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-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/ast.rs59
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/ext/build.rs11
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs49
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/fold.rs31
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/parse/mod.rs13
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/parse/parser.rs135
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/print/pprust.rs79
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/test.rs52
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/util/parser.rs2
-rw-r--r--src/libsyntax/visit.rs17
10 files changed, 330 insertions, 118 deletions
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/ast.rs b/src/libsyntax/ast.rs
index c6de2c4da39..a57a9b95e5f 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/ast.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/ast.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub use util::ThinVec;
 pub use util::parser::ExprPrecedence;
 
 use syntax_pos::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
-use codemap::{respan, Spanned};
+use codemap::{dummy_spanned, respan, Spanned};
 use rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi;
 use ext::hygiene::{Mark, SyntaxContext};
 use print::pprust;
@@ -987,6 +987,7 @@ impl Expr {
             ExprKind::Closure(..) => ExprPrecedence::Closure,
             ExprKind::Block(..) => ExprPrecedence::Block,
             ExprKind::Catch(..) => ExprPrecedence::Catch,
+            ExprKind::Async(..) => ExprPrecedence::Async,
             ExprKind::Assign(..) => ExprPrecedence::Assign,
             ExprKind::AssignOp(..) => ExprPrecedence::AssignOp,
             ExprKind::Field(..) => ExprPrecedence::Field,
@@ -1094,9 +1095,18 @@ pub enum ExprKind {
     /// A closure (for example, `move |a, b, c| a + b + c`)
     ///
     /// The final span is the span of the argument block `|...|`
-    Closure(CaptureBy, Movability, P<FnDecl>, P<Expr>, Span),
+    Closure(CaptureBy, IsAsync, Movability, P<FnDecl>, P<Expr>, Span),
     /// A block (`'label: { ... }`)
     Block(P<Block>, Option<Label>),
+    /// An async block (`async move { ... }`)
+    ///
+    /// The `NodeId` is the `NodeId` for the closure that results from
+    /// desugaring an async block, just like the NodeId field in the
+    /// `IsAsync` enum. This is necessary in order to create a def for the
+    /// closure which can be used as a parent of any child defs. Defs
+    /// created during lowering cannot be made the parent of any other
+    /// preexisting defs.
+    Async(CaptureBy, NodeId, P<Block>),
     /// A catch block (`catch { ... }`)
     Catch(P<Block>),
 
@@ -1325,9 +1335,7 @@ pub struct MutTy {
 /// or in an implementation.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
 pub struct MethodSig {
-    pub unsafety: Unsafety,
-    pub constness: Spanned<Constness>,
-    pub abi: Abi,
+    pub header: FnHeader,
     pub decl: P<FnDecl>,
 }
 
@@ -1709,6 +1717,22 @@ pub enum Unsafety {
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
+pub enum IsAsync {
+    Async(NodeId),
+    NotAsync,
+}
+
+impl IsAsync {
+    pub fn is_async(self) -> bool {
+        if let IsAsync::Async(_) = self {
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
 pub enum Constness {
     Const,
     NotConst,
@@ -2009,6 +2033,29 @@ pub struct Item {
     pub tokens: Option<TokenStream>,
 }
 
+/// A function header
+///
+/// All the information between the visibility & the name of the function is
+/// included in this struct (e.g. `async unsafe fn` or `const extern "C" fn`)
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct FnHeader {
+    pub unsafety: Unsafety,
+    pub asyncness: IsAsync,
+    pub constness: Spanned<Constness>,
+    pub abi: Abi,
+}
+
+impl Default for FnHeader {
+    fn default() -> FnHeader {
+        FnHeader {
+            unsafety: Unsafety::Normal,
+            asyncness: IsAsync::NotAsync,
+            constness: dummy_spanned(Constness::NotConst),
+            abi: Abi::Rust,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
 pub enum ItemKind {
     /// An `extern crate` item, with optional *original* crate name if the crate was renamed.
@@ -2030,7 +2077,7 @@ pub enum ItemKind {
     /// A function declaration (`fn` or `pub fn`).
     ///
     /// E.g. `fn foo(bar: usize) -> usize { .. }`
-    Fn(P<FnDecl>, Unsafety, Spanned<Constness>, Abi, Generics, P<Block>),
+    Fn(P<FnDecl>, FnHeader, Generics, P<Block>),
     /// A module declaration (`mod` or `pub mod`).
     ///
     /// E.g. `mod foo;` or `mod foo { .. }`
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/ext/build.rs b/src/libsyntax/ext/build.rs
index 9044cab05d6..61356507665 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/ext/build.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/ext/build.rs
@@ -915,6 +915,7 @@ impl<'a> AstBuilder for ExtCtxt<'a> {
                       fn_decl_span: Span) // span of the `|...|` part
                       -> P<ast::Expr> {
         self.expr(span, ast::ExprKind::Closure(ast::CaptureBy::Ref,
+                                               ast::IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                                ast::Movability::Movable,
                                                fn_decl,
                                                body,
@@ -935,6 +936,7 @@ impl<'a> AstBuilder for ExtCtxt<'a> {
         // the entire lambda body. Probably we should extend the API
         // here, but that's not entirely clear.
         self.expr(span, ast::ExprKind::Closure(ast::CaptureBy::Ref,
+                                               ast::IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                                ast::Movability::Movable,
                                                fn_decl,
                                                body,
@@ -1008,9 +1010,12 @@ impl<'a> AstBuilder for ExtCtxt<'a> {
                   name,
                   Vec::new(),
                   ast::ItemKind::Fn(self.fn_decl(inputs, ast::FunctionRetTy::Ty(output)),
-                              ast::Unsafety::Normal,
-                              dummy_spanned(ast::Constness::NotConst),
-                              Abi::Rust,
+                              ast::FnHeader {
+                                  unsafety: ast::Unsafety::Normal,
+                                  asyncness: ast::IsAsync::NotAsync,
+                                  constness: dummy_spanned(ast::Constness::NotConst),
+                                  abi: Abi::Rust,
+                              },
                               generics,
                               body))
     }
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs b/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs
index be4cf197be4..ccb2f51f964 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/feature_gate.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ use rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi;
 use ast::{self, NodeId, PatKind, RangeEnd};
 use attr;
 use edition::{ALL_EDITIONS, Edition};
-use codemap::Spanned;
 use syntax_pos::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
 use errors::{DiagnosticBuilder, Handler, FatalError};
 use visit::{self, FnKind, Visitor};
@@ -309,7 +308,7 @@ declare_features! (
     // Declarative macros 2.0 (`macro`).
     (active, decl_macro, "1.17.0", Some(39412), None),
 
-    // Allows #[link(kind="static-nobundle"...]
+    // Allows #[link(kind="static-nobundle"...)]
     (active, static_nobundle, "1.16.0", Some(37403), None),
 
     // `extern "msp430-interrupt" fn()`
@@ -468,12 +467,14 @@ declare_features! (
     // 'a: { break 'a; }
     (active, label_break_value, "1.28.0", Some(48594), None),
 
-
     // #[panic_implementation]
     (active, panic_implementation, "1.28.0", Some(44489), None),
 
     // #[doc(keyword = "...")]
     (active, doc_keyword, "1.28.0", Some(51315), None),
+
+    // Allows async and await syntax
+    (active, async_await, "1.28.0", Some(50547), None),
 );
 
 declare_features! (
@@ -1721,6 +1722,12 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
                                     "labels on blocks are unstable");
                 }
             }
+            ast::ExprKind::Closure(_, ast::IsAsync::Async(_), ..) => {
+                gate_feature_post!(&self, async_await, e.span, "async closures are unstable");
+            }
+            ast::ExprKind::Async(..) => {
+                gate_feature_post!(&self, async_await, e.span, "async blocks are unstable");
+            }
             _ => {}
         }
         visit::walk_expr(self, e);
@@ -1760,20 +1767,24 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
                 fn_decl: &'a ast::FnDecl,
                 span: Span,
                 _node_id: NodeId) {
-        // check for const fn declarations
-        if let FnKind::ItemFn(_, _, Spanned { node: ast::Constness::Const, .. }, _, _, _) =
-            fn_kind {
-            gate_feature_post!(&self, const_fn, span, "const fn is unstable");
-        }
-        // stability of const fn methods are covered in
-        // visit_trait_item and visit_impl_item below; this is
-        // because default methods don't pass through this
-        // point.
-
         match fn_kind {
-            FnKind::ItemFn(_, _, _, abi, _, _) |
-            FnKind::Method(_, &ast::MethodSig { abi, .. }, _, _) => {
-                self.check_abi(abi, span);
+            FnKind::ItemFn(_, header, _, _) => {
+                // check for const fn and async fn declarations
+                if header.asyncness.is_async() {
+                    gate_feature_post!(&self, async_await, span, "async fn is unstable");
+                }
+                if header.constness.node == ast::Constness::Const {
+                    gate_feature_post!(&self, const_fn, span, "const fn is unstable");
+                }
+                // stability of const fn methods are covered in
+                // visit_trait_item and visit_impl_item below; this is
+                // because default methods don't pass through this
+                // point.
+
+                self.check_abi(header.abi, span);
+            }
+            FnKind::Method(_, sig, _, _) => {
+                self.check_abi(sig.header.abi, span);
             }
             _ => {}
         }
@@ -1784,9 +1795,9 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
         match ti.node {
             ast::TraitItemKind::Method(ref sig, ref block) => {
                 if block.is_none() {
-                    self.check_abi(sig.abi, ti.span);
+                    self.check_abi(sig.header.abi, ti.span);
                 }
-                if sig.constness.node == ast::Constness::Const {
+                if sig.header.constness.node == ast::Constness::Const {
                     gate_feature_post!(&self, const_fn, ti.span, "const fn is unstable");
                 }
             }
@@ -1820,7 +1831,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for PostExpansionVisitor<'a> {
 
         match ii.node {
             ast::ImplItemKind::Method(ref sig, _) => {
-                if sig.constness.node == ast::Constness::Const {
+                if sig.header.constness.node == ast::Constness::Const {
                     gate_feature_post!(&self, const_fn, ii.span, "const fn is unstable");
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/fold.rs b/src/libsyntax/fold.rs
index 93248fe3bfa..ffea713f4ec 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/fold.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/fold.rs
@@ -76,6 +76,10 @@ pub trait Folder : Sized {
         noop_fold_item_simple(i, self)
     }
 
+    fn fold_fn_header(&mut self, header: FnHeader) -> FnHeader {
+        noop_fold_fn_header(header, self)
+    }
+
     fn fold_struct_field(&mut self, sf: StructField) -> StructField {
         noop_fold_struct_field(sf, self)
     }
@@ -881,11 +885,12 @@ pub fn noop_fold_item_kind<T: Folder>(i: ItemKind, folder: &mut T) -> ItemKind {
         ItemKind::Const(t, e) => {
             ItemKind::Const(folder.fold_ty(t), folder.fold_expr(e))
         }
-        ItemKind::Fn(decl, unsafety, constness, abi, generics, body) => {
+        ItemKind::Fn(decl, header, generics, body) => {
             let generics = folder.fold_generics(generics);
+            let header = folder.fold_fn_header(header);
             let decl = folder.fold_fn_decl(decl);
             let body = folder.fold_block(body);
-            ItemKind::Fn(decl, unsafety, constness, abi, generics, body)
+            ItemKind::Fn(decl, header, generics, body)
         }
         ItemKind::Mod(m) => ItemKind::Mod(folder.fold_mod(m)),
         ItemKind::ForeignMod(nm) => ItemKind::ForeignMod(folder.fold_foreign_mod(nm)),
@@ -990,6 +995,14 @@ pub fn noop_fold_impl_item<T: Folder>(i: ImplItem, folder: &mut T)
     })
 }
 
+pub fn noop_fold_fn_header<T: Folder>(mut header: FnHeader, folder: &mut T) -> FnHeader {
+    header.asyncness = match header.asyncness {
+        IsAsync::Async(node_id) => IsAsync::Async(folder.new_id(node_id)),
+        IsAsync::NotAsync => IsAsync::NotAsync,
+    };
+    header
+}
+
 pub fn noop_fold_mod<T: Folder>(Mod {inner, items}: Mod, folder: &mut T) -> Mod {
     Mod {
         inner: folder.new_span(inner),
@@ -1082,9 +1095,7 @@ pub fn noop_fold_foreign_item_simple<T: Folder>(ni: ForeignItem, folder: &mut T)
 
 pub fn noop_fold_method_sig<T: Folder>(sig: MethodSig, folder: &mut T) -> MethodSig {
     MethodSig {
-        abi: sig.abi,
-        unsafety: sig.unsafety,
-        constness: sig.constness,
+        header: folder.fold_fn_header(sig.header),
         decl: folder.fold_fn_decl(sig.decl)
     }
 }
@@ -1237,8 +1248,13 @@ pub fn noop_fold_expr<T: Folder>(Expr {id, node, span, attrs}: Expr, folder: &mu
                 ExprKind::Match(folder.fold_expr(expr),
                           arms.move_map(|x| folder.fold_arm(x)))
             }
-            ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause, movability, decl, body, span) => {
+            ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause, asyncness, movability, decl, body, span) => {
+                let asyncness = match asyncness {
+                    IsAsync::Async(node_id) => IsAsync::Async(folder.new_id(node_id)),
+                    IsAsync::NotAsync => IsAsync::NotAsync,
+                };
                 ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause,
+                                  asyncness,
                                   movability,
                                   folder.fold_fn_decl(decl),
                                   folder.fold_expr(body),
@@ -1248,6 +1264,9 @@ pub fn noop_fold_expr<T: Folder>(Expr {id, node, span, attrs}: Expr, folder: &mu
                 ExprKind::Block(folder.fold_block(blk),
                                 opt_label.map(|label| folder.fold_label(label)))
             }
+            ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, node_id, body) => {
+                ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, folder.new_id(node_id), folder.fold_block(body))
+            }
             ExprKind::Assign(el, er) => {
                 ExprKind::Assign(folder.fold_expr(el), folder.fold_expr(er))
             }
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/parse/mod.rs b/src/libsyntax/parse/mod.rs
index 1cb127bdcc9..cce8da1dcbd 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/parse/mod.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/parse/mod.rs
@@ -928,12 +928,15 @@ mod tests {
                                     output: ast::FunctionRetTy::Default(sp(15, 15)),
                                     variadic: false
                                 }),
-                                        ast::Unsafety::Normal,
-                                        Spanned {
-                                            span: sp(0,2),
-                                            node: ast::Constness::NotConst,
+                                        ast::FnHeader {
+                                            unsafety: ast::Unsafety::Normal,
+                                            asyncness: ast::IsAsync::NotAsync,
+                                            constness: Spanned {
+                                                span: sp(0,2),
+                                                node: ast::Constness::NotConst,
+                                            },
+                                            abi: Abi::Rust,
                                         },
-                                        Abi::Rust,
                                         ast::Generics{
                                             params: Vec::new(),
                                             where_clause: ast::WhereClause {
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/parse/parser.rs b/src/libsyntax/parse/parser.rs
index 69521c17a25..5970f94b97d 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/parse/parser.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/parse/parser.rs
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ use ast::{Constness, Crate};
 use ast::Defaultness;
 use ast::EnumDef;
 use ast::{Expr, ExprKind, RangeLimits};
-use ast::{Field, FnDecl};
+use ast::{Field, FnDecl, FnHeader};
 use ast::{ForeignItem, ForeignItemKind, FunctionRetTy};
 use ast::{GenericParam, GenericParamKind};
 use ast::GenericArg;
-use ast::{Ident, ImplItem, IsAuto, Item, ItemKind};
+use ast::{Ident, ImplItem, IsAsync, IsAuto, Item, ItemKind};
 use ast::{Label, Lifetime, Lit, LitKind};
 use ast::Local;
 use ast::MacStmtStyle;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ use ast::{BinOpKind, UnOp};
 use ast::{RangeEnd, RangeSyntax};
 use {ast, attr};
 use codemap::{self, CodeMap, Spanned, respan};
-use syntax_pos::{self, Span, MultiSpan, BytePos, FileName, DUMMY_SP};
+use syntax_pos::{self, Span, MultiSpan, BytePos, FileName, DUMMY_SP, edition::Edition};
 use errors::{self, Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder};
 use parse::{self, SeqSep, classify, token};
 use parse::lexer::TokenAndSpan;
@@ -1296,6 +1296,15 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
         })))
     }
 
+    /// Parse asyncness: `async` or nothing
+    fn parse_asyncness(&mut self) -> IsAsync {
+        if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Async) {
+            IsAsync::Async(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
+        } else {
+            IsAsync::NotAsync
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Parse unsafety: `unsafe` or nothing.
     fn parse_unsafety(&mut self) -> Unsafety {
         if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) {
@@ -1345,7 +1354,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             // trait item macro.
             (keywords::Invalid.ident(), ast::TraitItemKind::Macro(mac), ast::Generics::default())
         } else {
-            let (constness, unsafety, abi) = self.parse_fn_front_matter()?;
+            let (constness, unsafety, asyncness, abi) = self.parse_fn_front_matter()?;
 
             let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
             let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;
@@ -1359,10 +1368,13 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
 
             let sig = ast::MethodSig {
-                unsafety,
-                constness,
+                header: FnHeader {
+                    unsafety,
+                    constness,
+                    abi,
+                    asyncness,
+                },
                 decl: d,
-                abi,
             };
 
             let body = match self.token {
@@ -2258,6 +2270,15 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
                     hi = path.span;
                     return Ok(self.mk_expr(lo.to(hi), ExprKind::Path(Some(qself), path), attrs));
                 }
+                if self.span.edition() >= Edition::Edition2018 &&
+                    self.check_keyword(keywords::Async)
+                {
+                    if self.is_async_block() { // check for `async {` and `async move {`
+                        return self.parse_async_block(attrs);
+                    } else {
+                        return self.parse_lambda_expr(attrs);
+                    }
+                }
                 if self.check_keyword(keywords::Move) || self.check_keyword(keywords::Static) {
                     return self.parse_lambda_expr(attrs);
                 }
@@ -3258,6 +3279,13 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
         } else {
             Movability::Movable
         };
+        let asyncness = if self.span.edition() >= Edition::Edition2018
+            && self.eat_keyword(keywords::Async)
+        {
+            IsAsync::Async(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID)
+        } else {
+            IsAsync::NotAsync
+        };
         let capture_clause = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Move) {
             CaptureBy::Value
         } else {
@@ -3280,7 +3308,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
 
         Ok(self.mk_expr(
             lo.to(body.span),
-            ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause, movability, decl, body, lo.to(decl_hi)),
+            ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause, asyncness, movability, decl, body, lo.to(decl_hi)),
             attrs))
     }
 
@@ -3358,6 +3386,24 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
         Ok(self.mk_expr(span, ExprKind::Loop(body, opt_label), attrs))
     }
 
+    /// Parse an `async move {...}` expression
+    pub fn parse_async_block(&mut self, mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
+        -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>>
+    {
+        let span_lo = self.span;
+        self.expect_keyword(keywords::Async)?;
+        let capture_clause = if self.eat_keyword(keywords::Move) {
+            CaptureBy::Value
+        } else {
+            CaptureBy::Ref
+        };
+        let (iattrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
+        attrs.extend(iattrs);
+        Ok(self.mk_expr(
+            span_lo.to(body.span),
+            ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID, body), attrs))
+    }
+
     /// Parse a `do catch {...}` expression (`do catch` token already eaten)
     fn parse_catch_expr(&mut self, span_lo: Span, mut attrs: ThinVec<Attribute>)
         -> PResult<'a, P<Expr>>
@@ -4292,6 +4338,18 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
         })
     }
 
+    fn is_async_block(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Async) &&
+        (
+            ( // `async move {`
+                self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Move)) &&
+                self.look_ahead(2, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))
+            ) || ( // `async {`
+                self.look_ahead(1, |t| *t == token::OpenDelim(token::Brace))
+            )
+        )
+    }
+
     fn is_catch_expr(&mut self) -> bool {
         self.token.is_keyword(keywords::Do) &&
         self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Catch)) &&
@@ -5358,6 +5416,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
     /// Parse an item-position function declaration.
     fn parse_item_fn(&mut self,
                      unsafety: Unsafety,
+                     asyncness: IsAsync,
                      constness: Spanned<Constness>,
                      abi: Abi)
                      -> PResult<'a, ItemInfo> {
@@ -5365,7 +5424,8 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
         let decl = self.parse_fn_decl(false)?;
         generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
         let (inner_attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
-        Ok((ident, ItemKind::Fn(decl, unsafety, constness, abi, generics, body), Some(inner_attrs)))
+        let header = FnHeader { unsafety, asyncness, constness, abi };
+        Ok((ident, ItemKind::Fn(decl, header, generics, body), Some(inner_attrs)))
     }
 
     /// true if we are looking at `const ID`, false for things like `const fn` etc
@@ -5383,10 +5443,18 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
     /// - `const unsafe fn`
     /// - `extern fn`
     /// - etc
-    fn parse_fn_front_matter(&mut self) -> PResult<'a, (Spanned<Constness>, Unsafety, Abi)> {
+    fn parse_fn_front_matter(&mut self)
+        -> PResult<'a, (
+            Spanned<Constness>,
+            Unsafety,
+            IsAsync,
+            Abi
+        )>
+    {
         let is_const_fn = self.eat_keyword(keywords::Const);
         let const_span = self.prev_span;
         let unsafety = self.parse_unsafety();
+        let asyncness = self.parse_asyncness();
         let (constness, unsafety, abi) = if is_const_fn {
             (respan(const_span, Constness::Const), unsafety, Abi::Rust)
         } else {
@@ -5398,7 +5466,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             (respan(self.prev_span, Constness::NotConst), unsafety, abi)
         };
         self.expect_keyword(keywords::Fn)?;
-        Ok((constness, unsafety, abi))
+        Ok((constness, unsafety, asyncness, abi))
     }
 
     /// Parse an impl item.
@@ -5533,19 +5601,18 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             Ok((keywords::Invalid.ident(), vec![], ast::Generics::default(),
                 ast::ImplItemKind::Macro(mac)))
         } else {
-            let (constness, unsafety, abi) = self.parse_fn_front_matter()?;
+            let (constness, unsafety, asyncness, abi) = self.parse_fn_front_matter()?;
             let ident = self.parse_ident()?;
             let mut generics = self.parse_generics()?;
             let decl = self.parse_fn_decl_with_self(|p| p.parse_arg())?;
             generics.where_clause = self.parse_where_clause()?;
             *at_end = true;
             let (inner_attrs, body) = self.parse_inner_attrs_and_block()?;
-            Ok((ident, inner_attrs, generics, ast::ImplItemKind::Method(ast::MethodSig {
-                abi,
-                unsafety,
-                constness,
-                decl,
-             }, body)))
+            let header = ast::FnHeader { abi, unsafety, constness, asyncness };
+            Ok((ident, inner_attrs, generics, ast::ImplItemKind::Method(
+                ast::MethodSig { header, decl },
+                body
+            )))
         }
     }
 
@@ -6631,6 +6698,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
                 let abi = opt_abi.unwrap_or(Abi::C);
                 let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                     self.parse_item_fn(Unsafety::Normal,
+                                       IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                        respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
                                        abi)?;
                 let prev_span = self.prev_span;
@@ -6674,6 +6742,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
                 self.bump();
                 let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                     self.parse_item_fn(unsafety,
+                                       IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                        respan(const_span, Constness::Const),
                                        Abi::Rust)?;
                 let prev_span = self.prev_span;
@@ -6701,6 +6770,34 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
                                     maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
             return Ok(Some(item));
         }
+
+        // `unsafe async fn` or `async fn`
+        if (
+            self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) &&
+            self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Async))
+        ) || (
+            self.check_keyword(keywords::Async) &&
+            self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Fn))
+        )
+        {
+            // ASYNC FUNCTION ITEM
+            let unsafety = self.parse_unsafety();
+            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Async)?;
+            self.expect_keyword(keywords::Fn)?;
+            let fn_span = self.prev_span;
+            let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
+                self.parse_item_fn(unsafety,
+                                   IsAsync::Async(ast::DUMMY_NODE_ID),
+                                   respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
+                                   Abi::Rust)?;
+            let prev_span = self.prev_span;
+            let item = self.mk_item(lo.to(prev_span),
+                                    ident,
+                                    item_,
+                                    visibility,
+                                    maybe_append(attrs, extra_attrs));
+            return Ok(Some(item));
+        }
         if self.check_keyword(keywords::Unsafe) &&
             (self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Trait)) ||
             self.look_ahead(1, |t| t.is_keyword(keywords::Auto)))
@@ -6746,6 +6843,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             let fn_span = self.prev_span;
             let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                 self.parse_item_fn(Unsafety::Normal,
+                                   IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                    respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
                                    Abi::Rust)?;
             let prev_span = self.prev_span;
@@ -6771,6 +6869,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             let fn_span = self.prev_span;
             let (ident, item_, extra_attrs) =
                 self.parse_item_fn(Unsafety::Unsafe,
+                                   IsAsync::NotAsync,
                                    respan(fn_span, Constness::NotConst),
                                    abi)?;
             let prev_span = self.prev_span;
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/print/pprust.rs b/src/libsyntax/print/pprust.rs
index 7a55919f422..ac8088507dd 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/print/pprust.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/print/pprust.rs
@@ -373,14 +373,13 @@ pub fn vis_to_string(v: &ast::Visibility) -> String {
 }
 
 pub fn fun_to_string(decl: &ast::FnDecl,
-                     unsafety: ast::Unsafety,
-                     constness: ast::Constness,
+                     header: ast::FnHeader,
                      name: ast::Ident,
                      generics: &ast::Generics)
                      -> String {
     to_string(|s| {
         s.head("")?;
-        s.print_fn(decl, unsafety, constness, Abi::Rust, Some(name),
+        s.print_fn(decl, header, Some(name),
                    generics, &codemap::dummy_spanned(ast::VisibilityKind::Inherited))?;
         s.end()?; // Close the head box
         s.end() // Close the outer box
@@ -1118,9 +1117,8 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         match item.node {
             ast::ForeignItemKind::Fn(ref decl, ref generics) => {
                 self.head("")?;
-                self.print_fn(decl, ast::Unsafety::Normal,
-                              ast::Constness::NotConst,
-                              Abi::Rust, Some(item.ident),
+                self.print_fn(decl, ast::FnHeader::default(),
+                              Some(item.ident),
                               generics, &item.vis)?;
                 self.end()?; // end head-ibox
                 self.s.word(";")?;
@@ -1249,13 +1247,11 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.s.word(";")?;
                 self.end()?; // end the outer cbox
             }
-            ast::ItemKind::Fn(ref decl, unsafety, constness, abi, ref typarams, ref body) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Fn(ref decl, header, ref typarams, ref body) => {
                 self.head("")?;
                 self.print_fn(
                     decl,
-                    unsafety,
-                    constness.node,
-                    abi,
+                    header,
                     Some(item.ident),
                     typarams,
                     &item.vis
@@ -1582,9 +1578,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                             vis: &ast::Visibility)
                             -> io::Result<()> {
         self.print_fn(&m.decl,
-                      m.unsafety,
-                      m.constness.node,
-                      m.abi,
+                      m.header,
                       Some(ident),
                       &generics,
                       vis)
@@ -2177,8 +2171,10 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 }
                 self.bclose_(expr.span, INDENT_UNIT)?;
             }
-            ast::ExprKind::Closure(capture_clause, movability, ref decl, ref body, _) => {
+            ast::ExprKind::Closure(
+                capture_clause, asyncness, movability, ref decl, ref body, _) => {
                 self.print_movability(movability)?;
+                self.print_asyncness(asyncness)?;
                 self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause)?;
 
                 self.print_fn_block_args(decl)?;
@@ -2202,6 +2198,12 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 self.ibox(0)?;
                 self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs)?;
             }
+            ast::ExprKind::Async(capture_clause, _, ref blk) => {
+                self.word_nbsp("async")?;
+                self.print_capture_clause(capture_clause)?;
+                self.s.space()?;
+                self.print_block_with_attrs(blk, attrs)?;
+            }
             ast::ExprKind::Assign(ref lhs, ref rhs) => {
                 let prec = AssocOp::Assign.precedence() as i8;
                 self.print_expr_maybe_paren(lhs, prec + 1)?;
@@ -2740,13 +2742,11 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 
     pub fn print_fn(&mut self,
                     decl: &ast::FnDecl,
-                    unsafety: ast::Unsafety,
-                    constness: ast::Constness,
-                    abi: abi::Abi,
+                    header: ast::FnHeader,
                     name: Option<ast::Ident>,
                     generics: &ast::Generics,
                     vis: &ast::Visibility) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.print_fn_header_info(unsafety, constness, abi, vis)?;
+        self.print_fn_header_info(header, vis)?;
 
         if let Some(name) = name {
             self.nbsp()?;
@@ -2800,6 +2800,14 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn print_asyncness(&mut self, asyncness: ast::IsAsync)
+                                -> io::Result<()> {
+        if asyncness.is_async() {
+            self.word_nbsp("async")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     pub fn print_capture_clause(&mut self, capture_clause: ast::CaptureBy)
                                 -> io::Result<()> {
         match capture_clause {
@@ -3058,9 +3066,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             span: syntax_pos::DUMMY_SP,
         };
         self.print_fn(decl,
-                      unsafety,
-                      ast::Constness::NotConst,
-                      abi,
+                      ast::FnHeader { unsafety, abi, ..ast::FnHeader::default() },
                       name,
                       &generics,
                       &codemap::dummy_spanned(ast::VisibilityKind::Inherited))?;
@@ -3123,22 +3129,21 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
     }
 
     pub fn print_fn_header_info(&mut self,
-                                unsafety: ast::Unsafety,
-                                constness: ast::Constness,
-                                abi: Abi,
+                                header: ast::FnHeader,
                                 vis: &ast::Visibility) -> io::Result<()> {
         self.s.word(&visibility_qualified(vis, ""))?;
 
-        match constness {
+        match header.constness.node {
             ast::Constness::NotConst => {}
             ast::Constness::Const => self.word_nbsp("const")?
         }
 
-        self.print_unsafety(unsafety)?;
+        self.print_asyncness(header.asyncness)?;
+        self.print_unsafety(header.unsafety)?;
 
-        if abi != Abi::Rust {
+        if header.abi != Abi::Rust {
             self.word_nbsp("extern")?;
-            self.word_nbsp(&abi.to_string())?;
+            self.word_nbsp(&header.abi.to_string())?;
         }
 
         self.s.word("fn")
@@ -3181,10 +3186,20 @@ mod tests {
                 variadic: false
             };
             let generics = ast::Generics::default();
-            assert_eq!(fun_to_string(&decl, ast::Unsafety::Normal,
-                                    ast::Constness::NotConst,
-                                    abba_ident, &generics),
-                    "fn abba()");
+            assert_eq!(
+                fun_to_string(
+                    &decl,
+                    ast::FnHeader {
+                        unsafety: ast::Unsafety::Normal,
+                        constness: codemap::dummy_spanned(ast::Constness::NotConst),
+                        asyncness: ast::IsAsync::NotAsync,
+                        abi: Abi::Rust,
+                    },
+                    abba_ident,
+                    &generics
+                ),
+                "fn abba()"
+            );
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/test.rs b/src/libsyntax/test.rs
index f896fa351b0..77225585141 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/test.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/test.rs
@@ -124,24 +124,36 @@ impl<'a> fold::Folder for TestHarnessGenerator<'a> {
 
         if is_test_fn(&self.cx, &i) || is_bench_fn(&self.cx, &i) {
             match i.node {
-                ast::ItemKind::Fn(_, ast::Unsafety::Unsafe, _, _, _, _) => {
-                    let diag = self.cx.span_diagnostic;
-                    diag.span_fatal(i.span, "unsafe functions cannot be used for tests").raise();
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    debug!("this is a test function");
-                    let test = Test {
-                        span: i.span,
-                        path: self.cx.path.clone(),
-                        bench: is_bench_fn(&self.cx, &i),
-                        ignore: is_ignored(&i),
-                        should_panic: should_panic(&i, &self.cx),
-                        allow_fail: is_allowed_fail(&i),
-                    };
-                    self.cx.testfns.push(test);
-                    self.tests.push(i.ident);
+                ast::ItemKind::Fn(_, header, _, _) => {
+                    if header.unsafety == ast::Unsafety::Unsafe {
+                        let diag = self.cx.span_diagnostic;
+                        diag.span_fatal(
+                            i.span,
+                            "unsafe functions cannot be used for tests"
+                        ).raise();
+                    }
+                    if header.asyncness.is_async() {
+                        let diag = self.cx.span_diagnostic;
+                        diag.span_fatal(
+                            i.span,
+                            "async functions cannot be used for tests"
+                        ).raise();
+                    }
                 }
+                _ => {},
             }
+
+            debug!("this is a test function");
+            let test = Test {
+                span: i.span,
+                path: self.cx.path.clone(),
+                bench: is_bench_fn(&self.cx, &i),
+                ignore: is_ignored(&i),
+                should_panic: should_panic(&i, &self.cx),
+                allow_fail: is_allowed_fail(&i),
+            };
+            self.cx.testfns.push(test);
+            self.tests.push(i.ident);
         }
 
         let mut item = i.into_inner();
@@ -338,7 +350,7 @@ fn is_test_fn(cx: &TestCtxt, i: &ast::Item) -> bool {
     fn has_test_signature(_cx: &TestCtxt, i: &ast::Item) -> HasTestSignature {
         let has_should_panic_attr = attr::contains_name(&i.attrs, "should_panic");
         match i.node {
-            ast::ItemKind::Fn(ref decl, _, _, _, ref generics, _) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Fn(ref decl, _, ref generics, _) => {
                 // If the termination trait is active, the compiler will check that the output
                 // type implements the `Termination` trait as `libtest` enforces that.
                 let has_output = match decl.output {
@@ -396,7 +408,7 @@ fn is_bench_fn(cx: &TestCtxt, i: &ast::Item) -> bool {
 
     fn has_bench_signature(_cx: &TestCtxt, i: &ast::Item) -> bool {
         match i.node {
-            ast::ItemKind::Fn(ref decl, _, _, _, _, _) => {
+            ast::ItemKind::Fn(ref decl, _, _, _) => {
                 // NB: inadequate check, but we're running
                 // well before resolve, can't get too deep.
                 decl.inputs.len() == 1
@@ -537,9 +549,7 @@ fn mk_main(cx: &mut TestCtxt) -> P<ast::Item> {
     let main_ret_ty = ecx.ty(sp, ast::TyKind::Tup(vec![]));
     let main_body = ecx.block(sp, vec![call_test_main]);
     let main = ast::ItemKind::Fn(ecx.fn_decl(vec![], ast::FunctionRetTy::Ty(main_ret_ty)),
-                           ast::Unsafety::Normal,
-                           dummy_spanned(ast::Constness::NotConst),
-                           ::rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi::Rust,
+                           ast::FnHeader::default(),
                            ast::Generics::default(),
                            main_body);
     P(ast::Item {
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/util/parser.rs b/src/libsyntax/util/parser.rs
index 51b535275d6..15d910b33b0 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/util/parser.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/util/parser.rs
@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ pub enum ExprPrecedence {
     Block,
     Catch,
     Struct,
+    Async,
 }
 
 impl PartialOrd for ExprPrecedence {
@@ -346,6 +347,7 @@ impl ExprPrecedence {
             ExprPrecedence::Match |
             ExprPrecedence::Block |
             ExprPrecedence::Catch |
+            ExprPrecedence::Async |
             ExprPrecedence::Struct => PREC_PAREN,
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/libsyntax/visit.rs b/src/libsyntax/visit.rs
index 613f1a4f113..41e3ad9d4f4 100644
--- a/src/libsyntax/visit.rs
+++ b/src/libsyntax/visit.rs
@@ -23,17 +23,15 @@
 //! instance, a walker looking for item names in a module will miss all of
 //! those that are created by the expansion of a macro.
 
-use rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi;
 use ast::*;
 use syntax_pos::Span;
-use codemap::Spanned;
 use parse::token::Token;
 use tokenstream::{TokenTree, TokenStream};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum FnKind<'a> {
     /// fn foo() or extern "Abi" fn foo()
-    ItemFn(Ident, Unsafety, Spanned<Constness>, Abi, &'a Visibility, &'a Block),
+    ItemFn(Ident, FnHeader, &'a Visibility, &'a Block),
 
     /// fn foo(&self)
     Method(Ident, &'a MethodSig, Option<&'a Visibility>, &'a Block),
@@ -235,10 +233,10 @@ pub fn walk_item<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(visitor: &mut V, item: &'a Item) {
             visitor.visit_ty(typ);
             visitor.visit_expr(expr);
         }
-        ItemKind::Fn(ref declaration, unsafety, constness, abi, ref generics, ref body) => {
+        ItemKind::Fn(ref declaration, header, ref generics, ref body) => {
             visitor.visit_generics(generics);
-            visitor.visit_fn(FnKind::ItemFn(item.ident, unsafety,
-                                            constness, abi, &item.vis, body),
+            visitor.visit_fn(FnKind::ItemFn(item.ident, header,
+                                            &item.vis, body),
                              declaration,
                              item.span,
                              item.id)
@@ -544,7 +542,7 @@ pub fn walk_fn<'a, V>(visitor: &mut V, kind: FnKind<'a>, declaration: &'a FnDecl
     where V: Visitor<'a>,
 {
     match kind {
-        FnKind::ItemFn(_, _, _, _, _, body) => {
+        FnKind::ItemFn(_, _, _, body) => {
             walk_fn_decl(visitor, declaration);
             visitor.visit_block(body);
         }
@@ -737,7 +735,7 @@ pub fn walk_expr<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(visitor: &mut V, expression: &'a Expr) {
             visitor.visit_expr(subexpression);
             walk_list!(visitor, visit_arm, arms);
         }
-        ExprKind::Closure(_, _, ref function_declaration, ref body, _decl_span) => {
+        ExprKind::Closure(_, _, _, ref function_declaration, ref body, _decl_span) => {
             visitor.visit_fn(FnKind::Closure(body),
                              function_declaration,
                              expression.span,
@@ -747,6 +745,9 @@ pub fn walk_expr<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(visitor: &mut V, expression: &'a Expr) {
             walk_list!(visitor, visit_label, opt_label);
             visitor.visit_block(block);
         }
+        ExprKind::Async(_, _, ref body) => {
+            visitor.visit_block(body);
+        }
         ExprKind::Assign(ref left_hand_expression, ref right_hand_expression) => {
             visitor.visit_expr(left_hand_expression);
             visitor.visit_expr(right_hand_expression);