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-rw-r--r--src/libstd/error.rs802
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diff --git a/src/libstd/error.rs b/src/libstd/error.rs
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index 3b4cb859dd4..00000000000
--- a/src/libstd/error.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,802 +0,0 @@
-//! Traits for working with Errors.
-
-#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-
-// A note about crates and the facade:
-//
-// Originally, the `Error` trait was defined in libcore, and the impls
-// were scattered about. However, coherence objected to this
-// arrangement, because to create the blanket impls for `Box` required
-// knowing that `&str: !Error`, and we have no means to deal with that
-// sort of conflict just now. Therefore, for the time being, we have
-// moved the `Error` trait into libstd. As we evolve a sol'n to the
-// coherence challenge (e.g., specialization, neg impls, etc) we can
-// reconsider what crate these items belong in.
-
-use core::array;
-use core::convert::Infallible;
-
-use crate::alloc::{AllocErr, LayoutErr};
-use crate::any::TypeId;
-use crate::backtrace::Backtrace;
-use crate::borrow::Cow;
-use crate::cell;
-use crate::char;
-use crate::fmt::{self, Debug, Display};
-use crate::mem::transmute;
-use crate::num;
-use crate::str;
-use crate::string;
-
-/// `Error` is a trait representing the basic expectations for error values,
-/// i.e., values of type `E` in [`Result<T, E>`]. Errors must describe
-/// themselves through the [`Display`] and [`Debug`] traits, and may provide
-/// cause chain information:
-///
-/// The [`source`] method is generally used when errors cross "abstraction
-/// boundaries". If one module must report an error that is caused by an error
-/// from a lower-level module, it can allow access to that error via the
-/// [`source`] method. This makes it possible for the high-level module to
-/// provide its own errors while also revealing some of the implementation for
-/// debugging via [`source`] chains.
-///
-/// [`Result<T, E>`]: ../result/enum.Result.html
-/// [`Display`]: ../fmt/trait.Display.html
-/// [`Debug`]: ../fmt/trait.Debug.html
-/// [`source`]: trait.Error.html#method.source
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-pub trait Error: Debug + Display {
-    /// The lower-level source of this error, if any.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::fmt;
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Debug)]
-    /// struct SuperError {
-    ///     side: SuperErrorSideKick,
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl fmt::Display for SuperError {
-    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    ///         write!(f, "SuperError is here!")
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl Error for SuperError {
-    ///     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
-    ///         Some(&self.side)
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Debug)]
-    /// struct SuperErrorSideKick;
-    ///
-    /// impl fmt::Display for SuperErrorSideKick {
-    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    ///         write!(f, "SuperErrorSideKick is here!")
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl Error for SuperErrorSideKick {}
-    ///
-    /// fn get_super_error() -> Result<(), SuperError> {
-    ///     Err(SuperError { side: SuperErrorSideKick })
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// fn main() {
-    ///     match get_super_error() {
-    ///         Err(e) => {
-    ///             println!("Error: {}", e);
-    ///             println!("Caused by: {}", e.source().unwrap());
-    ///         }
-    ///         _ => println!("No error"),
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    #[stable(feature = "error_source", since = "1.30.0")]
-    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the `TypeId` of `self`.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    #[unstable(
-        feature = "error_type_id",
-        reason = "this is memory-unsafe to override in user code",
-        issue = "60784"
-    )]
-    fn type_id(&self, _: private::Internal) -> TypeId
-    where
-        Self: 'static,
-    {
-        TypeId::of::<Self>()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a stack backtrace, if available, of where this error occurred.
-    ///
-    /// This function allows inspecting the location, in code, of where an error
-    /// happened. The returned `Backtrace` contains information about the stack
-    /// trace of the OS thread of execution of where the error originated from.
-    ///
-    /// Note that not all errors contain a `Backtrace`. Also note that a
-    /// `Backtrace` may actually be empty. For more information consult the
-    /// `Backtrace` type itself.
-    #[unstable(feature = "backtrace", issue = "53487")]
-    fn backtrace(&self) -> Option<&Backtrace> {
-        None
-    }
-
-    /// ```
-    /// if let Err(e) = "xc".parse::<u32>() {
-    ///     // Print `e` itself, no need for description().
-    ///     eprintln!("Error: {}", e);
-    /// }
-    /// ```
-    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-    #[rustc_deprecated(since = "1.42.0", reason = "use the Display impl or to_string()")]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "description() is deprecated; use Display"
-    }
-
-    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-    #[rustc_deprecated(
-        since = "1.33.0",
-        reason = "replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting"
-    )]
-    #[allow(missing_docs)]
-    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
-        self.source()
-    }
-}
-
-mod private {
-    // This is a hack to prevent `type_id` from being overridden by `Error`
-    // implementations, since that can enable unsound downcasting.
-    #[unstable(feature = "error_type_id", issue = "60784")]
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub struct Internal;
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
-    /// Converts a type of [`Error`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::fmt;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Debug)]
-    /// struct AnError;
-    ///
-    /// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
-    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    ///         write!(f , "An error")
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl Error for AnError {}
-    ///
-    /// let an_error = AnError;
-    /// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
-    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
-        Box::new(err)
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl<'a, E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
-    /// Converts a type of [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`] into a box of
-    /// dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::fmt;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Debug)]
-    /// struct AnError;
-    ///
-    /// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
-    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    ///         write!(f , "An error")
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl Error for AnError {}
-    ///
-    /// unsafe impl Send for AnError {}
-    ///
-    /// unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}
-    ///
-    /// let an_error = AnError;
-    /// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
-    /// assert!(
-    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
-        Box::new(err)
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
-    /// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    ///
-    /// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
-    /// assert!(
-    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
-        struct StringError(String);
-
-        impl Error for StringError {
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            fn description(&self) -> &str {
-                &self.0
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl Display for StringError {
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-                Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Purposefully skip printing "StringError(..)"
-        impl Debug for StringError {
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-                Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
-            }
-        }
-
-        Box::new(StringError(err))
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
-impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error> {
-    /// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    ///
-    /// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
-    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error> {
-        let err1: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> = From::from(str_err);
-        let err2: Box<dyn Error> = err1;
-        err2
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
-    /// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    ///
-    /// let a_str_error = "a str error";
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
-    /// assert!(
-    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
-        From::from(String::from(err))
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
-impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error> {
-    /// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    ///
-    /// let a_str_error = "a str error";
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
-    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error> {
-        From::from(String::from(err))
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
-impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
-    /// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Cow`]: ../borrow/enum.Cow.html
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
-    ///
-    /// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
-    /// assert!(
-    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
-        From::from(String::from(err))
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
-impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error> {
-    /// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
-    ///
-    /// [`Cow`]: ../borrow/enum.Cow.html
-    /// [`Error`]: ../error/trait.Error.html
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::mem;
-    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
-    ///
-    /// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
-    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
-    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
-    /// ```
-    fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error> {
-        From::from(String::from(err))
-    }
-}
-
-#[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
-impl Error for ! {}
-
-#[unstable(
-    feature = "allocator_api",
-    reason = "the precise API and guarantees it provides may be tweaked.",
-    issue = "32838"
-)]
-impl Error for AllocErr {}
-
-#[unstable(
-    feature = "allocator_api",
-    reason = "the precise API and guarantees it provides may be tweaked.",
-    issue = "32838"
-)]
-impl Error for LayoutErr {}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl Error for str::ParseBoolError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "failed to parse bool"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl Error for str::Utf8Error {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "invalid utf-8: corrupt contents"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl Error for num::ParseIntError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        self.__description()
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.34.0")]
-impl Error for num::TryFromIntError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        self.__description()
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.34.0")]
-impl Error for array::TryFromSliceError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        self.__description()
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl Error for num::ParseFloatError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        self.__description()
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl Error for string::FromUtf8Error {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "invalid utf-8"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
-impl Error for string::FromUtf16Error {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "invalid utf-16"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "str_parse_error2", since = "1.8.0")]
-impl Error for Infallible {
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        match *self {}
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "decode_utf16", since = "1.9.0")]
-impl Error for char::DecodeUtf16Error {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "unpaired surrogate found"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "box_error", since = "1.8.0")]
-impl<T: Error> Error for Box<T> {
-    #[allow(deprecated, deprecated_in_future)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        Error::description(&**self)
-    }
-
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
-        Error::cause(&**self)
-    }
-
-    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
-        Error::source(&**self)
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "fmt_error", since = "1.11.0")]
-impl Error for fmt::Error {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "an error occurred when formatting an argument"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "try_borrow", since = "1.13.0")]
-impl Error for cell::BorrowError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "already mutably borrowed"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "try_borrow", since = "1.13.0")]
-impl Error for cell::BorrowMutError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "already borrowed"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.34.0")]
-impl Error for char::CharTryFromError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        "converted integer out of range for `char`"
-    }
-}
-
-#[stable(feature = "char_from_str", since = "1.20.0")]
-impl Error for char::ParseCharError {
-    #[allow(deprecated)]
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        self.__description()
-    }
-}
-
-#[unstable(feature = "try_reserve", reason = "new API", issue = "48043")]
-impl Error for alloc::collections::TryReserveError {}
-
-// Copied from `any.rs`.
-impl dyn Error + 'static {
-    /// Returns `true` if the boxed type is the same as `T`
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
-        // Get `TypeId` of the type this function is instantiated with.
-        let t = TypeId::of::<T>();
-
-        // Get `TypeId` of the type in the trait object.
-        let boxed = self.type_id(private::Internal);
-
-        // Compare both `TypeId`s on equality.
-        t == boxed
-    }
-
-    /// Returns some reference to the boxed value if it is of type `T`, or
-    /// `None` if it isn't.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        if self.is::<T>() {
-            unsafe { Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const T)) }
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns some mutable reference to the boxed value if it is of type `T`, or
-    /// `None` if it isn't.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
-        if self.is::<T>() {
-            unsafe { Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut T)) }
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl dyn Error + 'static + Send {
-    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
-        <dyn Error + 'static>::is::<T>(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_ref::<T>(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
-        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_mut::<T>(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
-    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
-        <dyn Error + 'static>::is::<T>(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_ref::<T>(self)
-    }
-
-    /// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
-        <dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_mut::<T>(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl dyn Error {
-    #[inline]
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
-    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>> {
-        if self.is::<T>() {
-            unsafe {
-                let raw: *mut dyn Error = Box::into_raw(self);
-                Ok(Box::from_raw(raw as *mut T))
-            }
-        } else {
-            Err(self)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an iterator starting with the current error and continuing with
-    /// recursively calling [`source`].
-    ///
-    /// If you want to omit the current error and only use its sources,
-    /// use `skip(1)`.
-    ///
-    /// # Examples
-    ///
-    /// ```
-    /// #![feature(error_iter)]
-    /// use std::error::Error;
-    /// use std::fmt;
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Debug)]
-    /// struct A;
-    ///
-    /// #[derive(Debug)]
-    /// struct B(Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static>>);
-    ///
-    /// impl fmt::Display for A {
-    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    ///         write!(f, "A")
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl fmt::Display for B {
-    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    ///         write!(f, "B")
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// impl Error for A {}
-    ///
-    /// impl Error for B {
-    ///     fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
-    ///         self.0.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref())
-    ///     }
-    /// }
-    ///
-    /// let b = B(Some(Box::new(A)));
-    ///
-    /// // let err : Box<Error> = b.into(); // or
-    /// let err = &b as &(dyn Error);
-    ///
-    /// let mut iter = err.chain();
-    ///
-    /// assert_eq!("B".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
-    /// assert_eq!("A".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
-    /// assert!(iter.next().is_none());
-    /// assert!(iter.next().is_none());
-    /// ```
-    ///
-    /// [`source`]: trait.Error.html#method.source
-    #[unstable(feature = "error_iter", issue = "58520")]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn chain(&self) -> Chain<'_> {
-        Chain { current: Some(self) }
-    }
-}
-
-/// An iterator over an [`Error`] and its sources.
-///
-/// If you want to omit the initial error and only process
-/// its sources, use `skip(1)`.
-///
-/// [`Error`]: trait.Error.html
-#[unstable(feature = "error_iter", issue = "58520")]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct Chain<'a> {
-    current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
-}
-
-#[unstable(feature = "error_iter", issue = "58520")]
-impl<'a> Iterator for Chain<'a> {
-    type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        let current = self.current;
-        self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
-        current
-    }
-}
-
-impl dyn Error + Send {
-    #[inline]
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
-    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>> {
-        let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
-        <dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
-            // Reapply the `Send` marker.
-            transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>(s)
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl dyn Error + Send + Sync {
-    #[inline]
-    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
-    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
-    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<Self>> {
-        let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
-        <dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
-            // Reapply the `Send + Sync` marker.
-            transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>(s)
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::Error;
-    use crate::fmt;
-
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct A;
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-    struct B;
-
-    impl fmt::Display for A {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-            write!(f, "A")
-        }
-    }
-    impl fmt::Display for B {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-            write!(f, "B")
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl Error for A {}
-    impl Error for B {}
-
-    #[test]
-    fn downcasting() {
-        let mut a = A;
-        let a = &mut a as &mut (dyn Error + 'static);
-        assert_eq!(a.downcast_ref::<A>(), Some(&A));
-        assert_eq!(a.downcast_ref::<B>(), None);
-        assert_eq!(a.downcast_mut::<A>(), Some(&mut A));
-        assert_eq!(a.downcast_mut::<B>(), None);
-
-        let a: Box<dyn Error> = Box::new(A);
-        match a.downcast::<B>() {
-            Ok(..) => panic!("expected error"),
-            Err(e) => assert_eq!(*e.downcast::<A>().unwrap(), A),
-        }
-    }
-}