offsets: Vec<(usize, isize)> = Vec::new();
+            // Only show an underline in the suggestions if the suggestion is not the
+            // entirety of the code being shown and the displayed code is not multiline.
+            if show_underline {
+                draw_col_separator(&mut buffer, row_num, max_line_num_len + 1);
+                for part in parts {
+                    let span_start_pos = sm.lookup_char_pos(part.span.lo()).col_display;
+                    let span_end_pos = sm.lookup_char_pos(part.span.hi()).col_display;
+
+                    // Do not underline the leading...
+                    let start = part.snippet.len().saturating_sub(part.snippet.trim_start().len());
+                    // ...or trailing spaces. Account for substitutions containing unicode
+                    // characters.
+                    let sub_len: usize = part
+                        .snippet
+                        .trim()
+                        .chars()
+                        .map(|ch| unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar::width(ch).unwrap_or(1))
+                        .sum();
+
+                    let offset: isize = offsets
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter_map(
+                            |(start, v)| if span_start_pos <= *start { None } else { Some(v) },
+                        )
+                        .sum();
+                    let underline_start = (span_start_pos + start) as isize + offset;
+                    let underline_end = (span_start_pos + start + sub_len) as isize + offset;
+                    assert!(underline_start >= 0 && underline_end >= 0);
+                    for p in underline_start..underline_end {
+                        buffer.putc(
+                            row_num,
+                            ((max_line_num_len + 3) as isize + p) as usize,
+                            '^',
+                            Style::UnderlinePrimary,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    // underline removals too
+                    if underline_start == underline_end {
+                        for p in underline_start - 1..underline_start + 1 {
+                            buffer.putc(
+                                row_num,
+                                ((max_line_num_len + 3) as isize + p) as usize,
+                                '-',
+                                Style::UnderlineSecondary,
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // length of the code after substitution
+                    let full_sub_len = part
+                        .snippet
+                        .chars()
+                        .map(|ch| unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar::width(ch).unwrap_or(1))
+                        .sum::<usize>() as isize;
+
+                    // length of the code to be substituted
+                    let snippet_len = span_end_pos as isize - span_start_pos as isize;
+                    // For multiple substitutions, use the position *after* the previous
+                    // substitutions have happened, only when further substitutions are
+                    // located strictly after.
+                    offsets.push((span_end_pos, full_sub_len - snippet_len));
+                }
+                row_num += 1;
+            }
+
+            // if we elided some lines, add an ellipsis
+            if lines.next().is_some() {
+                buffer.puts(row_num, max_line_num_len - 1, "...", Style::LineNumber);
+            } else if !show_underline {
+                draw_col_separator_no_space(&mut buffer, row_num, max_line_num_len + 1);
+                row_num += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if suggestions.len() > MAX_SUGGESTIONS {
+            let others = suggestions.len() - MAX_SUGGESTIONS;
+            let msg = format!("and {} other candidate{}", others, pluralize!(others));
+            buffer.puts(row_num, max_line_num_len + 3, &msg, Style::NoStyle);
+        } else if notice_capitalization {
+            let msg = "notice the capitalization difference";
+            buffer.puts(row_num, max_line_num_len + 3, &msg, Style::NoStyle);
+        }
+        emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_messages_default(
+        &mut self,
+        level: &Level,
+        message: &[(String, Style)],
+        code: &Option<DiagnosticId>,
+        span: &MultiSpan,
+        children: &[SubDiagnostic],
+        suggestions: &[CodeSuggestion],
+    ) {
+        let max_line_num_len = if self.ui_testing {
+            ANONYMIZED_LINE_NUM.len()
+        } else {
+            self.get_max_line_num(span, children).to_string().len()
+        };
+
+        match self.emit_message_default(span, message, code, level, max_line_num_len, false) {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                if !children.is_empty()
+                    || suggestions.iter().any(|s| s.style != SuggestionStyle::CompletelyHidden)
+                {
+                    let mut buffer = StyledBuffer::new();
+                    if !self.short_message {
+                        draw_col_separator_no_space(&mut buffer, 0, max_line_num_len + 1);
+                    }
+                    match emit_to_destination(
+                        &buffer.render(),
+                        level,
+                        &mut self.dst,
+                        self.short_message,
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(()) => (),
+                        Err(e) => panic!("failed to emit error: {}", e),
+                    }
+                }
+                if !self.short_message {
+                    for child in children {
+                        let span = child.render_span.as_ref().unwrap_or(&child.span);
+                        if let Err(err) = self.emit_message_default(
+                            &span,
+                            &child.styled_message(),
+                            &None,
+                            &child.level,
+                            max_line_num_len,
+                            true,
+                        ) {
+                            panic!("failed to emit error: {}", err);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    for sugg in suggestions {
+                        if sugg.style == SuggestionStyle::CompletelyHidden {
+                            // do not display this suggestion, it is meant only for tools
+                        } else if sugg.style == SuggestionStyle::HideCodeAlways {
+                            if let Err(e) = self.emit_message_default(
+                                &MultiSpan::new(),
+                                &[(sugg.msg.to_owned(), Style::HeaderMsg)],
+                                &None,
+                                &Level::Help,
+                                max_line_num_len,
+                                true,
+                            ) {
+                                panic!("failed to emit error: {}", e);
+                            }
+                        } else if let Err(e) =
+                            self.emit_suggestion_default(sugg, &Level::Help, max_line_num_len)
+                        {
+                            panic!("failed to emit error: {}", e);
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => panic!("failed to emit error: {}", e),
+        }
+
+        let mut dst = self.dst.writable();
+        match writeln!(dst) {
+            Err(e) => panic!("failed to emit error: {}", e),
+            _ => {
+                if let Err(e) = dst.flush() {
+                    panic!("failed to emit error: {}", e)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FileWithAnnotatedLines {
+    /// Preprocess all the annotations so that they are grouped by file and by line number
+    /// This helps us quickly iterate over the whole message (including secondary file spans)
+    pub fn collect_annotations(
+        msp: &MultiSpan,
+        source_map: &Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
+    ) -> Vec<FileWithAnnotatedLines> {
+        fn add_annotation_to_file(
+            file_vec: &mut Vec<FileWithAnnotatedLines>,
+            file: Lrc<SourceFile>,
+            line_index: usize,
+            ann: Annotation,
+        ) {
+            for slot in file_vec.iter_mut() {
+                // Look through each of our files for the one we're adding to
+                if slot.file.name == file.name {
+                    // See if we already have a line for it
+                    for line_slot in &mut slot.lines {
+                        if line_slot.line_index == line_index {
+                            line_slot.annotations.push(ann);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // We don't have a line yet, create one
+                    slot.lines.push(Line { line_index, annotations: vec![ann] });
+                    slot.lines.sort();
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            // This is the first time we're seeing the file
+            file_vec.push(FileWithAnnotatedLines {
+                file,
+                lines: vec![Line { line_index, annotations: vec![ann] }],
+                multiline_depth: 0,
+            });
+        }
+
+        let mut output = vec![];
+        let mut multiline_annotations = vec![];
+
+        if let Some(ref sm) = source_map {
+            for span_label in msp.span_labels() {
+                if span_label.span.is_dummy() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                let lo = sm.lookup_char_pos(span_label.span.lo());
+                let mut hi = sm.lookup_char_pos(span_label.span.hi());
+
+                // Watch out for "empty spans". If we get a span like 6..6, we
+                // want to just display a `^` at 6, so convert that to
+                // 6..7. This is degenerate input, but it's best to degrade
+                // gracefully -- and the parser likes to supply a span like
+                // that for EOF, in particular.
+
+                if lo.col_display == hi.col_display && lo.line == hi.line {
+                    hi.col_display += 1;
+                }
+
+                if lo.line != hi.line {
+                    let ml = MultilineAnnotation {
+                        depth: 1,
+                        line_start: lo.line,
+                        line_end: hi.line,
+                        start_col: lo.col_display,
+                        end_col: hi.col_display,
+                        is_primary: span_label.is_primary,
+                        label: span_label.label,
+                        overlaps_exactly: false,
+                    };
+                    multiline_annotations.push((lo.file, ml));
+                } else {
+                    let ann = Annotation {
+                        start_col: lo.col_display,
+                        end_col: hi.col_display,
+                        is_primary: span_label.is_primary,
+                        label: span_label.label,
+                        annotation_type: AnnotationType::Singleline,
+                    };
+                    add_annotation_to_file(&mut output, lo.file, lo.line, ann);
+                };
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Find overlapping multiline annotations, put them at different depths
+        multiline_annotations.sort_by_key(|&(_, ref ml)| (ml.line_start, ml.line_end));
+        for (_, ann) in multiline_annotations.clone() {
+            for (_, a) in multiline_annotations.iter_mut() {
+                // Move all other multiline annotations overlapping with this one
+                // one level to the right.
+                if !(ann.same_span(a))
+                    && num_overlap(ann.line_start, ann.line_end, a.line_start, a.line_end, true)
+                {
+                    a.increase_depth();
+                } else if ann.same_span(a) && &ann != a {
+                    a.overlaps_exactly = true;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut max_depth = 0; // max overlapping multiline spans
+        for (file, ann) in multiline_annotations {
+            max_depth = max(max_depth, ann.depth);
+            let mut end_ann = ann.as_end();
+            if !ann.overlaps_exactly {
+                // avoid output like
+                //
+                //  |        foo(
+                //  |   _____^
+                //  |  |_____|
+                //  | ||         bar,
+                //  | ||     );
+                //  | ||      ^
+                //  | ||______|
+                //  |  |______foo
+                //  |         baz
+                //
+                // and instead get
+                //
+                //  |       foo(
+                //  |  _____^
+                //  | |         bar,
+                //  | |     );
+                //  | |      ^
+                //  | |      |
+                //  | |______foo
+                //  |        baz
+                add_annotation_to_file(&mut output, file.clone(), ann.line_start, ann.as_start());
+                // 4 is the minimum vertical length of a multiline span when presented: two lines
+                // of code and two lines of underline. This is not true for the special case where
+                // the beginning doesn't have an underline, but the current logic seems to be
+                // working correctly.
+                let middle = min(ann.line_start + 4, ann.line_end);
+                for line in ann.line_start + 1..middle {
+                    // Every `|` that joins the beginning of the span (`___^`) to the end (`|__^`).
+                    add_annotation_to_file(&mut output, file.clone(), line, ann.as_line());
+                }
+                let line_end = ann.line_end - 1;
+                if middle < line_end {
+                    add_annotation_to_file(&mut output, file.clone(), line_end, ann.as_line());
+                }
+            } else {
+                end_ann.annotation_type = AnnotationType::Singleline;
+            }
+            add_annotation_to_file(&mut output, file, ann.line_end, end_ann);
+        }
+        for file_vec in output.iter_mut() {
+            file_vec.multiline_depth = max_depth;
+        }
+        output
+    }
+}
+
+fn draw_col_separator(buffer: &mut StyledBuffer, line: usize, col: usize) {
+    buffer.puts(line, col, "| ", Style::LineNumber);
+}
+
+fn draw_col_separator_no_space(buffer: &mut StyledBuffer, line: usize, col: usize) {
+    draw_col_separator_no_space_with_style(buffer, line, col, Style::LineNumber);
+}
+
+fn draw_col_separator_no_space_with_style(
+    buffer: &mut StyledBuffer,
+    line: usize,
+    col: usize,
+    style: Style,
+) {
+    buffer.putc(line, col, '|', style);
+}
+
+fn draw_range(
+    buffer: &mut StyledBuffer,
+    symbol: char,
+    line: usize,
+    col_from: usize,
+    col_to: usize,
+    style: Style,
+) {
+    for col in col_from..col_to {
+        buffer.putc(line, col, symbol, style);
+    }
+}
+
+fn draw_note_separator(buffer: &mut StyledBuffer, line: usize, col: usize) {
+    buffer.puts(line, col, "= ", Style::LineNumber);
+}
+
+fn draw_multiline_line(
+    buffer: &mut StyledBuffer,
+    line: usize,
+    offset: usize,
+    depth: usize,
+    style: Style,
+) {
+    buffer.putc(line, offset + depth - 1, '|', style);
+}
+
+fn num_overlap(
+    a_start: usize,
+    a_end: usize,
+    b_start: usize,
+    b_end: usize,
+    inclusive: bool,
+) -> bool {
+    let extra = if inclusive { 1 } else { 0 };
+    (b_start..b_end + extra).contains(&a_start) || (a_start..a_end + extra).contains(&b_start)
+}
+fn overlaps(a1: &Annotation, a2: &Annotation, padding: usize) -> bool {
+    num_overlap(a1.start_col, a1.end_col + padding, a2.start_col, a2.end_col, false)
+}
+
+fn emit_to_destination(
+    rendered_buffer: &[Vec<StyledString>],
+    lvl: &Level,
+    dst: &mut Destination,
+    short_message: bool,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    use crate::lock;
+
+    let mut dst = dst.writable();
+
+    // In order to prevent error message interleaving, where multiple error lines get intermixed
+    // when multiple compiler processes error simultaneously, we emit errors with additional
+    // steps.
+    //
+    // On Unix systems, we write into a buffered terminal rather than directly to a terminal. When
+    // the .flush() is called we take the buffer created from the buffered writes and write it at
+    // one shot.  Because the Unix systems use ANSI for the colors, which is a text-based styling
+    // scheme, this buffered approach works and maintains the styling.
+    //
+    // On Windows, styling happens through calls to a terminal API. This prevents us from using the
+    // same buffering approach.  Instead, we use a global Windows mutex, which we acquire long
+    // enough to output the full error message, then we release.
+    let _buffer_lock = lock::acquire_global_lock("rustc_errors");
+    for (pos, line) in rendered_buffer.iter().enumerate() {
+        for part in line {
+            dst.apply_style(*lvl, part.style)?;
+            write!(dst, "{}", part.text)?;
+            dst.reset()?;
+        }
+        if !short_message && (!lvl.is_failure_note() || pos != rendered_buffer.len() - 1) {
+            writeln!(dst)?;
+        }
+    }
+    dst.flush()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub enum Destination {
+    Terminal(StandardStream),
+    Buffered(BufferWriter),
+    // The bool denotes whether we should be emitting ansi color codes or not
+    Raw(Box<(dyn Write + Send)>, bool),
+}
+
+pub enum WritableDst<'a> {
+    Terminal(&'a mut StandardStream),
+    Buffered(&'a mut BufferWriter, Buffer),
+    Raw(&'a mut (dyn Write + Send)),
+    ColoredRaw(Ansi<&'a mut (dyn Write + Send)>),
+}
+
+impl Destination {
+    fn from_stderr(color: ColorConfig) -> Destination {
+        let choice = color.to_color_choice();
+        // On Windows we'll be performing global synchronization on the entire
+        // system for emitting rustc errors, so there's no need to buffer
+        // anything.
+        //
+        // On non-Windows we rely on the atomicity of `write` to ensure errors
+        // don't get all jumbled up.
+        if cfg!(windows) {
+            Terminal(StandardStream::stderr(choice))
+        } else {
+            Buffered(BufferWriter::stderr(choice))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn writable(&mut self) -> WritableDst<'_> {
+        match *self {
+            Destination::Terminal(ref mut t) => WritableDst::Terminal(t),
+            Destination::Buffered(ref mut t) => {
+                let buf = t.buffer();
+                WritableDst::Buffered(t, buf)
+            }
+            Destination::Raw(ref mut t, false) => WritableDst::Raw(t),
+            Destination::Raw(ref mut t, true) => WritableDst::ColoredRaw(Ansi::new(t)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> WritableDst<'a> {
+    fn apply_style(&mut self, lvl: Level, style: Style) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let mut spec = ColorSpec::new();
+        match style {
+            Style::LineAndColumn => {}
+            Style::LineNumber => {
+                spec.set_bold(true);
+                spec.set_intense(true);
+                if cfg!(windows) {
+                    spec.set_fg(Some(Color::Cyan));
+                } else {
+                    spec.set_fg(Some(Color::Blue));
+                }
+            }
+            Style::Quotation => {}
+            Style::MainHeaderMsg => {
+                spec.set_bold(true);
+                if cfg!(windows) {
+                    spec.set_intense(true).set_fg(Some(Color::White));
+                }
+            }
+            Style::UnderlinePrimary | Style::LabelPrimary => {
+                spec = lvl.color();
+                spec.set_bold(true);
+            }
+            Style::UnderlineSecondary | Style::LabelSecondary => {
+                spec.set_bold(true).set_intense(true);
+                if cfg!(windows) {
+                    spec.set_fg(Some(Color::Cyan));
+                } else {
+                    spec.set_fg(Some(Color::Blue));
+                }
+            }
+            Style::HeaderMsg | Style::NoStyle => {}
+            Style::Level(lvl) => {
+                spec = lvl.color();
+                spec.set_bold(true);
+            }
+            Style::Highlight => {
+                spec.set_bold(true);
+            }
+        }
+        self.set_color(&spec)
+    }
+
+    fn set_color(&mut self, color: &ColorSpec) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match *self {
+            WritableDst::Terminal(ref mut t) => t.set_color(color),
+            WritableDst::Buffered(_, ref mut t) => t.set_color(color),
+            WritableDst::ColoredRaw(ref mut t) => t.set_color(color),
+            WritableDst::Raw(_) => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reset(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match *self {
+            WritableDst::Terminal(ref mut t) => t.reset(),
+            WritableDst::Buffered(_, ref mut t) => t.reset(),
+            WritableDst::ColoredRaw(ref mut t) => t.reset(),
+            WritableDst::Raw(_) => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Write for WritableDst<'a> {
+    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        match *self {
+            WritableDst::Terminal(ref mut t) => t.write(bytes),
+            WritableDst::Buffered(_, ref mut buf) => buf.write(bytes),
+            WritableDst::Raw(ref mut w) => w.write(bytes),
+            WritableDst::ColoredRaw(ref mut t) => t.write(bytes),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        match *self {
+            WritableDst::Terminal(ref mut t) => t.flush(),
+            WritableDst::Buffered(_, ref mut buf) => buf.flush(),
+            WritableDst::Raw(ref mut w) => w.flush(),
+            WritableDst::ColoredRaw(ref mut w) => w.flush(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Drop for WritableDst<'a> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let WritableDst::Buffered(ref mut dst, ref mut buf) = self {
+            drop(dst.print(buf));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether the original and suggested code are visually similar enough to warrant extra wording.
+pub fn is_case_difference(sm: &SourceMap, suggested: &str, sp: Span) -> bool {
+    // FIXME: this should probably be extended to also account for `FO0` → `FOO` and unicode.
+    let found = match sm.span_to_snippet(sp) {
+        Ok(snippet) => snippet,
+        Err(e) => {
+            warn!("Invalid span {:?}. Err={:?}", sp, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    };
+    let ascii_confusables = &['c', 'f', 'i', 'k', 'o', 's', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z'];
+    // All the chars that differ in capitalization are confusable (above):
+    let confusable = found
+        .chars()
+        .zip(suggested.chars())
+        .filter(|(f, s)| f != s)
+        .all(|(f, s)| (ascii_confusables.contains(&f) || ascii_confusables.contains(&s)));
+    confusable && found.to_lowercase() == suggested.to_lowercase()
+            // FIXME: We sometimes suggest the same thing we already have, which is a
+            //        bug, but be defensive against that here.
+            && found != suggested
+}