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-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/collection_impls.rs337
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json.rs2778
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json/tests.rs147
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs110
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/lib.rs27
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs318
-rw-r--r--compiler/rustc_serialize/src/serialize.rs782
7 files changed, 4499 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/collection_impls.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/collection_impls.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3d274cb0150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/collection_impls.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+//! Implementations of serialization for structures found in liballoc
+
+use std::hash::{BuildHasher, Hash};
+
+use crate::{Decodable, Decoder, Encodable, Encoder};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet, LinkedList, VecDeque};
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use smallvec::{Array, SmallVec};
+
+impl<S: Encoder, A: Array<Item: Encodable<S>>> Encodable<S> for SmallVec<A> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, A: Array<Item: Decodable<D>>> Decodable<D> for SmallVec<A> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<SmallVec<A>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut vec = SmallVec::with_capacity(len);
+            // FIXME(#48994) - could just be collected into a Result<SmallVec, D::Error>
+            for i in 0..len {
+                vec.push(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(vec)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for LinkedList<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for LinkedList<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<LinkedList<T>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut list = LinkedList::new();
+            for i in 0..len {
+                list.push_back(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(list)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for VecDeque<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for VecDeque<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<VecDeque<T>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut deque: VecDeque<T> = VecDeque::with_capacity(len);
+            for i in 0..len {
+                deque.push_back(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(deque)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, K, V> Encodable<S> for BTreeMap<K, V>
+where
+    K: Encodable<S> + PartialEq + Ord,
+    V: Encodable<S>,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, e: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        e.emit_map(self.len(), |e| {
+            for (i, (key, val)) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                e.emit_map_elt_key(i, |e| key.encode(e))?;
+                e.emit_map_elt_val(i, |e| val.encode(e))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, K, V> Decodable<D> for BTreeMap<K, V>
+where
+    K: Decodable<D> + PartialEq + Ord,
+    V: Decodable<D>,
+{
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<BTreeMap<K, V>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_map(|d, len| {
+            let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
+            for i in 0..len {
+                let key = d.read_map_elt_key(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?;
+                let val = d.read_map_elt_val(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?;
+                map.insert(key, val);
+            }
+            Ok(map)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T> Encodable<S> for BTreeSet<T>
+where
+    T: Encodable<S> + PartialEq + Ord,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T> Decodable<D> for BTreeSet<T>
+where
+    T: Decodable<D> + PartialEq + Ord,
+{
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<BTreeSet<T>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut set = BTreeSet::new();
+            for i in 0..len {
+                set.insert(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(set)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Encoder, K, V, S> Encodable<E> for HashMap<K, V, S>
+where
+    K: Encodable<E> + Eq,
+    V: Encodable<E>,
+    S: BuildHasher,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, e: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        e.emit_map(self.len(), |e| {
+            for (i, (key, val)) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                e.emit_map_elt_key(i, |e| key.encode(e))?;
+                e.emit_map_elt_val(i, |e| val.encode(e))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, K, V, S> Decodable<D> for HashMap<K, V, S>
+where
+    K: Decodable<D> + Hash + Eq,
+    V: Decodable<D>,
+    S: BuildHasher + Default,
+{
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<HashMap<K, V, S>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_map(|d, len| {
+            let state = Default::default();
+            let mut map = HashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(len, state);
+            for i in 0..len {
+                let key = d.read_map_elt_key(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?;
+                let val = d.read_map_elt_val(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?;
+                map.insert(key, val);
+            }
+            Ok(map)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Encoder, T, S> Encodable<E> for HashSet<T, S>
+where
+    T: Encodable<E> + Eq,
+    S: BuildHasher,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Encoder, T, S> Encodable<E> for &HashSet<T, S>
+where
+    T: Encodable<E> + Eq,
+    S: BuildHasher,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        (**self).encode(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T, S> Decodable<D> for HashSet<T, S>
+where
+    T: Decodable<D> + Hash + Eq,
+    S: BuildHasher + Default,
+{
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<HashSet<T, S>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let state = Default::default();
+            let mut set = HashSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(len, state);
+            for i in 0..len {
+                set.insert(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(set)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Encoder, K, V, S> Encodable<E> for indexmap::IndexMap<K, V, S>
+where
+    K: Encodable<E> + Hash + Eq,
+    V: Encodable<E>,
+    S: BuildHasher,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, e: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        e.emit_map(self.len(), |e| {
+            for (i, (key, val)) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                e.emit_map_elt_key(i, |e| key.encode(e))?;
+                e.emit_map_elt_val(i, |e| val.encode(e))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, K, V, S> Decodable<D> for indexmap::IndexMap<K, V, S>
+where
+    K: Decodable<D> + Hash + Eq,
+    V: Decodable<D>,
+    S: BuildHasher + Default,
+{
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<indexmap::IndexMap<K, V, S>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_map(|d, len| {
+            let state = Default::default();
+            let mut map = indexmap::IndexMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(len, state);
+            for i in 0..len {
+                let key = d.read_map_elt_key(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?;
+                let val = d.read_map_elt_val(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?;
+                map.insert(key, val);
+            }
+            Ok(map)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Encoder, T, S> Encodable<E> for indexmap::IndexSet<T, S>
+where
+    T: Encodable<E> + Hash + Eq,
+    S: BuildHasher,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T, S> Decodable<D> for indexmap::IndexSet<T, S>
+where
+    T: Decodable<D> + Hash + Eq,
+    S: BuildHasher + Default,
+{
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<indexmap::IndexSet<T, S>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let state = Default::default();
+            let mut set = indexmap::IndexSet::with_capacity_and_hasher(len, state);
+            for i in 0..len {
+                set.insert(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(set)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Encoder, T: Encodable<E>> Encodable<E> for Rc<[T]> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (index, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(index, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Rc<[T]> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Rc<[T]>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(len);
+            for index in 0..len {
+                vec.push(d.read_seq_elt(index, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(vec.into())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: Encoder, T: Encodable<E>> Encodable<E> for Arc<[T]> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (index, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(index, |s| e.encode(s))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Arc<[T]> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Arc<[T]>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(len);
+            for index in 0..len {
+                vec.push(d.read_seq_elt(index, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(vec.into())
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6c8965aa2e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2778 @@
+// Rust JSON serialization library.
+// Copyright (c) 2011 Google Inc.
+
+#![forbid(non_camel_case_types)]
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+
+//! JSON parsing and serialization
+//!
+//! # What is JSON?
+//!
+//! JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a way to write data in Javascript.
+//! Like XML, it allows to encode structured data in a text format that can be easily read by humans
+//! Its simple syntax and native compatibility with JavaScript have made it a widely used format.
+//!
+//! Data types that can be encoded are JavaScript types (see the `Json` enum for more details):
+//!
+//! * `Boolean`: equivalent to rust's `bool`
+//! * `Number`: equivalent to rust's `f64`
+//! * `String`: equivalent to rust's `String`
+//! * `Array`: equivalent to rust's `Vec<T>`, but also allowing objects of different types in the
+//!   same array
+//! * `Object`: equivalent to rust's `BTreeMap<String, json::Json>`
+//! * `Null`
+//!
+//! An object is a series of string keys mapping to values, in `"key": value` format.
+//! Arrays are enclosed in square brackets ([ ... ]) and objects in curly brackets ({ ... }).
+//! A simple JSON document encoding a person, their age, address and phone numbers could look like
+//!
+//! ```json
+//! {
+//!     "FirstName": "John",
+//!     "LastName": "Doe",
+//!     "Age": 43,
+//!     "Address": {
+//!         "Street": "Downing Street 10",
+//!         "City": "London",
+//!         "Country": "Great Britain"
+//!     },
+//!     "PhoneNumbers": [
+//!         "+44 1234567",
+//!         "+44 2345678"
+//!     ]
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! # Rust Type-based Encoding and Decoding
+//!
+//! Rust provides a mechanism for low boilerplate encoding & decoding of values to and from JSON via
+//! the serialization API.
+//! To be able to encode a piece of data, it must implement the `serialize::Encodable` trait.
+//! To be able to decode a piece of data, it must implement the `serialize::Decodable` trait.
+//! The Rust compiler provides an annotation to automatically generate the code for these traits:
+//! `#[derive(Decodable, Encodable)]`
+//!
+//! The JSON API provides an enum `json::Json` and a trait `ToJson` to encode objects.
+//! The `ToJson` trait provides a `to_json` method to convert an object into a `json::Json` value.
+//! A `json::Json` value can be encoded as a string or buffer using the functions described above.
+//! You can also use the `json::Encoder` object, which implements the `Encoder` trait.
+//!
+//! When using `ToJson` the `Encodable` trait implementation is not mandatory.
+//!
+//! # Examples of use
+//!
+//! ## Using Autoserialization
+//!
+//! Create a struct called `TestStruct` and serialize and deserialize it to and from JSON using the
+//! serialization API, using the derived serialization code.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # #![feature(rustc_private)]
+//! use rustc_macros::{Decodable, Encodable};
+//! use rustc_serialize::json;
+//!
+//! // Automatically generate `Decodable` and `Encodable` trait implementations
+//! #[derive(Decodable, Encodable)]
+//! pub struct TestStruct  {
+//!     data_int: u8,
+//!     data_str: String,
+//!     data_vector: Vec<u8>,
+//! }
+//!
+//! let object = TestStruct {
+//!     data_int: 1,
+//!     data_str: "homura".to_string(),
+//!     data_vector: vec![2,3,4,5],
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Serialize using `json::encode`
+//! let encoded = json::encode(&object).unwrap();
+//!
+//! // Deserialize using `json::decode`
+//! let decoded: TestStruct = json::decode(&encoded[..]).unwrap();
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Using the `ToJson` trait
+//!
+//! The examples above use the `ToJson` trait to generate the JSON string, which is required
+//! for custom mappings.
+//!
+//! ### Simple example of `ToJson` usage
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # #![feature(rustc_private)]
+//! use rustc_macros::Encodable;
+//! use rustc_serialize::json::{self, ToJson, Json};
+//!
+//! // A custom data structure
+//! struct ComplexNum {
+//!     a: f64,
+//!     b: f64,
+//! }
+//!
+//! // JSON value representation
+//! impl ToJson for ComplexNum {
+//!     fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+//!         Json::String(format!("{}+{}i", self.a, self.b))
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! // Only generate `Encodable` trait implementation
+//! #[derive(Encodable)]
+//! pub struct ComplexNumRecord {
+//!     uid: u8,
+//!     dsc: String,
+//!     val: Json,
+//! }
+//!
+//! let num = ComplexNum { a: 0.0001, b: 12.539 };
+//! let data: String = json::encode(&ComplexNumRecord{
+//!     uid: 1,
+//!     dsc: "test".to_string(),
+//!     val: num.to_json(),
+//! }).unwrap();
+//! println!("data: {}", data);
+//! // data: {"uid":1,"dsc":"test","val":"0.0001+12.539i"};
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ### Verbose example of `ToJson` usage
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # #![feature(rustc_private)]
+//! use rustc_macros::Decodable;
+//! use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+//! use rustc_serialize::json::{self, Json, ToJson};
+//!
+//! // Only generate `Decodable` trait implementation
+//! #[derive(Decodable)]
+//! pub struct TestStruct {
+//!     data_int: u8,
+//!     data_str: String,
+//!     data_vector: Vec<u8>,
+//! }
+//!
+//! // Specify encoding method manually
+//! impl ToJson for TestStruct {
+//!     fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+//!         let mut d = BTreeMap::new();
+//!         // All standard types implement `to_json()`, so use it
+//!         d.insert("data_int".to_string(), self.data_int.to_json());
+//!         d.insert("data_str".to_string(), self.data_str.to_json());
+//!         d.insert("data_vector".to_string(), self.data_vector.to_json());
+//!         Json::Object(d)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! // Serialize using `ToJson`
+//! let input_data = TestStruct {
+//!     data_int: 1,
+//!     data_str: "madoka".to_string(),
+//!     data_vector: vec![2,3,4,5],
+//! };
+//! let json_obj: Json = input_data.to_json();
+//! let json_str: String = json_obj.to_string();
+//!
+//! // Deserialize like before
+//! let decoded: TestStruct = json::decode(&json_str).unwrap();
+//! ```
+
+use self::DecoderError::*;
+use self::ErrorCode::*;
+use self::InternalStackElement::*;
+use self::JsonEvent::*;
+use self::ParserError::*;
+use self::ParserState::*;
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
+use std::io;
+use std::io::prelude::*;
+use std::mem::swap;
+use std::num::FpCategory as Fp;
+use std::ops::Index;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::string;
+use std::{char, fmt, str};
+
+use crate::Encodable;
+
+/// Represents a json value
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Debug)]
+pub enum Json {
+    I64(i64),
+    U64(u64),
+    F64(f64),
+    String(string::String),
+    Boolean(bool),
+    Array(self::Array),
+    Object(self::Object),
+    Null,
+}
+
+pub type Array = Vec<Json>;
+pub type Object = BTreeMap<string::String, Json>;
+
+pub struct PrettyJson<'a> {
+    inner: &'a Json,
+}
+
+pub struct AsJson<'a, T> {
+    inner: &'a T,
+}
+pub struct AsPrettyJson<'a, T> {
+    inner: &'a T,
+    indent: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+/// The errors that can arise while parsing a JSON stream.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum ErrorCode {
+    InvalidSyntax,
+    InvalidNumber,
+    EOFWhileParsingObject,
+    EOFWhileParsingArray,
+    EOFWhileParsingValue,
+    EOFWhileParsingString,
+    KeyMustBeAString,
+    ExpectedColon,
+    TrailingCharacters,
+    TrailingComma,
+    InvalidEscape,
+    InvalidUnicodeCodePoint,
+    LoneLeadingSurrogateInHexEscape,
+    UnexpectedEndOfHexEscape,
+    UnrecognizedHex,
+    NotFourDigit,
+    NotUtf8,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum ParserError {
+    /// msg, line, col
+    SyntaxError(ErrorCode, usize, usize),
+    IoError(io::ErrorKind, String),
+}
+
+// Builder and Parser have the same errors.
+pub type BuilderError = ParserError;
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum DecoderError {
+    ParseError(ParserError),
+    ExpectedError(string::String, string::String),
+    MissingFieldError(string::String),
+    UnknownVariantError(string::String),
+    ApplicationError(string::String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum EncoderError {
+    FmtError(fmt::Error),
+    BadHashmapKey,
+}
+
+/// Returns a readable error string for a given error code.
+pub fn error_str(error: ErrorCode) -> &'static str {
+    match error {
+        InvalidSyntax => "invalid syntax",
+        InvalidNumber => "invalid number",
+        EOFWhileParsingObject => "EOF While parsing object",
+        EOFWhileParsingArray => "EOF While parsing array",
+        EOFWhileParsingValue => "EOF While parsing value",
+        EOFWhileParsingString => "EOF While parsing string",
+        KeyMustBeAString => "key must be a string",
+        ExpectedColon => "expected `:`",
+        TrailingCharacters => "trailing characters",
+        TrailingComma => "trailing comma",
+        InvalidEscape => "invalid escape",
+        UnrecognizedHex => "invalid \\u{ esc}ape (unrecognized hex)",
+        NotFourDigit => "invalid \\u{ esc}ape (not four digits)",
+        NotUtf8 => "contents not utf-8",
+        InvalidUnicodeCodePoint => "invalid Unicode code point",
+        LoneLeadingSurrogateInHexEscape => "lone leading surrogate in hex escape",
+        UnexpectedEndOfHexEscape => "unexpected end of hex escape",
+    }
+}
+
+/// Shortcut function to decode a JSON `&str` into an object
+pub fn decode<T: crate::Decodable<Decoder>>(s: &str) -> DecodeResult<T> {
+    let json = match from_str(s) {
+        Ok(x) => x,
+        Err(e) => return Err(ParseError(e)),
+    };
+
+    let mut decoder = Decoder::new(json);
+    crate::Decodable::decode(&mut decoder)
+}
+
+/// Shortcut function to encode a `T` into a JSON `String`
+pub fn encode<T: for<'r> crate::Encodable<Encoder<'r>>>(
+    object: &T,
+) -> Result<string::String, EncoderError> {
+    let mut s = String::new();
+    {
+        let mut encoder = Encoder::new(&mut s);
+        object.encode(&mut encoder)?;
+    }
+    Ok(s)
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ErrorCode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        error_str(*self).fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+fn io_error_to_error(io: io::Error) -> ParserError {
+    IoError(io.kind(), io.to_string())
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ParserError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // FIXME this should be a nicer error
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for DecoderError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // FIXME this should be a nicer error
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for DecoderError {}
+
+impl fmt::Display for EncoderError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // FIXME this should be a nicer error
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for EncoderError {}
+
+impl From<fmt::Error> for EncoderError {
+    /// Converts a [`fmt::Error`] into `EncoderError`
+    ///
+    /// This conversion does not allocate memory.
+    fn from(err: fmt::Error) -> EncoderError {
+        EncoderError::FmtError(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub type EncodeResult = Result<(), EncoderError>;
+pub type DecodeResult<T> = Result<T, DecoderError>;
+
+fn escape_str(wr: &mut dyn fmt::Write, v: &str) -> EncodeResult {
+    wr.write_str("\"")?;
+
+    let mut start = 0;
+
+    for (i, byte) in v.bytes().enumerate() {
+        let escaped = match byte {
+            b'"' => "\\\"",
+            b'\\' => "\\\\",
+            b'\x00' => "\\u0000",
+            b'\x01' => "\\u0001",
+            b'\x02' => "\\u0002",
+            b'\x03' => "\\u0003",
+            b'\x04' => "\\u0004",
+            b'\x05' => "\\u0005",
+            b'\x06' => "\\u0006",
+            b'\x07' => "\\u0007",
+            b'\x08' => "\\b",
+            b'\t' => "\\t",
+            b'\n' => "\\n",
+            b'\x0b' => "\\u000b",
+            b'\x0c' => "\\f",
+            b'\r' => "\\r",
+            b'\x0e' => "\\u000e",
+            b'\x0f' => "\\u000f",
+            b'\x10' => "\\u0010",
+            b'\x11' => "\\u0011",
+            b'\x12' => "\\u0012",
+            b'\x13' => "\\u0013",
+            b'\x14' => "\\u0014",
+            b'\x15' => "\\u0015",
+            b'\x16' => "\\u0016",
+            b'\x17' => "\\u0017",
+            b'\x18' => "\\u0018",
+            b'\x19' => "\\u0019",
+            b'\x1a' => "\\u001a",
+            b'\x1b' => "\\u001b",
+            b'\x1c' => "\\u001c",
+            b'\x1d' => "\\u001d",
+            b'\x1e' => "\\u001e",
+            b'\x1f' => "\\u001f",
+            b'\x7f' => "\\u007f",
+            _ => {
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        if start < i {
+            wr.write_str(&v[start..i])?;
+        }
+
+        wr.write_str(escaped)?;
+
+        start = i + 1;
+    }
+
+    if start != v.len() {
+        wr.write_str(&v[start..])?;
+    }
+
+    wr.write_str("\"")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn escape_char(writer: &mut dyn fmt::Write, v: char) -> EncodeResult {
+    escape_str(writer, v.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4]))
+}
+
+fn spaces(wr: &mut dyn fmt::Write, mut n: usize) -> EncodeResult {
+    const BUF: &str = "                ";
+
+    while n >= BUF.len() {
+        wr.write_str(BUF)?;
+        n -= BUF.len();
+    }
+
+    if n > 0 {
+        wr.write_str(&BUF[..n])?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn fmt_number_or_null(v: f64) -> string::String {
+    match v.classify() {
+        Fp::Nan | Fp::Infinite => string::String::from("null"),
+        _ if v.fract() != 0f64 => v.to_string(),
+        _ => v.to_string() + ".0",
+    }
+}
+
+/// A structure for implementing serialization to JSON.
+pub struct Encoder<'a> {
+    writer: &'a mut (dyn fmt::Write + 'a),
+    is_emitting_map_key: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Encoder<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new JSON encoder whose output will be written to the writer
+    /// specified.
+    pub fn new(writer: &'a mut dyn fmt::Write) -> Encoder<'a> {
+        Encoder { writer, is_emitting_map_key: false }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! emit_enquoted_if_mapkey {
+    ($enc:ident,$e:expr) => {{
+        if $enc.is_emitting_map_key {
+            write!($enc.writer, "\"{}\"", $e)?;
+        } else {
+            write!($enc.writer, "{}", $e)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }};
+}
+
+impl<'a> crate::Encoder for Encoder<'a> {
+    type Error = EncoderError;
+
+    fn emit_unit(&mut self) -> EncodeResult {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        write!(self.writer, "null")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_usize(&mut self, v: usize) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u128(&mut self, v: u128) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u64(&mut self, v: u64) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u32(&mut self, v: u32) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u16(&mut self, v: u16) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u8(&mut self, v: u8) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_isize(&mut self, v: isize) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i128(&mut self, v: i128) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i64(&mut self, v: i64) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i32(&mut self, v: i32) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i16(&mut self, v: i16) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i8(&mut self, v: i8) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_bool(&mut self, v: bool) -> EncodeResult {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if v {
+            write!(self.writer, "true")?;
+        } else {
+            write!(self.writer, "false")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_f64(&mut self, v: f64) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, fmt_number_or_null(v))
+    }
+    fn emit_f32(&mut self, v: f32) -> EncodeResult {
+        self.emit_f64(f64::from(v))
+    }
+
+    fn emit_char(&mut self, v: char) -> EncodeResult {
+        escape_char(self.writer, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_str(&mut self, v: &str) -> EncodeResult {
+        escape_str(self.writer, v)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum<F>(&mut self, _name: &str, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_variant<F>(&mut self, name: &str, _id: usize, cnt: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        // enums are encoded as strings or objects
+        // Bunny => "Bunny"
+        // Kangaroo(34,"William") => {"variant": "Kangaroo", "fields": [34,"William"]}
+        if cnt == 0 {
+            escape_str(self.writer, name)
+        } else {
+            if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+                return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+            }
+            write!(self.writer, "{{\"variant\":")?;
+            escape_str(self.writer, name)?;
+            write!(self.writer, ",\"fields\":[")?;
+            f(self)?;
+            write!(self.writer, "]}}")?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_variant_arg<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx != 0 {
+            write!(self.writer, ",")?;
+        }
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_struct_variant<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        id: usize,
+        cnt: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_enum_variant(name, id, cnt, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_struct_variant_field<F>(&mut self, _: &str, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_enum_variant_arg(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_struct<F>(&mut self, _: &str, _: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        write!(self.writer, "{{")?;
+        f(self)?;
+        write!(self.writer, "}}")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_struct_field<F>(&mut self, name: &str, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx != 0 {
+            write!(self.writer, ",")?;
+        }
+        escape_str(self.writer, name)?;
+        write!(self.writer, ":")?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_tuple<F>(&mut self, len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq(len, f)
+    }
+    fn emit_tuple_arg<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq_elt(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_tuple_struct<F>(&mut self, _name: &str, len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq(len, f)
+    }
+    fn emit_tuple_struct_arg<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq_elt(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_option<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        f(self)
+    }
+    fn emit_option_none(&mut self) -> EncodeResult {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_unit()
+    }
+    fn emit_option_some<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_seq<F>(&mut self, _len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        write!(self.writer, "[")?;
+        f(self)?;
+        write!(self.writer, "]")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_seq_elt<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx != 0 {
+            write!(self.writer, ",")?;
+        }
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_map<F>(&mut self, _len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        write!(self.writer, "{{")?;
+        f(self)?;
+        write!(self.writer, "}}")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_map_elt_key<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx != 0 {
+            write!(self.writer, ",")?
+        }
+        self.is_emitting_map_key = true;
+        f(self)?;
+        self.is_emitting_map_key = false;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_map_elt_val<F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Encoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        write!(self.writer, ":")?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Another encoder for JSON, but prints out human-readable JSON instead of
+/// compact data
+pub struct PrettyEncoder<'a> {
+    writer: &'a mut (dyn fmt::Write + 'a),
+    curr_indent: usize,
+    indent: usize,
+    is_emitting_map_key: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> PrettyEncoder<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new encoder whose output will be written to the specified writer
+    pub fn new(writer: &'a mut dyn fmt::Write) -> PrettyEncoder<'a> {
+        PrettyEncoder { writer, curr_indent: 0, indent: 2, is_emitting_map_key: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the number of spaces to indent for each level.
+    /// This is safe to set during encoding.
+    pub fn set_indent(&mut self, indent: usize) {
+        // self.indent very well could be 0 so we need to use checked division.
+        let level = self.curr_indent.checked_div(self.indent).unwrap_or(0);
+        self.indent = indent;
+        self.curr_indent = level * self.indent;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> crate::Encoder for PrettyEncoder<'a> {
+    type Error = EncoderError;
+
+    fn emit_unit(&mut self) -> EncodeResult {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        write!(self.writer, "null")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_usize(&mut self, v: usize) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u128(&mut self, v: u128) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u64(&mut self, v: u64) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u32(&mut self, v: u32) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u16(&mut self, v: u16) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_u8(&mut self, v: u8) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_isize(&mut self, v: isize) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i128(&mut self, v: i128) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i64(&mut self, v: i64) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i32(&mut self, v: i32) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i16(&mut self, v: i16) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_i8(&mut self, v: i8) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_bool(&mut self, v: bool) -> EncodeResult {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if v {
+            write!(self.writer, "true")?;
+        } else {
+            write!(self.writer, "false")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_f64(&mut self, v: f64) -> EncodeResult {
+        emit_enquoted_if_mapkey!(self, fmt_number_or_null(v))
+    }
+    fn emit_f32(&mut self, v: f32) -> EncodeResult {
+        self.emit_f64(f64::from(v))
+    }
+
+    fn emit_char(&mut self, v: char) -> EncodeResult {
+        escape_char(self.writer, v)
+    }
+    fn emit_str(&mut self, v: &str) -> EncodeResult {
+        escape_str(self.writer, v)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum<F>(&mut self, _name: &str, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_variant<F>(&mut self, name: &str, _id: usize, cnt: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if cnt == 0 {
+            escape_str(self.writer, name)
+        } else {
+            if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+                return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+            }
+            writeln!(self.writer, "{{")?;
+            self.curr_indent += self.indent;
+            spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+            write!(self.writer, "\"variant\": ")?;
+            escape_str(self.writer, name)?;
+            writeln!(self.writer, ",")?;
+            spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+            writeln!(self.writer, "\"fields\": [")?;
+            self.curr_indent += self.indent;
+            f(self)?;
+            self.curr_indent -= self.indent;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+            self.curr_indent -= self.indent;
+            writeln!(self.writer, "]")?;
+            spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+            write!(self.writer, "}}")?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_variant_arg<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx != 0 {
+            writeln!(self.writer, ",")?;
+        }
+        spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_struct_variant<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        id: usize,
+        cnt: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_enum_variant(name, id, cnt, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_struct_variant_field<F>(&mut self, _: &str, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_enum_variant_arg(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_struct<F>(&mut self, _: &str, len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if len == 0 {
+            write!(self.writer, "{{}}")?;
+        } else {
+            write!(self.writer, "{{")?;
+            self.curr_indent += self.indent;
+            f(self)?;
+            self.curr_indent -= self.indent;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+            write!(self.writer, "}}")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_struct_field<F>(&mut self, name: &str, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx == 0 {
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+        } else {
+            writeln!(self.writer, ",")?;
+        }
+        spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+        escape_str(self.writer, name)?;
+        write!(self.writer, ": ")?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_tuple<F>(&mut self, len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq(len, f)
+    }
+    fn emit_tuple_arg<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq_elt(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_tuple_struct<F>(&mut self, _: &str, len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq(len, f)
+    }
+    fn emit_tuple_struct_arg<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_seq_elt(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_option<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        f(self)
+    }
+    fn emit_option_none(&mut self) -> EncodeResult {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        self.emit_unit()
+    }
+    fn emit_option_some<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_seq<F>(&mut self, len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if len == 0 {
+            write!(self.writer, "[]")?;
+        } else {
+            write!(self.writer, "[")?;
+            self.curr_indent += self.indent;
+            f(self)?;
+            self.curr_indent -= self.indent;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+            write!(self.writer, "]")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_seq_elt<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx == 0 {
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+        } else {
+            writeln!(self.writer, ",")?;
+        }
+        spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_map<F>(&mut self, len: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if len == 0 {
+            write!(self.writer, "{{}}")?;
+        } else {
+            write!(self.writer, "{{")?;
+            self.curr_indent += self.indent;
+            f(self)?;
+            self.curr_indent -= self.indent;
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+            spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+            write!(self.writer, "}}")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_map_elt_key<F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        if idx == 0 {
+            writeln!(self.writer)?;
+        } else {
+            writeln!(self.writer, ",")?;
+        }
+        spaces(self.writer, self.curr_indent)?;
+        self.is_emitting_map_key = true;
+        f(self)?;
+        self.is_emitting_map_key = false;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_map_elt_val<F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> EncodeResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut PrettyEncoder<'a>) -> EncodeResult,
+    {
+        if self.is_emitting_map_key {
+            return Err(EncoderError::BadHashmapKey);
+        }
+        write!(self.writer, ": ")?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: crate::Encoder> Encodable<E> for Json {
+    fn encode(&self, e: &mut E) -> Result<(), E::Error> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::I64(v) => v.encode(e),
+            Json::U64(v) => v.encode(e),
+            Json::F64(v) => v.encode(e),
+            Json::String(ref v) => v.encode(e),
+            Json::Boolean(v) => v.encode(e),
+            Json::Array(ref v) => v.encode(e),
+            Json::Object(ref v) => v.encode(e),
+            Json::Null => e.emit_unit(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates an `AsJson` wrapper which can be used to print a value as JSON
+/// on-the-fly via `write!`
+pub fn as_json<T>(t: &T) -> AsJson<'_, T> {
+    AsJson { inner: t }
+}
+
+/// Creates an `AsPrettyJson` wrapper which can be used to print a value as JSON
+/// on-the-fly via `write!`
+pub fn as_pretty_json<T>(t: &T) -> AsPrettyJson<'_, T> {
+    AsPrettyJson { inner: t, indent: None }
+}
+
+impl Json {
+    /// Borrow this json object as a pretty object to generate a pretty
+    /// representation for it via `Display`.
+    pub fn pretty(&self) -> PrettyJson<'_> {
+        PrettyJson { inner: self }
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is an Object, returns the value associated with the provided key.
+    /// Otherwise, returns None.
+    pub fn find(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&Json> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::Object(ref map) => map.get(key),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to get a nested Json Object for each key in `keys`.
+    /// If any key is found not to exist, `find_path` will return `None`.
+    /// Otherwise, it will return the Json value associated with the final key.
+    pub fn find_path<'a>(&'a self, keys: &[&str]) -> Option<&'a Json> {
+        let mut target = self;
+        for key in keys {
+            target = target.find(*key)?;
+        }
+        Some(target)
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is an Object, performs a depth-first search until
+    /// a value associated with the provided key is found. If no value is found
+    /// or the Json value is not an Object, returns `None`.
+    pub fn search(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&Json> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::Object(ref map) => match map.get(key) {
+                Some(json_value) => Some(json_value),
+                None => {
+                    for v in map.values() {
+                        match v.search(key) {
+                            x if x.is_some() => return x,
+                            _ => (),
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None
+                }
+            },
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is an `Object`.
+    pub fn is_object(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_object().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is an `Object`, returns the associated `BTreeMap`;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_object(&self) -> Option<&Object> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::Object(ref map) => Some(map),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is an `Array`.
+    pub fn is_array(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_array().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is an `Array`, returns the associated vector;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_array(&self) -> Option<&Array> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::Array(ref array) => Some(&*array),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is a `String`.
+    pub fn is_string(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_string().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is a `String`, returns the associated `str`;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_string(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::String(ref s) => Some(&s[..]),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is a `Number`.
+    pub fn is_number(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(*self, Json::I64(_) | Json::U64(_) | Json::F64(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is a `i64`.
+    pub fn is_i64(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(*self, Json::I64(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is a `u64`.
+    pub fn is_u64(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(*self, Json::U64(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is a `f64`.
+    pub fn is_f64(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(*self, Json::F64(_))
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is a number, returns or cast it to a `i64`;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_i64(&self) -> Option<i64> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::I64(n) => Some(n),
+            Json::U64(n) => Some(n as i64),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is a number, returns or cast it to a `u64`;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_u64(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::I64(n) => Some(n as u64),
+            Json::U64(n) => Some(n),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is a number, returns or cast it to a `f64`;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_f64(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::I64(n) => Some(n as f64),
+            Json::U64(n) => Some(n as f64),
+            Json::F64(n) => Some(n),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is a `Boolean`.
+    pub fn is_boolean(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_boolean().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is a `Boolean`, returns the associated `bool`;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_boolean(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::Boolean(b) => Some(b),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the Json value is a `Null`.
+    pub fn is_null(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_null().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If the Json value is a `Null`, returns `()`;
+    /// returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_null(&self) -> Option<()> {
+        match *self {
+            Json::Null => Some(()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Index<&'a str> for Json {
+    type Output = Json;
+
+    fn index(&self, idx: &'a str) -> &Json {
+        self.find(idx).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Index<usize> for Json {
+    type Output = Json;
+
+    fn index(&self, idx: usize) -> &Json {
+        match *self {
+            Json::Array(ref v) => &v[idx],
+            _ => panic!("can only index Json with usize if it is an array"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The output of the streaming parser.
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum JsonEvent {
+    ObjectStart,
+    ObjectEnd,
+    ArrayStart,
+    ArrayEnd,
+    BooleanValue(bool),
+    I64Value(i64),
+    U64Value(u64),
+    F64Value(f64),
+    StringValue(string::String),
+    NullValue,
+    Error(ParserError),
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum ParserState {
+    // Parse a value in an array, true means first element.
+    ParseArray(bool),
+    // Parse ',' or ']' after an element in an array.
+    ParseArrayComma,
+    // Parse a key:value in an object, true means first element.
+    ParseObject(bool),
+    // Parse ',' or ']' after an element in an object.
+    ParseObjectComma,
+    // Initial state.
+    ParseStart,
+    // Expecting the stream to end.
+    ParseBeforeFinish,
+    // Parsing can't continue.
+    ParseFinished,
+}
+
+/// A Stack represents the current position of the parser in the logical
+/// structure of the JSON stream.
+///
+/// An example is `foo.bar[3].x`.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Stack {
+    stack: Vec<InternalStackElement>,
+    str_buffer: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// StackElements compose a Stack.
+///
+/// As an example, `StackElement::Key("foo")`, `StackElement::Key("bar")`,
+/// `StackElement::Index(3)`, and `StackElement::Key("x")` are the
+/// StackElements composing the stack that represents `foo.bar[3].x`.
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum StackElement<'l> {
+    Index(u32),
+    Key(&'l str),
+}
+
+// Internally, Key elements are stored as indices in a buffer to avoid
+// allocating a string for every member of an object.
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Debug)]
+enum InternalStackElement {
+    InternalIndex(u32),
+    InternalKey(u16, u16), // start, size
+}
+
+impl Stack {
+    pub fn new() -> Stack {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns The number of elements in the Stack.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.stack.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the stack is empty.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.stack.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Provides access to the StackElement at a given index.
+    /// lower indices are at the bottom of the stack while higher indices are
+    /// at the top.
+    pub fn get(&self, idx: usize) -> StackElement<'_> {
+        match self.stack[idx] {
+            InternalIndex(i) => StackElement::Index(i),
+            InternalKey(start, size) => StackElement::Key(
+                str::from_utf8(&self.str_buffer[start as usize..start as usize + size as usize])
+                    .unwrap(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Compares this stack with an array of StackElement<'_>s.
+    pub fn is_equal_to(&self, rhs: &[StackElement<'_>]) -> bool {
+        if self.stack.len() != rhs.len() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (i, r) in rhs.iter().enumerate() {
+            if self.get(i) != *r {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the bottom-most elements of this stack are the same as
+    /// the ones passed as parameter.
+    pub fn starts_with(&self, rhs: &[StackElement<'_>]) -> bool {
+        if self.stack.len() < rhs.len() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (i, r) in rhs.iter().enumerate() {
+            if self.get(i) != *r {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the top-most elements of this stack are the same as
+    /// the ones passed as parameter.
+    pub fn ends_with(&self, rhs: &[StackElement<'_>]) -> bool {
+        if self.stack.len() < rhs.len() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let offset = self.stack.len() - rhs.len();
+        for (i, r) in rhs.iter().enumerate() {
+            if self.get(i + offset) != *r {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the top-most element (if any).
+    pub fn top(&self) -> Option<StackElement<'_>> {
+        match self.stack.last() {
+            None => None,
+            Some(&InternalIndex(i)) => Some(StackElement::Index(i)),
+            Some(&InternalKey(start, size)) => Some(StackElement::Key(
+                str::from_utf8(&self.str_buffer[start as usize..(start + size) as usize]).unwrap(),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Used by Parser to insert StackElement::Key elements at the top of the stack.
+    fn push_key(&mut self, key: string::String) {
+        self.stack.push(InternalKey(self.str_buffer.len() as u16, key.len() as u16));
+        self.str_buffer.extend(key.as_bytes());
+    }
+
+    // Used by Parser to insert StackElement::Index elements at the top of the stack.
+    fn push_index(&mut self, index: u32) {
+        self.stack.push(InternalIndex(index));
+    }
+
+    // Used by Parser to remove the top-most element of the stack.
+    fn pop(&mut self) {
+        assert!(!self.is_empty());
+        match *self.stack.last().unwrap() {
+            InternalKey(_, sz) => {
+                let new_size = self.str_buffer.len() - sz as usize;
+                self.str_buffer.truncate(new_size);
+            }
+            InternalIndex(_) => {}
+        }
+        self.stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    // Used by Parser to test whether the top-most element is an index.
+    fn last_is_index(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.stack.last(), Some(InternalIndex(_)))
+    }
+
+    // Used by Parser to increment the index of the top-most element.
+    fn bump_index(&mut self) {
+        let len = self.stack.len();
+        let idx = match *self.stack.last().unwrap() {
+            InternalIndex(i) => i + 1,
+            _ => {
+                panic!();
+            }
+        };
+        self.stack[len - 1] = InternalIndex(idx);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A streaming JSON parser implemented as an iterator of JsonEvent, consuming
+/// an iterator of char.
+pub struct Parser<T> {
+    rdr: T,
+    ch: Option<char>,
+    line: usize,
+    col: usize,
+    // We maintain a stack representing where we are in the logical structure
+    // of the JSON stream.
+    stack: Stack,
+    // A state machine is kept to make it possible to interrupt and resume parsing.
+    state: ParserState,
+}
+
+impl<T: Iterator<Item = char>> Iterator for Parser<T> {
+    type Item = JsonEvent;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<JsonEvent> {
+        if self.state == ParseFinished {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        if self.state == ParseBeforeFinish {
+            self.parse_whitespace();
+            // Make sure there is no trailing characters.
+            if self.eof() {
+                self.state = ParseFinished;
+                return None;
+            } else {
+                return Some(self.error_event(TrailingCharacters));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some(self.parse())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Iterator<Item = char>> Parser<T> {
+    /// Creates the JSON parser.
+    pub fn new(rdr: T) -> Parser<T> {
+        let mut p = Parser {
+            rdr,
+            ch: Some('\x00'),
+            line: 1,
+            col: 0,
+            stack: Stack::new(),
+            state: ParseStart,
+        };
+        p.bump();
+        p
+    }
+
+    /// Provides access to the current position in the logical structure of the
+    /// JSON stream.
+    pub fn stack(&self) -> &Stack {
+        &self.stack
+    }
+
+    fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ch.is_none()
+    }
+    fn ch_or_null(&self) -> char {
+        self.ch.unwrap_or('\x00')
+    }
+    fn bump(&mut self) {
+        self.ch = self.rdr.next();
+
+        if self.ch_is('\n') {
+            self.line += 1;
+            self.col = 1;
+        } else {
+            self.col += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn next_char(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
+        self.bump();
+        self.ch
+    }
+    fn ch_is(&self, c: char) -> bool {
+        self.ch == Some(c)
+    }
+
+    fn error<U>(&self, reason: ErrorCode) -> Result<U, ParserError> {
+        Err(SyntaxError(reason, self.line, self.col))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_whitespace(&mut self) {
+        while self.ch_is(' ') || self.ch_is('\n') || self.ch_is('\t') || self.ch_is('\r') {
+            self.bump();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_number(&mut self) -> JsonEvent {
+        let neg = if self.ch_is('-') {
+            self.bump();
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+
+        let res = match self.parse_u64() {
+            Ok(res) => res,
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Error(e);
+            }
+        };
+
+        if self.ch_is('.') || self.ch_is('e') || self.ch_is('E') {
+            let mut res = res as f64;
+
+            if self.ch_is('.') {
+                res = match self.parse_decimal(res) {
+                    Ok(res) => res,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        return Error(e);
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+
+            if self.ch_is('e') || self.ch_is('E') {
+                res = match self.parse_exponent(res) {
+                    Ok(res) => res,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        return Error(e);
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+
+            if neg {
+                res *= -1.0;
+            }
+
+            F64Value(res)
+        } else if neg {
+            let res = (res as i64).wrapping_neg();
+
+            // Make sure we didn't underflow.
+            if res > 0 {
+                Error(SyntaxError(InvalidNumber, self.line, self.col))
+            } else {
+                I64Value(res)
+            }
+        } else {
+            U64Value(res)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, ParserError> {
+        let mut accum = 0u64;
+        let last_accum = 0; // necessary to detect overflow.
+
+        match self.ch_or_null() {
+            '0' => {
+                self.bump();
+
+                // A leading '0' must be the only digit before the decimal point.
+                if let '0'..='9' = self.ch_or_null() {
+                    return self.error(InvalidNumber);
+                }
+            }
+            '1'..='9' => {
+                while !self.eof() {
+                    match self.ch_or_null() {
+                        c @ '0'..='9' => {
+                            accum = accum.wrapping_mul(10);
+                            accum = accum.wrapping_add((c as u64) - ('0' as u64));
+
+                            // Detect overflow by comparing to the last value.
+                            if accum <= last_accum {
+                                return self.error(InvalidNumber);
+                            }
+
+                            self.bump();
+                        }
+                        _ => break,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => return self.error(InvalidNumber),
+        }
+
+        Ok(accum)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_decimal(&mut self, mut res: f64) -> Result<f64, ParserError> {
+        self.bump();
+
+        // Make sure a digit follows the decimal place.
+        match self.ch_or_null() {
+            '0'..='9' => (),
+            _ => return self.error(InvalidNumber),
+        }
+
+        let mut dec = 1.0;
+        while !self.eof() {
+            match self.ch_or_null() {
+                c @ '0'..='9' => {
+                    dec /= 10.0;
+                    res += (((c as isize) - ('0' as isize)) as f64) * dec;
+                    self.bump();
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_exponent(&mut self, mut res: f64) -> Result<f64, ParserError> {
+        self.bump();
+
+        let mut exp = 0;
+        let mut neg_exp = false;
+
+        if self.ch_is('+') {
+            self.bump();
+        } else if self.ch_is('-') {
+            self.bump();
+            neg_exp = true;
+        }
+
+        // Make sure a digit follows the exponent place.
+        match self.ch_or_null() {
+            '0'..='9' => (),
+            _ => return self.error(InvalidNumber),
+        }
+        while !self.eof() {
+            match self.ch_or_null() {
+                c @ '0'..='9' => {
+                    exp *= 10;
+                    exp += (c as usize) - ('0' as usize);
+
+                    self.bump();
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        let exp = 10_f64.powi(exp as i32);
+        if neg_exp {
+            res /= exp;
+        } else {
+            res *= exp;
+        }
+
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_hex_escape(&mut self) -> Result<u16, ParserError> {
+        let mut i = 0;
+        let mut n = 0;
+        while i < 4 && !self.eof() {
+            self.bump();
+            n = match self.ch_or_null() {
+                c @ '0'..='9' => n * 16 + ((c as u16) - ('0' as u16)),
+                'a' | 'A' => n * 16 + 10,
+                'b' | 'B' => n * 16 + 11,
+                'c' | 'C' => n * 16 + 12,
+                'd' | 'D' => n * 16 + 13,
+                'e' | 'E' => n * 16 + 14,
+                'f' | 'F' => n * 16 + 15,
+                _ => return self.error(InvalidEscape),
+            };
+
+            i += 1;
+        }
+
+        // Error out if we didn't parse 4 digits.
+        if i != 4 {
+            return self.error(InvalidEscape);
+        }
+
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_str(&mut self) -> Result<string::String, ParserError> {
+        let mut escape = false;
+        let mut res = string::String::new();
+
+        loop {
+            self.bump();
+            if self.eof() {
+                return self.error(EOFWhileParsingString);
+            }
+
+            if escape {
+                match self.ch_or_null() {
+                    '"' => res.push('"'),
+                    '\\' => res.push('\\'),
+                    '/' => res.push('/'),
+                    'b' => res.push('\x08'),
+                    'f' => res.push('\x0c'),
+                    'n' => res.push('\n'),
+                    'r' => res.push('\r'),
+                    't' => res.push('\t'),
+                    'u' => match self.decode_hex_escape()? {
+                        0xDC00..=0xDFFF => return self.error(LoneLeadingSurrogateInHexEscape),
+
+                        // Non-BMP characters are encoded as a sequence of
+                        // two hex escapes, representing UTF-16 surrogates.
+                        n1 @ 0xD800..=0xDBFF => {
+                            match (self.next_char(), self.next_char()) {
+                                (Some('\\'), Some('u')) => (),
+                                _ => return self.error(UnexpectedEndOfHexEscape),
+                            }
+
+                            let n2 = self.decode_hex_escape()?;
+                            if n2 < 0xDC00 || n2 > 0xDFFF {
+                                return self.error(LoneLeadingSurrogateInHexEscape);
+                            }
+                            let c =
+                                (u32::from(n1 - 0xD800) << 10 | u32::from(n2 - 0xDC00)) + 0x1_0000;
+                            res.push(char::from_u32(c).unwrap());
+                        }
+
+                        n => match char::from_u32(u32::from(n)) {
+                            Some(c) => res.push(c),
+                            None => return self.error(InvalidUnicodeCodePoint),
+                        },
+                    },
+                    _ => return self.error(InvalidEscape),
+                }
+                escape = false;
+            } else if self.ch_is('\\') {
+                escape = true;
+            } else {
+                match self.ch {
+                    Some('"') => {
+                        self.bump();
+                        return Ok(res);
+                    }
+                    Some(c) => res.push(c),
+                    None => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Invoked at each iteration, consumes the stream until it has enough
+    // information to return a JsonEvent.
+    // Manages an internal state so that parsing can be interrupted and resumed.
+    // Also keeps track of the position in the logical structure of the json
+    // stream isize the form of a stack that can be queried by the user using the
+    // stack() method.
+    fn parse(&mut self) -> JsonEvent {
+        loop {
+            // The only paths where the loop can spin a new iteration
+            // are in the cases ParseArrayComma and ParseObjectComma if ','
+            // is parsed. In these cases the state is set to (respectively)
+            // ParseArray(false) and ParseObject(false), which always return,
+            // so there is no risk of getting stuck in an infinite loop.
+            // All other paths return before the end of the loop's iteration.
+            self.parse_whitespace();
+
+            match self.state {
+                ParseStart => {
+                    return self.parse_start();
+                }
+                ParseArray(first) => {
+                    return self.parse_array(first);
+                }
+                ParseArrayComma => {
+                    if let Some(evt) = self.parse_array_comma_or_end() {
+                        return evt;
+                    }
+                }
+                ParseObject(first) => {
+                    return self.parse_object(first);
+                }
+                ParseObjectComma => {
+                    self.stack.pop();
+                    if self.ch_is(',') {
+                        self.state = ParseObject(false);
+                        self.bump();
+                    } else {
+                        return self.parse_object_end();
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    return self.error_event(InvalidSyntax);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_start(&mut self) -> JsonEvent {
+        let val = self.parse_value();
+        self.state = match val {
+            Error(_) => ParseFinished,
+            ArrayStart => ParseArray(true),
+            ObjectStart => ParseObject(true),
+            _ => ParseBeforeFinish,
+        };
+        val
+    }
+
+    fn parse_array(&mut self, first: bool) -> JsonEvent {
+        if self.ch_is(']') {
+            if !first {
+                self.error_event(InvalidSyntax)
+            } else {
+                self.state = if self.stack.is_empty() {
+                    ParseBeforeFinish
+                } else if self.stack.last_is_index() {
+                    ParseArrayComma
+                } else {
+                    ParseObjectComma
+                };
+                self.bump();
+                ArrayEnd
+            }
+        } else {
+            if first {
+                self.stack.push_index(0);
+            }
+            let val = self.parse_value();
+            self.state = match val {
+                Error(_) => ParseFinished,
+                ArrayStart => ParseArray(true),
+                ObjectStart => ParseObject(true),
+                _ => ParseArrayComma,
+            };
+            val
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_array_comma_or_end(&mut self) -> Option<JsonEvent> {
+        if self.ch_is(',') {
+            self.stack.bump_index();
+            self.state = ParseArray(false);
+            self.bump();
+            None
+        } else if self.ch_is(']') {
+            self.stack.pop();
+            self.state = if self.stack.is_empty() {
+                ParseBeforeFinish
+            } else if self.stack.last_is_index() {
+                ParseArrayComma
+            } else {
+                ParseObjectComma
+            };
+            self.bump();
+            Some(ArrayEnd)
+        } else if self.eof() {
+            Some(self.error_event(EOFWhileParsingArray))
+        } else {
+            Some(self.error_event(InvalidSyntax))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_object(&mut self, first: bool) -> JsonEvent {
+        if self.ch_is('}') {
+            if !first {
+                if self.stack.is_empty() {
+                    return self.error_event(TrailingComma);
+                } else {
+                    self.stack.pop();
+                }
+            }
+            self.state = if self.stack.is_empty() {
+                ParseBeforeFinish
+            } else if self.stack.last_is_index() {
+                ParseArrayComma
+            } else {
+                ParseObjectComma
+            };
+            self.bump();
+            return ObjectEnd;
+        }
+        if self.eof() {
+            return self.error_event(EOFWhileParsingObject);
+        }
+        if !self.ch_is('"') {
+            return self.error_event(KeyMustBeAString);
+        }
+        let s = match self.parse_str() {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(e) => {
+                self.state = ParseFinished;
+                return Error(e);
+            }
+        };
+        self.parse_whitespace();
+        if self.eof() {
+            return self.error_event(EOFWhileParsingObject);
+        } else if self.ch_or_null() != ':' {
+            return self.error_event(ExpectedColon);
+        }
+        self.stack.push_key(s);
+        self.bump();
+        self.parse_whitespace();
+
+        let val = self.parse_value();
+
+        self.state = match val {
+            Error(_) => ParseFinished,
+            ArrayStart => ParseArray(true),
+            ObjectStart => ParseObject(true),
+            _ => ParseObjectComma,
+        };
+        val
+    }
+
+    fn parse_object_end(&mut self) -> JsonEvent {
+        if self.ch_is('}') {
+            self.state = if self.stack.is_empty() {
+                ParseBeforeFinish
+            } else if self.stack.last_is_index() {
+                ParseArrayComma
+            } else {
+                ParseObjectComma
+            };
+            self.bump();
+            ObjectEnd
+        } else if self.eof() {
+            self.error_event(EOFWhileParsingObject)
+        } else {
+            self.error_event(InvalidSyntax)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_value(&mut self) -> JsonEvent {
+        if self.eof() {
+            return self.error_event(EOFWhileParsingValue);
+        }
+        match self.ch_or_null() {
+            'n' => self.parse_ident("ull", NullValue),
+            't' => self.parse_ident("rue", BooleanValue(true)),
+            'f' => self.parse_ident("alse", BooleanValue(false)),
+            '0'..='9' | '-' => self.parse_number(),
+            '"' => match self.parse_str() {
+                Ok(s) => StringValue(s),
+                Err(e) => Error(e),
+            },
+            '[' => {
+                self.bump();
+                ArrayStart
+            }
+            '{' => {
+                self.bump();
+                ObjectStart
+            }
+            _ => self.error_event(InvalidSyntax),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_ident(&mut self, ident: &str, value: JsonEvent) -> JsonEvent {
+        if ident.chars().all(|c| Some(c) == self.next_char()) {
+            self.bump();
+            value
+        } else {
+            Error(SyntaxError(InvalidSyntax, self.line, self.col))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn error_event(&mut self, reason: ErrorCode) -> JsonEvent {
+        self.state = ParseFinished;
+        Error(SyntaxError(reason, self.line, self.col))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A Builder consumes a json::Parser to create a generic Json structure.
+pub struct Builder<T> {
+    parser: Parser<T>,
+    token: Option<JsonEvent>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Iterator<Item = char>> Builder<T> {
+    /// Creates a JSON Builder.
+    pub fn new(src: T) -> Builder<T> {
+        Builder { parser: Parser::new(src), token: None }
+    }
+
+    // Decode a Json value from a Parser.
+    pub fn build(&mut self) -> Result<Json, BuilderError> {
+        self.bump();
+        let result = self.build_value();
+        self.bump();
+        match self.token {
+            None => {}
+            Some(Error(ref e)) => {
+                return Err(e.clone());
+            }
+            ref tok => {
+                panic!("unexpected token {:?}", tok.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    fn bump(&mut self) {
+        self.token = self.parser.next();
+    }
+
+    fn build_value(&mut self) -> Result<Json, BuilderError> {
+        match self.token {
+            Some(NullValue) => Ok(Json::Null),
+            Some(I64Value(n)) => Ok(Json::I64(n)),
+            Some(U64Value(n)) => Ok(Json::U64(n)),
+            Some(F64Value(n)) => Ok(Json::F64(n)),
+            Some(BooleanValue(b)) => Ok(Json::Boolean(b)),
+            Some(StringValue(ref mut s)) => {
+                let mut temp = string::String::new();
+                swap(s, &mut temp);
+                Ok(Json::String(temp))
+            }
+            Some(Error(ref e)) => Err(e.clone()),
+            Some(ArrayStart) => self.build_array(),
+            Some(ObjectStart) => self.build_object(),
+            Some(ObjectEnd) => self.parser.error(InvalidSyntax),
+            Some(ArrayEnd) => self.parser.error(InvalidSyntax),
+            None => self.parser.error(EOFWhileParsingValue),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_array(&mut self) -> Result<Json, BuilderError> {
+        self.bump();
+        let mut values = Vec::new();
+
+        loop {
+            if self.token == Some(ArrayEnd) {
+                return Ok(Json::Array(values.into_iter().collect()));
+            }
+            match self.build_value() {
+                Ok(v) => values.push(v),
+                Err(e) => return Err(e),
+            }
+            self.bump();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_object(&mut self) -> Result<Json, BuilderError> {
+        self.bump();
+
+        let mut values = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        loop {
+            match self.token {
+                Some(ObjectEnd) => {
+                    return Ok(Json::Object(values));
+                }
+                Some(Error(ref e)) => {
+                    return Err(e.clone());
+                }
+                None => {
+                    break;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+            let key = match self.parser.stack().top() {
+                Some(StackElement::Key(k)) => k.to_owned(),
+                _ => {
+                    panic!("invalid state");
+                }
+            };
+            match self.build_value() {
+                Ok(value) => {
+                    values.insert(key, value);
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    return Err(e);
+                }
+            }
+            self.bump();
+        }
+        self.parser.error(EOFWhileParsingObject)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Decodes a json value from an `&mut io::Read`
+pub fn from_reader(rdr: &mut dyn Read) -> Result<Json, BuilderError> {
+    let mut contents = Vec::new();
+    match rdr.read_to_end(&mut contents) {
+        Ok(c) => c,
+        Err(e) => return Err(io_error_to_error(e)),
+    };
+    let s = match str::from_utf8(&contents).ok() {
+        Some(s) => s,
+        _ => return Err(SyntaxError(NotUtf8, 0, 0)),
+    };
+    let mut builder = Builder::new(s.chars());
+    builder.build()
+}
+
+/// Decodes a json value from a string
+pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Json, BuilderError> {
+    let mut builder = Builder::new(s.chars());
+    builder.build()
+}
+
+/// A structure to decode JSON to values in rust.
+pub struct Decoder {
+    stack: Vec<Json>,
+}
+
+impl Decoder {
+    /// Creates a new decoder instance for decoding the specified JSON value.
+    pub fn new(json: Json) -> Decoder {
+        Decoder { stack: vec![json] }
+    }
+
+    fn pop(&mut self) -> Json {
+        self.stack.pop().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! expect {
+    ($e:expr, Null) => {{
+        match $e {
+            Json::Null => Ok(()),
+            other => Err(ExpectedError("Null".to_owned(), other.to_string())),
+        }
+    }};
+    ($e:expr, $t:ident) => {{
+        match $e {
+            Json::$t(v) => Ok(v),
+            other => Err(ExpectedError(stringify!($t).to_owned(), other.to_string())),
+        }
+    }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! read_primitive {
+    ($name:ident, $ty:ty) => {
+        fn $name(&mut self) -> DecodeResult<$ty> {
+            match self.pop() {
+                Json::I64(f) => Ok(f as $ty),
+                Json::U64(f) => Ok(f as $ty),
+                Json::F64(f) => Err(ExpectedError("Integer".to_owned(), f.to_string())),
+                // re: #12967.. a type w/ numeric keys (ie HashMap<usize, V> etc)
+                // is going to have a string here, as per JSON spec.
+                Json::String(s) => match s.parse().ok() {
+                    Some(f) => Ok(f),
+                    None => Err(ExpectedError("Number".to_owned(), s)),
+                },
+                value => Err(ExpectedError("Number".to_owned(), value.to_string())),
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl crate::Decoder for Decoder {
+    type Error = DecoderError;
+
+    fn read_nil(&mut self) -> DecodeResult<()> {
+        expect!(self.pop(), Null)
+    }
+
+    read_primitive! { read_usize, usize }
+    read_primitive! { read_u8, u8 }
+    read_primitive! { read_u16, u16 }
+    read_primitive! { read_u32, u32 }
+    read_primitive! { read_u64, u64 }
+    read_primitive! { read_u128, u128 }
+    read_primitive! { read_isize, isize }
+    read_primitive! { read_i8, i8 }
+    read_primitive! { read_i16, i16 }
+    read_primitive! { read_i32, i32 }
+    read_primitive! { read_i64, i64 }
+    read_primitive! { read_i128, i128 }
+
+    fn read_f32(&mut self) -> DecodeResult<f32> {
+        self.read_f64().map(|x| x as f32)
+    }
+
+    fn read_f64(&mut self) -> DecodeResult<f64> {
+        match self.pop() {
+            Json::I64(f) => Ok(f as f64),
+            Json::U64(f) => Ok(f as f64),
+            Json::F64(f) => Ok(f),
+            Json::String(s) => {
+                // re: #12967.. a type w/ numeric keys (ie HashMap<usize, V> etc)
+                // is going to have a string here, as per JSON spec.
+                match s.parse().ok() {
+                    Some(f) => Ok(f),
+                    None => Err(ExpectedError("Number".to_owned(), s)),
+                }
+            }
+            Json::Null => Ok(f64::NAN),
+            value => Err(ExpectedError("Number".to_owned(), value.to_string())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read_bool(&mut self) -> DecodeResult<bool> {
+        expect!(self.pop(), Boolean)
+    }
+
+    fn read_char(&mut self) -> DecodeResult<char> {
+        let s = self.read_str()?;
+        {
+            let mut it = s.chars();
+            if let (Some(c), None) = (it.next(), it.next()) {
+                // exactly one character
+                return Ok(c);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(ExpectedError("single character string".to_owned(), s.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    fn read_str(&mut self) -> DecodeResult<Cow<'_, str>> {
+        expect!(self.pop(), String).map(Cow::Owned)
+    }
+
+    fn read_enum<T, F>(&mut self, _name: &str, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn read_enum_variant<T, F>(&mut self, names: &[&str], mut f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut Decoder, usize) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        let name = match self.pop() {
+            Json::String(s) => s,
+            Json::Object(mut o) => {
+                let n = match o.remove(&"variant".to_owned()) {
+                    Some(Json::String(s)) => s,
+                    Some(val) => return Err(ExpectedError("String".to_owned(), val.to_string())),
+                    None => return Err(MissingFieldError("variant".to_owned())),
+                };
+                match o.remove(&"fields".to_string()) {
+                    Some(Json::Array(l)) => {
+                        self.stack.extend(l.into_iter().rev());
+                    }
+                    Some(val) => return Err(ExpectedError("Array".to_owned(), val.to_string())),
+                    None => return Err(MissingFieldError("fields".to_owned())),
+                }
+                n
+            }
+            json => return Err(ExpectedError("String or Object".to_owned(), json.to_string())),
+        };
+        let idx = match names.iter().position(|n| *n == &name[..]) {
+            Some(idx) => idx,
+            None => return Err(UnknownVariantError(name)),
+        };
+        f(self, idx)
+    }
+
+    fn read_enum_variant_arg<T, F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn read_enum_struct_variant<T, F>(&mut self, names: &[&str], f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut Decoder, usize) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        self.read_enum_variant(names, f)
+    }
+
+    fn read_enum_struct_variant_field<T, F>(
+        &mut self,
+        _name: &str,
+        idx: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        self.read_enum_variant_arg(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn read_struct<T, F>(&mut self, _name: &str, _len: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        let value = f(self)?;
+        self.pop();
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn read_struct_field<T, F>(&mut self, name: &str, _idx: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        let mut obj = expect!(self.pop(), Object)?;
+
+        let value = match obj.remove(&name.to_string()) {
+            None => {
+                // Add a Null and try to parse it as an Option<_>
+                // to get None as a default value.
+                self.stack.push(Json::Null);
+                match f(self) {
+                    Ok(x) => x,
+                    Err(_) => return Err(MissingFieldError(name.to_string())),
+                }
+            }
+            Some(json) => {
+                self.stack.push(json);
+                f(self)?
+            }
+        };
+        self.stack.push(Json::Object(obj));
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn read_tuple<T, F>(&mut self, tuple_len: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        self.read_seq(move |d, len| {
+            if len == tuple_len {
+                f(d)
+            } else {
+                Err(ExpectedError(format!("Tuple{}", tuple_len), format!("Tuple{}", len)))
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn read_tuple_arg<T, F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        self.read_seq_elt(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn read_tuple_struct<T, F>(&mut self, _name: &str, len: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        self.read_tuple(len, f)
+    }
+
+    fn read_tuple_struct_arg<T, F>(&mut self, idx: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        self.read_tuple_arg(idx, f)
+    }
+
+    fn read_option<T, F>(&mut self, mut f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut Decoder, bool) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        match self.pop() {
+            Json::Null => f(self, false),
+            value => {
+                self.stack.push(value);
+                f(self, true)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read_seq<T, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder, usize) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        let array = expect!(self.pop(), Array)?;
+        let len = array.len();
+        self.stack.extend(array.into_iter().rev());
+        f(self, len)
+    }
+
+    fn read_seq_elt<T, F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn read_map<T, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder, usize) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        let obj = expect!(self.pop(), Object)?;
+        let len = obj.len();
+        for (key, value) in obj {
+            self.stack.push(value);
+            self.stack.push(Json::String(key));
+        }
+        f(self, len)
+    }
+
+    fn read_map_elt_key<T, F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn read_map_elt_val<T, F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> DecodeResult<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Decoder) -> DecodeResult<T>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn error(&mut self, err: &str) -> DecoderError {
+        ApplicationError(err.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A trait for converting values to JSON
+pub trait ToJson {
+    /// Converts the value of `self` to an instance of JSON
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json;
+}
+
+macro_rules! to_json_impl_i64 {
+    ($($t:ty), +) => (
+        $(impl ToJson for $t {
+            fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+                Json::I64(*self as i64)
+            }
+        })+
+    )
+}
+
+to_json_impl_i64! { isize, i8, i16, i32, i64 }
+
+macro_rules! to_json_impl_u64 {
+    ($($t:ty), +) => (
+        $(impl ToJson for $t {
+            fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+                Json::U64(*self as u64)
+            }
+        })+
+    )
+}
+
+to_json_impl_u64! { usize, u8, u16, u32, u64 }
+
+impl ToJson for Json {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToJson for f32 {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        f64::from(*self).to_json()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToJson for f64 {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        match self.classify() {
+            Fp::Nan | Fp::Infinite => Json::Null,
+            _ => Json::F64(*self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToJson for () {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        Json::Null
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToJson for bool {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        Json::Boolean(*self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToJson for str {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        Json::String(self.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToJson for string::String {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        Json::String((*self).clone())
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! tuple_impl {
+    // use variables to indicate the arity of the tuple
+    ($($tyvar:ident),* ) => {
+        // the trailing commas are for the 1 tuple
+        impl<
+            $( $tyvar : ToJson ),*
+            > ToJson for ( $( $tyvar ),* , ) {
+
+            #[inline]
+            #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+            fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+                match *self {
+                    ($(ref $tyvar),*,) => Json::Array(vec![$($tyvar.to_json()),*])
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+tuple_impl! {A}
+tuple_impl! {A, B}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E, F}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E, F, G}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K}
+tuple_impl! {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L}
+
+impl<A: ToJson> ToJson for [A] {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        Json::Array(self.iter().map(|elt| elt.to_json()).collect())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A: ToJson> ToJson for Vec<A> {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        Json::Array(self.iter().map(|elt| elt.to_json()).collect())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ToString, A: ToJson> ToJson for BTreeMap<T, A> {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        let mut d = BTreeMap::new();
+        for (key, value) in self {
+            d.insert(key.to_string(), value.to_json());
+        }
+        Json::Object(d)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A: ToJson> ToJson for HashMap<string::String, A> {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        let mut d = BTreeMap::new();
+        for (key, value) in self {
+            d.insert((*key).clone(), value.to_json());
+        }
+        Json::Object(d)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A: ToJson> ToJson for Option<A> {
+    fn to_json(&self) -> Json {
+        match *self {
+            None => Json::Null,
+            Some(ref value) => value.to_json(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct FormatShim<'a, 'b> {
+    inner: &'a mut fmt::Formatter<'b>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> fmt::Write for FormatShim<'a, 'b> {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self.inner.write_str(s) {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+            Err(_) => Err(fmt::Error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Json {
+    /// Encodes a json value into a string
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut shim = FormatShim { inner: f };
+        let mut encoder = Encoder::new(&mut shim);
+        match self.encode(&mut encoder) {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+            Err(_) => Err(fmt::Error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for PrettyJson<'a> {
+    /// Encodes a json value into a string
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut shim = FormatShim { inner: f };
+        let mut encoder = PrettyEncoder::new(&mut shim);
+        match self.inner.encode(&mut encoder) {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+            Err(_) => Err(fmt::Error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: for<'r> Encodable<Encoder<'r>>> fmt::Display for AsJson<'a, T> {
+    /// Encodes a json value into a string
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut shim = FormatShim { inner: f };
+        let mut encoder = Encoder::new(&mut shim);
+        match self.inner.encode(&mut encoder) {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+            Err(_) => Err(fmt::Error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> AsPrettyJson<'a, T> {
+    /// Sets the indentation level for the emitted JSON
+    pub fn indent(mut self, indent: usize) -> AsPrettyJson<'a, T> {
+        self.indent = Some(indent);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: for<'x> Encodable<PrettyEncoder<'x>>> fmt::Display for AsPrettyJson<'a, T> {
+    /// Encodes a json value into a string
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut shim = FormatShim { inner: f };
+        let mut encoder = PrettyEncoder::new(&mut shim);
+        if let Some(n) = self.indent {
+            encoder.set_indent(n);
+        }
+        match self.inner.encode(&mut encoder) {
+            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+            Err(_) => Err(fmt::Error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Json {
+    type Err = BuilderError;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Json, BuilderError> {
+        from_str(s)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json/tests.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..01678fbf0b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/json/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Benchmarks and tests that require private items
+
+extern crate test;
+use super::{from_str, Parser, Stack, StackElement};
+use std::string;
+use test::Bencher;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_stack() {
+    let mut stack = Stack::new();
+
+    assert!(stack.is_empty());
+    assert!(stack.is_empty());
+    assert!(!stack.last_is_index());
+
+    stack.push_index(0);
+    stack.bump_index();
+
+    assert!(stack.len() == 1);
+    assert!(stack.is_equal_to(&[StackElement::Index(1)]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[StackElement::Index(1)]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[StackElement::Index(1)]));
+    assert!(stack.last_is_index());
+    assert!(stack.get(0) == StackElement::Index(1));
+
+    stack.push_key("foo".to_string());
+
+    assert!(stack.len() == 2);
+    assert!(stack.is_equal_to(&[StackElement::Index(1), StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[StackElement::Index(1), StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[StackElement::Index(1)]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[StackElement::Index(1), StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(!stack.last_is_index());
+    assert!(stack.get(0) == StackElement::Index(1));
+    assert!(stack.get(1) == StackElement::Key("foo"));
+
+    stack.push_key("bar".to_string());
+
+    assert!(stack.len() == 3);
+    assert!(stack.is_equal_to(&[
+        StackElement::Index(1),
+        StackElement::Key("foo"),
+        StackElement::Key("bar")
+    ]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[StackElement::Index(1)]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[StackElement::Index(1), StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[
+        StackElement::Index(1),
+        StackElement::Key("foo"),
+        StackElement::Key("bar")
+    ]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[StackElement::Key("bar")]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[StackElement::Key("foo"), StackElement::Key("bar")]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[
+        StackElement::Index(1),
+        StackElement::Key("foo"),
+        StackElement::Key("bar")
+    ]));
+    assert!(!stack.last_is_index());
+    assert!(stack.get(0) == StackElement::Index(1));
+    assert!(stack.get(1) == StackElement::Key("foo"));
+    assert!(stack.get(2) == StackElement::Key("bar"));
+
+    stack.pop();
+
+    assert!(stack.len() == 2);
+    assert!(stack.is_equal_to(&[StackElement::Index(1), StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[StackElement::Index(1), StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(stack.starts_with(&[StackElement::Index(1)]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[StackElement::Index(1), StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(stack.ends_with(&[StackElement::Key("foo")]));
+    assert!(!stack.last_is_index());
+    assert!(stack.get(0) == StackElement::Index(1));
+    assert!(stack.get(1) == StackElement::Key("foo"));
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_streaming_small(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| {
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(
+            r#"{
+                "a": 1.0,
+                "b": [
+                    true,
+                    "foo\nbar",
+                    { "c": {"d": null} }
+                ]
+            }"#
+            .chars(),
+        );
+        loop {
+            match parser.next() {
+                None => return,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+#[bench]
+fn bench_small(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    b.iter(|| {
+        let _ = from_str(
+            r#"{
+            "a": 1.0,
+            "b": [
+                true,
+                "foo\nbar",
+                { "c": {"d": null} }
+            ]
+        }"#,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+fn big_json() -> string::String {
+    let mut src = "[\n".to_string();
+    for _ in 0..500 {
+        src.push_str(
+            r#"{ "a": true, "b": null, "c":3.1415, "d": "Hello world", "e": \
+                        [1,2,3]},"#,
+        );
+    }
+    src.push_str("{}]");
+    return src;
+}
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_streaming_large(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    let src = big_json();
+    b.iter(|| {
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(src.chars());
+        loop {
+            match parser.next() {
+                None => return,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+#[bench]
+fn bench_large(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    let src = big_json();
+    b.iter(|| {
+        let _ = from_str(&src);
+    });
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1fe6a309e96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/leb128.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+macro_rules! impl_write_unsigned_leb128 {
+    ($fn_name:ident, $int_ty:ident) => {
+        #[inline]
+        pub fn $fn_name(out: &mut Vec<u8>, mut value: $int_ty) {
+            loop {
+                if value < 0x80 {
+                    out.push(value as u8);
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    out.push(((value & 0x7f) | 0x80) as u8);
+                    value >>= 7;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_write_unsigned_leb128!(write_u16_leb128, u16);
+impl_write_unsigned_leb128!(write_u32_leb128, u32);
+impl_write_unsigned_leb128!(write_u64_leb128, u64);
+impl_write_unsigned_leb128!(write_u128_leb128, u128);
+impl_write_unsigned_leb128!(write_usize_leb128, usize);
+
+macro_rules! impl_read_unsigned_leb128 {
+    ($fn_name:ident, $int_ty:ident) => {
+        #[inline]
+        pub fn $fn_name(slice: &[u8]) -> ($int_ty, usize) {
+            let mut result = 0;
+            let mut shift = 0;
+            let mut position = 0;
+            loop {
+                let byte = slice[position];
+                position += 1;
+                if (byte & 0x80) == 0 {
+                    result |= (byte as $int_ty) << shift;
+                    return (result, position);
+                } else {
+                    result |= ((byte & 0x7F) as $int_ty) << shift;
+                }
+                shift += 7;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_read_unsigned_leb128!(read_u16_leb128, u16);
+impl_read_unsigned_leb128!(read_u32_leb128, u32);
+impl_read_unsigned_leb128!(read_u64_leb128, u64);
+impl_read_unsigned_leb128!(read_u128_leb128, u128);
+impl_read_unsigned_leb128!(read_usize_leb128, usize);
+
+#[inline]
+/// encodes an integer using signed leb128 encoding and stores
+/// the result using a callback function.
+///
+/// The callback `write` is called once for each position
+/// that is to be written to with the byte to be encoded
+/// at that position.
+pub fn write_signed_leb128_to<W>(mut value: i128, mut write: W)
+where
+    W: FnMut(u8),
+{
+    loop {
+        let mut byte = (value as u8) & 0x7f;
+        value >>= 7;
+        let more =
+            !(((value == 0) && ((byte & 0x40) == 0)) || ((value == -1) && ((byte & 0x40) != 0)));
+
+        if more {
+            byte |= 0x80; // Mark this byte to show that more bytes will follow.
+        }
+
+        write(byte);
+
+        if !more {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn write_signed_leb128(out: &mut Vec<u8>, value: i128) {
+    write_signed_leb128_to(value, |v| out.push(v))
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn read_signed_leb128(data: &[u8], start_position: usize) -> (i128, usize) {
+    let mut result = 0;
+    let mut shift = 0;
+    let mut position = start_position;
+    let mut byte;
+
+    loop {
+        byte = data[position];
+        position += 1;
+        result |= i128::from(byte & 0x7F) << shift;
+        shift += 7;
+
+        if (byte & 0x80) == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (shift < 64) && ((byte & 0x40) != 0) {
+        // sign extend
+        result |= -(1 << shift);
+    }
+
+    (result, position - start_position)
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..265b3b95e95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! Support code for encoding and decoding types.
+
+/*
+Core encoding and decoding interfaces.
+*/
+
+#![doc(
+    html_root_url = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/",
+    html_playground_url = "https://play.rust-lang.org/",
+    test(attr(allow(unused_variables), deny(warnings)))
+)]
+#![feature(box_syntax)]
+#![feature(never_type)]
+#![feature(nll)]
+#![feature(associated_type_bounds)]
+#![cfg_attr(test, feature(test))]
+#![allow(rustc::internal)]
+
+pub use self::serialize::{Decodable, Decoder, Encodable, Encoder};
+
+mod collection_impls;
+mod serialize;
+
+pub mod json;
+
+pub mod leb128;
+pub mod opaque;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fa4423e261d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/opaque.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+use crate::leb128::{self, read_signed_leb128, write_signed_leb128};
+use crate::serialize;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Encoder
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+pub type EncodeResult = Result<(), !>;
+
+pub struct Encoder {
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Encoder {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Encoder {
+        Encoder { data }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.data
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn emit_raw_bytes(&mut self, s: &[u8]) {
+        self.data.extend_from_slice(s);
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! write_uleb128 {
+    ($enc:expr, $value:expr, $fun:ident) => {{
+        leb128::$fun(&mut $enc.data, $value);
+        Ok(())
+    }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! write_sleb128 {
+    ($enc:expr, $value:expr) => {{
+        write_signed_leb128(&mut $enc.data, $value as i128);
+        Ok(())
+    }};
+}
+
+impl serialize::Encoder for Encoder {
+    type Error = !;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_unit(&mut self) -> EncodeResult {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_usize(&mut self, v: usize) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_uleb128!(self, v, write_usize_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u128(&mut self, v: u128) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_uleb128!(self, v, write_u128_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u64(&mut self, v: u64) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_uleb128!(self, v, write_u64_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u32(&mut self, v: u32) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_uleb128!(self, v, write_u32_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u16(&mut self, v: u16) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_uleb128!(self, v, write_u16_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u8(&mut self, v: u8) -> EncodeResult {
+        self.data.push(v);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_isize(&mut self, v: isize) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_sleb128!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_i128(&mut self, v: i128) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_sleb128!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_i64(&mut self, v: i64) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_sleb128!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_i32(&mut self, v: i32) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_sleb128!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_i16(&mut self, v: i16) -> EncodeResult {
+        write_sleb128!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_i8(&mut self, v: i8) -> EncodeResult {
+        let as_u8: u8 = unsafe { ::std::mem::transmute(v) };
+        self.emit_u8(as_u8)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_bool(&mut self, v: bool) -> EncodeResult {
+        self.emit_u8(if v { 1 } else { 0 })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_f64(&mut self, v: f64) -> EncodeResult {
+        let as_u64: u64 = v.to_bits();
+        self.emit_u64(as_u64)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_f32(&mut self, v: f32) -> EncodeResult {
+        let as_u32: u32 = v.to_bits();
+        self.emit_u32(as_u32)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_char(&mut self, v: char) -> EncodeResult {
+        self.emit_u32(v as u32)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_str(&mut self, v: &str) -> EncodeResult {
+        self.emit_usize(v.len())?;
+        self.emit_raw_bytes(v.as_bytes());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Encoder {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn position(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.len()
+    }
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Decoder
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+pub struct Decoder<'a> {
+    pub data: &'a [u8],
+    position: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Decoder<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(data: &'a [u8], position: usize) -> Decoder<'a> {
+        Decoder { data, position }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn position(&self) -> usize {
+        self.position
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_position(&mut self, pos: usize) {
+        self.position = pos
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn advance(&mut self, bytes: usize) {
+        self.position += bytes;
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn read_raw_bytes(&mut self, s: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let start = self.position;
+        let end = start + s.len();
+
+        s.copy_from_slice(&self.data[start..end]);
+
+        self.position = end;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! read_uleb128 {
+    ($dec:expr, $fun:ident) => {{
+        let (value, bytes_read) = leb128::$fun(&$dec.data[$dec.position..]);
+        $dec.position += bytes_read;
+        Ok(value)
+    }};
+}
+
+macro_rules! read_sleb128 {
+    ($dec:expr, $t:ty) => {{
+        let (value, bytes_read) = read_signed_leb128($dec.data, $dec.position);
+        $dec.position += bytes_read;
+        Ok(value as $t)
+    }};
+}
+
+impl<'a> serialize::Decoder for Decoder<'a> {
+    type Error = String;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_nil(&mut self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_u128(&mut self) -> Result<u128, Self::Error> {
+        read_uleb128!(self, read_u128_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Self::Error> {
+        read_uleb128!(self, read_u64_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Self::Error> {
+        read_uleb128!(self, read_u32_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Self::Error> {
+        read_uleb128!(self, read_u16_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Self::Error> {
+        let value = self.data[self.position];
+        self.position += 1;
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_usize(&mut self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error> {
+        read_uleb128!(self, read_usize_leb128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_i128(&mut self) -> Result<i128, Self::Error> {
+        read_sleb128!(self, i128)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_i64(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Self::Error> {
+        read_sleb128!(self, i64)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_i32(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Self::Error> {
+        read_sleb128!(self, i32)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_i16(&mut self) -> Result<i16, Self::Error> {
+        read_sleb128!(self, i16)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Self::Error> {
+        let as_u8 = self.data[self.position];
+        self.position += 1;
+        unsafe { Ok(::std::mem::transmute(as_u8)) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_isize(&mut self) -> Result<isize, Self::Error> {
+        read_sleb128!(self, isize)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_bool(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Self::Error> {
+        let value = self.read_u8()?;
+        Ok(value != 0)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_f64(&mut self) -> Result<f64, Self::Error> {
+        let bits = self.read_u64()?;
+        Ok(f64::from_bits(bits))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_f32(&mut self) -> Result<f32, Self::Error> {
+        let bits = self.read_u32()?;
+        Ok(f32::from_bits(bits))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_char(&mut self) -> Result<char, Self::Error> {
+        let bits = self.read_u32()?;
+        Ok(::std::char::from_u32(bits).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_str(&mut self) -> Result<Cow<'_, str>, Self::Error> {
+        let len = self.read_usize()?;
+        let s = ::std::str::from_utf8(&self.data[self.position..self.position + len]).unwrap();
+        self.position += len;
+        Ok(Cow::Borrowed(s))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn error(&mut self, err: &str) -> Self::Error {
+        err.to_string()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/serialize.rs b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/serialize.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c0e23b89a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_serialize/src/serialize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+//! Support code for encoding and decoding types.
+
+/*
+Core encoding and decoding interfaces.
+*/
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::path;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub trait Encoder {
+    type Error;
+
+    // Primitive types:
+    fn emit_unit(&mut self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_usize(&mut self, v: usize) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_u128(&mut self, v: u128) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_u64(&mut self, v: u64) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_u32(&mut self, v: u32) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_u16(&mut self, v: u16) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_u8(&mut self, v: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_isize(&mut self, v: isize) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_i128(&mut self, v: i128) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_i64(&mut self, v: i64) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_i32(&mut self, v: i32) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_i16(&mut self, v: i16) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_i8(&mut self, v: i8) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_bool(&mut self, v: bool) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_f64(&mut self, v: f64) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_f32(&mut self, v: f32) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_char(&mut self, v: char) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn emit_str(&mut self, v: &str) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
+    // Compound types:
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_enum<F>(&mut self, _name: &str, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_variant<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        _v_name: &str,
+        v_id: usize,
+        _len: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_usize(v_id)?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_enum_variant_arg<F>(&mut self, _a_idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_struct_variant<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        v_name: &str,
+        v_id: usize,
+        len: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_enum_variant(v_name, v_id, len, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_enum_struct_variant_field<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        _f_name: &str,
+        f_idx: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_enum_variant_arg(f_idx, f)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_struct<F>(&mut self, _name: &str, _len: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_struct_field<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        _f_name: &str,
+        _f_idx: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_tuple<F>(&mut self, _len: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_tuple_arg<F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_tuple_struct<F>(&mut self, _name: &str, len: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_tuple(len, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_tuple_struct_arg<F>(&mut self, f_idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_tuple_arg(f_idx, f)
+    }
+
+    // Specialized types:
+    fn emit_option<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_enum("Option", f)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_option_none(&mut self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.emit_enum_variant("None", 0, 0, |_| Ok(()))
+    }
+
+    fn emit_option_some<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_enum_variant("Some", 1, 1, f)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_seq<F>(&mut self, len: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_usize(len)?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_seq_elt<F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn emit_map<F>(&mut self, len: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.emit_usize(len)?;
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_map_elt_key<F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_map_elt_val<F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Decoder {
+    type Error;
+
+    // Primitive types:
+    fn read_nil(&mut self) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn read_usize(&mut self) -> Result<usize, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_u128(&mut self) -> Result<u128, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_isize(&mut self) -> Result<isize, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_i128(&mut self) -> Result<i128, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_i64(&mut self) -> Result<i64, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_i32(&mut self) -> Result<i32, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_i16(&mut self) -> Result<i16, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_bool(&mut self) -> Result<bool, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_f64(&mut self) -> Result<f64, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_f32(&mut self) -> Result<f32, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_char(&mut self) -> Result<char, Self::Error>;
+    fn read_str(&mut self) -> Result<Cow<'_, str>, Self::Error>;
+
+    // Compound types:
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_enum<T, F>(&mut self, _name: &str, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_enum_variant<T, F>(&mut self, _names: &[&str], mut f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut Self, usize) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        let disr = self.read_usize()?;
+        f(self, disr)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_enum_variant_arg<T, F>(&mut self, _a_idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn read_enum_struct_variant<T, F>(&mut self, names: &[&str], f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut Self, usize) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.read_enum_variant(names, f)
+    }
+
+    fn read_enum_struct_variant_field<T, F>(
+        &mut self,
+        _f_name: &str,
+        f_idx: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.read_enum_variant_arg(f_idx, f)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_struct<T, F>(&mut self, _s_name: &str, _len: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_struct_field<T, F>(
+        &mut self,
+        _f_name: &str,
+        _f_idx: usize,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_tuple<T, F>(&mut self, _len: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_tuple_arg<T, F>(&mut self, _a_idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn read_tuple_struct<T, F>(&mut self, _s_name: &str, len: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.read_tuple(len, f)
+    }
+
+    fn read_tuple_struct_arg<T, F>(&mut self, a_idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.read_tuple_arg(a_idx, f)
+    }
+
+    // Specialized types:
+    fn read_option<T, F>(&mut self, mut f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut Self, bool) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        self.read_enum("Option", move |this| {
+            this.read_enum_variant(&["None", "Some"], move |this, idx| match idx {
+                0 => f(this, false),
+                1 => f(this, true),
+                _ => Err(this.error("read_option: expected 0 for None or 1 for Some")),
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn read_seq<T, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self, usize) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        let len = self.read_usize()?;
+        f(self, len)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_seq_elt<T, F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    fn read_map<T, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self, usize) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        let len = self.read_usize()?;
+        f(self, len)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_map_elt_key<T, F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_map_elt_val<T, F>(&mut self, _idx: usize, f: F) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>,
+    {
+        f(self)
+    }
+
+    // Failure
+    fn error(&mut self, err: &str) -> Self::Error;
+}
+
+/// Trait for types that can be serialized
+///
+/// This can be implemented using the `Encodable`, `TyEncodable` and
+/// `MetadataEncodable` macros.
+///
+/// * `Encodable` should be used in crates that don't depend on
+///   `rustc_middle`.
+/// * `MetadataEncodable` is used in `rustc_metadata` for types that contain
+///   `rustc_metadata::rmeta::Lazy`.
+/// * `TyEncodable` should be used for types that are only serialized in crate
+///   metadata or the incremental cache. This is most types in `rustc_middle`.
+pub trait Encodable<S: Encoder> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error>;
+}
+
+/// Trait for types that can be deserialized
+///
+/// This can be implemented using the `Decodable`, `TyDecodable` and
+/// `MetadataDecodable` macros.
+///
+/// * `Decodable` should be used in crates that don't depend on
+///   `rustc_middle`.
+/// * `MetadataDecodable` is used in `rustc_metadata` for types that contain
+///   `rustc_metadata::rmeta::Lazy`.
+/// * `TyDecodable` should be used for types that are only serialized in crate
+///   metadata or the incremental cache. This is most types in `rustc_middle`.
+pub trait Decodable<D: Decoder>: Sized {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! direct_serialize_impls {
+    ($($ty:ident $emit_method:ident $read_method:ident),*) => {
+        $(
+            impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for $ty {
+                fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+                    s.$emit_method(*self)
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for $ty {
+                fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<$ty, D::Error> {
+                    d.$read_method()
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    }
+}
+
+direct_serialize_impls! {
+    usize emit_usize read_usize,
+    u8 emit_u8 read_u8,
+    u16 emit_u16 read_u16,
+    u32 emit_u32 read_u32,
+    u64 emit_u64 read_u64,
+    u128 emit_u128 read_u128,
+    isize emit_isize read_isize,
+    i8 emit_i8 read_i8,
+    i16 emit_i16 read_i16,
+    i32 emit_i32 read_i32,
+    i64 emit_i64 read_i64,
+    i128 emit_i128 read_i128,
+    f32 emit_f32 read_f32,
+    f64 emit_f64 read_f64,
+    bool emit_bool read_bool,
+    char emit_char read_char
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for ::std::num::NonZeroU32 {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_u32(self.get())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for ::std::num::NonZeroU32 {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        d.read_u32().map(|d| ::std::num::NonZeroU32::new(d).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for str {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_str(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for &str {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_str(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for String {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_str(&self[..])
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for String {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<String, D::Error> {
+        Ok(d.read_str()?.into_owned())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for () {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_unit()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for () {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<(), D::Error> {
+        d.read_nil()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T> Encodable<S> for PhantomData<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_unit()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T> Decodable<D> for PhantomData<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<PhantomData<T>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_nil()?;
+        Ok(PhantomData)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Box<[T]> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Box<[T]>, D::Error> {
+        let v: Vec<T> = Decodable::decode(d)?;
+        Ok(v.into_boxed_slice())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for Rc<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        (**self).encode(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Rc<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Rc<T>, D::Error> {
+        Ok(Rc::new(Decodable::decode(d)?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for [T] {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for Vec<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Vec<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Vec<T>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(len);
+            for i in 0..len {
+                v.push(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(v)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for [u8; 20] {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for [u8; 20] {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<[u8; 20], D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            assert!(len == 20);
+            let mut v = [0u8; 20];
+            for i in 0..len {
+                v[i] = d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?;
+            }
+            Ok(v)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for Cow<'a, [T]>
+where
+    [T]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<T>>,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_seq(self.len(), |s| {
+            for (i, e) in self.iter().enumerate() {
+                s.emit_seq_elt(i, |s| e.encode(s))?
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D> + ToOwned> Decodable<D> for Cow<'static, [T]>
+where
+    [T]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<T>>,
+{
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Cow<'static, [T]>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_seq(|d, len| {
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(len);
+            for i in 0..len {
+                v.push(d.read_seq_elt(i, |d| Decodable::decode(d))?);
+            }
+            Ok(Cow::Owned(v))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for Option<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_option(|s| match *self {
+            None => s.emit_option_none(),
+            Some(ref v) => s.emit_option_some(|s| v.encode(s)),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Option<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Option<T>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_option(|d, b| if b { Ok(Some(Decodable::decode(d)?)) } else { Ok(None) })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T1: Encodable<S>, T2: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for Result<T1, T2> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        s.emit_enum("Result", |s| match *self {
+            Ok(ref v) => {
+                s.emit_enum_variant("Ok", 0, 1, |s| s.emit_enum_variant_arg(0, |s| v.encode(s)))
+            }
+            Err(ref v) => {
+                s.emit_enum_variant("Err", 1, 1, |s| s.emit_enum_variant_arg(0, |s| v.encode(s)))
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T1: Decodable<D>, T2: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Result<T1, T2> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Result<T1, T2>, D::Error> {
+        d.read_enum("Result", |d| {
+            d.read_enum_variant(&["Ok", "Err"], |d, disr| match disr {
+                0 => Ok(Ok(d.read_enum_variant_arg(0, |d| T1::decode(d))?)),
+                1 => Ok(Err(d.read_enum_variant_arg(0, |d| T2::decode(d))?)),
+                _ => {
+                    panic!(
+                        "Encountered invalid discriminant while \
+                                decoding `Result`."
+                    );
+                }
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! peel {
+    ($name:ident, $($other:ident,)*) => (tuple! { $($other,)* })
+}
+
+/// Evaluates to the number of tokens passed to it.
+///
+/// Logarithmic counting: every one or two recursive expansions, the number of
+/// tokens to count is divided by two, instead of being reduced by one.
+/// Therefore, the recursion depth is the binary logarithm of the number of
+/// tokens to count, and the expanded tree is likewise very small.
+macro_rules! count {
+    ()                     => (0usize);
+    ($one:tt)              => (1usize);
+    ($($pairs:tt $_p:tt)*) => (count!($($pairs)*) << 1usize);
+    ($odd:tt $($rest:tt)*) => (count!($($rest)*) | 1usize);
+}
+
+macro_rules! tuple {
+    () => ();
+    ( $($name:ident,)+ ) => (
+        impl<D: Decoder, $($name: Decodable<D>),+> Decodable<D> for ($($name,)+) {
+            #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+            fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<($($name,)+), D::Error> {
+                let len: usize = count!($($name)+);
+                d.read_tuple(len, |d| {
+                    let mut i = 0;
+                    let ret = ($(d.read_tuple_arg({ i+=1; i-1 }, |d| -> Result<$name, D::Error> {
+                        Decodable::decode(d)
+                    })?,)+);
+                    Ok(ret)
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        impl<S: Encoder, $($name: Encodable<S>),+> Encodable<S> for ($($name,)+) {
+            #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+            fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+                let ($(ref $name,)+) = *self;
+                let mut n = 0;
+                $(let $name = $name; n += 1;)+
+                s.emit_tuple(n, |s| {
+                    let mut i = 0;
+                    $(s.emit_tuple_arg({ i+=1; i-1 }, |s| $name.encode(s))?;)+
+                    Ok(())
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        peel! { $($name,)+ }
+    )
+}
+
+tuple! { T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, }
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for path::Path {
+    fn encode(&self, e: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        self.to_str().unwrap().encode(e)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder> Encodable<S> for path::PathBuf {
+    fn encode(&self, e: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        path::Path::encode(self, e)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder> Decodable<D> for path::PathBuf {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<path::PathBuf, D::Error> {
+        let bytes: String = Decodable::decode(d)?;
+        Ok(path::PathBuf::from(bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S> + Copy> Encodable<S> for Cell<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        self.get().encode(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D> + Copy> Decodable<D> for Cell<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Cell<T>, D::Error> {
+        Ok(Cell::new(Decodable::decode(d)?))
+    }
+}
+
+// FIXME: #15036
+// Should use `try_borrow`, returning a
+// `encoder.error("attempting to Encode borrowed RefCell")`
+// from `encode` when `try_borrow` returns `None`.
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for RefCell<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        self.borrow().encode(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for RefCell<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<RefCell<T>, D::Error> {
+        Ok(RefCell::new(Decodable::decode(d)?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for Arc<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        (**self).encode(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Arc<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Arc<T>, D::Error> {
+        Ok(Arc::new(Decodable::decode(d)?))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Encoder, T: ?Sized + Encodable<S>> Encodable<S> for Box<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
+        (**self).encode(s)
+    }
+}
+impl<D: Decoder, T: Decodable<D>> Decodable<D> for Box<T> {
+    fn decode(d: &mut D) -> Result<Box<T>, D::Error> {
+        Ok(box Decodable::decode(d)?)
+    }
+}