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-% Rust Cheatsheet
-
-# How do I convert *X* to *Y*?
-
-**Int to string**
-
-Use [`ToStr`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/to_str/trait.ToStr.html).
-
-~~~
-let x: int = 42;
-let y: ~str = x.to_str();
-~~~
-
-**String to int**
-
-Use [`FromStr`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/from_str/trait.FromStr.html), and its helper function, [`from_str`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/from_str/fn.from_str.html).
-
-~~~
-let x: Option<int> = from_str("42");
-let y: int = x.unwrap();
-~~~
-
-**Int to string, in non-base-10**
-
-Use [`ToStrRadix`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/num/trait.ToStrRadix.html).
-
-~~~
-use std::num::ToStrRadix;
-
-let x: int = 42;
-let y: ~str = x.to_str_radix(16);
-~~~
-
-**String to int, in non-base-10**
-
-Use [`FromStrRadix`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/num/trait.FromStrRadix.html), and its helper function, [`from_str_radix`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/num/fn.from_str_radix.html).
-
-~~~
-use std::num::from_str_radix;
-
-let x: Option<i64> = from_str_radix("deadbeef", 16);
-let y: i64 = x.unwrap();
-~~~
-
-# File operations
-
-## How do I read from a file?
-
-Use [`File::open`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/io/fs/struct.File.html#method.open) to create a [`File`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/io/fs/struct.File.html) struct, which implements the [`Reader`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/io/trait.Reader.html) trait.
-
-~~~ {.ignore}
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::io::fs::File;
-
-let path : Path   = Path::new("Doc-FAQ-Cheatsheet.md");
-let on_error      = || fail!("open of {:?} failed", path);
-let reader : File = File::open(&path).unwrap_or_else(on_error);
-~~~
-
-## How do I iterate over the lines in a file?
-
-Use the [`lines`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/io/trait.Buffer.html#method.lines) method on a [`BufferedReader`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/io/buffered/struct.BufferedReader.html).
-
-~~~
-use std::io::BufferedReader;
-# use std::io::MemReader;
-
-# let reader = MemReader::new(~[]);
-
-let mut reader = BufferedReader::new(reader);
-for line in reader.lines() {
-    print!("line: {}", line);
-}
-~~~
-
-# String operations
-
-## How do I search for a substring?
-
-Use the [`find_str`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/str/trait.StrSlice.html#tymethod.find_str) method.
-
-~~~
-let str = "Hello, this is some random string";
-let index: Option<uint> = str.find_str("rand");
-~~~
-
-# Containers
-
-## How do I get the length of a vector?
-
-The [`Container`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/container/trait.Container.html) trait provides the `len` method.
-
-~~~
-let u: ~[u32] = ~[0, 1, 2];
-let v: &[u32] = &[0, 1, 2, 3];
-let w: [u32, .. 5] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
-
-println!("u: {}, v: {}, w: {}", u.len(), v.len(), w.len()); // 3, 4, 5
-~~~
-
-## How do I iterate over a vector?
-
-Use the [`iter`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/vec/trait.ImmutableVector.html#tymethod.iter) method.
-
-~~~
-let values: ~[int] = ~[1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
-for value in values.iter() {  // value: &int
-    println!("{}", *value);
-}
-~~~
-
-(See also [`mut_iter`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/vec/trait.MutableVector.html#tymethod.mut_iter) which yields `&mut int` and [`move_iter`](http://static.rust-lang.org/doc/master/std/vec/trait.OwnedVector.html#tymethod.move_iter) which yields `int` while consuming the `values` vector.)
-
-# Type system
-
-## How do I store a function in a struct?
-
-~~~
-struct Foo {
-    myfunc: fn(int, uint) -> i32
-}
-
-struct FooClosure<'a> {
-    myfunc: 'a |int, uint| -> i32
-}
-
-fn a(a: int, b: uint) -> i32 {
-    (a as uint + b) as i32
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let f = Foo { myfunc: a };
-    let g = FooClosure { myfunc: |a, b|  { (a - b as int) as i32 } };
-    println!("{}", (f.myfunc)(1, 2));
-    println!("{}", (g.myfunc)(3, 4));
-}
-~~~
-
-Note that the parenthesis surrounding `f.myfunc` are necessary: they are how Rust disambiguates field lookup and method call. The `'a` on `FooClosure` is the lifetime of the closure's environment pointer.
-
-## How do I express phantom types?
-
-[Phantom types](http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Phantom_type) are those that cannot be constructed at compile time. To express these in Rust, zero-variant `enum`s can be used:
-
-~~~
-enum Open {}
-enum Closed {}
-~~~
-
-Phantom types are useful for enforcing state at compile time. For example:
-
-~~~
-struct Door<State>(~str);
-
-struct Open;
-struct Closed;
-
-fn close(Door(name): Door<Open>) -> Door<Closed> {
-    Door::<Closed>(name)
-}
-
-fn open(Door(name): Door<Closed>) -> Door<Open> {
-    Door::<Open>(name)
-}
-
-let _ = close(Door::<Open>(~"front"));
-~~~
-
-Attempting to close a closed door is prevented statically:
-
-~~~ {.ignore}
-let _ = close(Door::<Closed>(~"front")); // error: mismatched types: expected `main::Door<main::Open>` but found `main::Door<main::Closed>`
-~~~
-
-# FFI (Foreign Function Interface)
-
-## C function signature conversions
-
-Description            C signature                                    Equivalent Rust signature
----------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
-no parameters          `void foo(void);`                              `fn foo();`
-return value           `int foo(void);`                               `fn foo() -> c_int;`
-function parameters    `void foo(int x, int y);`                      `fn foo(x: int, y: int);`
-in-out pointers        `void foo(const int* in_ptr, int* out_ptr);`   `fn foo(in_ptr: *c_int, out_ptr: *mut c_int);`
-
-Note: The Rust signatures should be wrapped in an `extern "ABI" { ... }` block.
-
-### Representing opaque handles
-
-You might see things like this in C APIs:
-
-~~~ {.notrust}
-typedef struct Window Window;
-Window* createWindow(int width, int height);
-~~~
-
-You can use a zero-element `enum` ([phantom type](#how-do-i-express-phantom-types)) to represent the opaque object handle. The FFI would look like this:
-
-~~~ {.ignore}
-enum Window {}
-extern "C" {
-    fn createWindow(width: c_int, height: c_int) -> *Window;
-}
-~~~
-
-Using a phantom type ensures that the handles cannot be (safely) constructed in client code.
-
-# Contributing to this page
-
-For small examples, have full type annotations, as much as is reasonable, to keep it clear what, exactly, everything is doing. Try to link to the API docs, as well.
-
-Similar documents for other programming languages:
-
-  * [http://pleac.sourceforge.net/](http://pleac.sourceforge.net)