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Removed a confusing FnOnce example
# Description
See #47091 for a discussion.
## Changes
- Removed an example that might suggest readers that square_x is (only) FnOnce.
closes #47091
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Improve the documentation for std::hint::black_box.
The other day a colleague was reviewing some of my code which was using `black_box` to block constant propogation. There was a little confusion because the documentation kind of implies that `black_box` is only useful for dead code elimination, and only in benchmarking scenarios.
The docs currently say:
> A function that is opaque to the optimizer, to allow benchmarks to pretend to use outputs to assist in avoiding dead-code elimination.
Here is our discussion, in which I show (using godbolt) that a black box can also block constant propagation:
https://github.com/softdevteam/yk/pull/21#discussion_r302985038
This change makes the docstring for `black_box` a little more general, and while we are here, I've added an example (the same one from our discussion).
OK to go in?
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Audit uses of `apply_mark` in built-in macros + Remove default macro transparencies
Every use of `apply_mark` in a built-in or procedural macro is supposed to look like this
```rust
location.with_ctxt(SyntaxContext::root().apply_mark(ecx.current_expansion.id))
```
where `SyntaxContext::root()` means that the built-in/procedural macro is defined directly, rather than expanded from some other macro.
However, few people understood what `apply_mark` does, so we had a lot of copy-pasted uses of it looking e.g. like
```rust
span = span.apply_mark(ecx.current_expansion.id);
```
, which doesn't really make sense for procedural macros, but at the same time is not too harmful, if the macros use the traditional `macro_rules` hygiene.
So, to fight this, we stop using `apply_mark` directly in built-in macro implementations, and follow the example of regular proc macros instead and use analogues of `Span::def_site()` and `Span::call_site()`, which are much more intuitive and less error-prone.
- `ecx.with_def_site_ctxt(span)` takes the `span`'s location and combines it with a def-site context.
- `ecx.with_call_site_ctxt(span)` takes the `span`'s location and combines it with a call-site context.
Even if called multiple times (which sometimes happens due to some historical messiness of the built-in macro code) these functions will produce the same result, unlike `apply_mark` which will grow the mark chain further in this case.
---
After `apply_mark`s in built-in macros are eliminated, the remaining `apply_mark`s are very few in number, so we can start passing the previously implicit `Transparency` argument to them explicitly, thus eliminating the need in `default_transparency` fields in hygiene structures and `#[rustc_macro_transparency]` annotations on built-in macros.
So, the task of making built-in macros opaque can now be formulated as "eliminate `with_legacy_ctxt` in favor of `with_def_site_ctxt`" rather than "replace `#[rustc_macro_transparency = "semitransparent"]` with `#[rustc_macro_transparency = "opaque"]`".
r? @matthewjasper
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A bunch of minor documentation tweaks and fixes.
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All transparancies are passed explicitly now.
Also remove `#[rustc_macro_transparency]` annotations from built-in macros, they are no longer used.
`#[rustc_macro_transparency]` only makes sense for declarative macros now.
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Apply few Clippy suggestions
Somewhat follow-up of https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/62806
Changes per commit are rather small so I can squash them if that's preferred.
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Fix bug in iter::Chain::size_hint
`Chain::size_hint` currently ignores `self.state`, which means that the size hints of the underlying iterators are always combined regardless of the iteration state. This, of course, should only happen when the state is `ChainState::Both`.
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r=scottmcm
Implement `nth_back` for ChunksExactMut
This is a part of #54054.
r? @scottmcm
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Add APIs for uninitialized Box, Rc, and Arc. (Plus get_mut_unchecked)
Assigning `MaybeUninit::<Foo>::uninit()` to a local variable is usually free, even when `size_of::<Foo>()` is large. However, passing it for example to `Arc::new` [causes at least one copy](https://youtu.be/F1AquroPfcI?t=4116) (from the stack to the newly allocated heap memory) even though there is no meaningful data. It is theoretically possible that a Sufficiently Advanced Compiler could optimize this copy away, but this is [reportedly unlikely to happen soon in LLVM](https://youtu.be/F1AquroPfcI?t=5431).
This PR proposes two sets of features:
* Constructors for containers (`Box`, `Rc`, `Arc`) of `MaybeUninit<T>` or `[MaybeUninit<T>]` that do not initialized the data, and unsafe conversions to the known-initialized types (without `MaybeUninit`). The constructors are guaranteed not to make unnecessary copies.
* On `Rc` and `Arc`, an unsafe `get_mut_unchecked` method that provides `&mut T` access without checking the reference count. `Arc::get_mut` involves multiple atomic operations whose cost can be non-trivial. `Rc::get_mut` is less costly, but we add `Rc::get_mut_unchecked` anyway for symmetry with `Arc`.
These can be useful independently, but they will presumably be typical when the new constructors of `Rc` and `Arc` are used.
An alternative with a safe API would be to introduce `UniqueRc` and `UniqueArc` types that have the same memory layout as `Rc` and `Arc` (and so zero-cost conversion to them) but are guaranteed to have only one reference. But introducing entire new types feels “heavier” than new constructors on existing types, and initialization of `MaybeUninit<T>` typically requires unsafe code anyway.
Summary of new APIs (all unstable in this PR):
```rust
impl<T> Box<T> { pub fn new_uninit() -> Box<MaybeUninit<T>> {…} }
impl<T> Box<MaybeUninit<T>> { pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<T> {…} }
impl<T> Box<[T]> { pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]> {…} }
impl<T> Box<[MaybeUninit<T>]> { pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Box<[T]> {…} }
impl<T> Rc<T> { pub fn new_uninit() -> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>> {…} }
impl<T> Rc<MaybeUninit<T>> { pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Rc<T> {…} }
impl<T> Rc<[T]> { pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>]> {…} }
impl<T> Rc<[MaybeUninit<T>]> { pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Rc<[T]> {…} }
impl<T> Arc<T> { pub fn new_uninit() -> Arc<MaybeUninit<T>> {…} }
impl<T> Arc<MaybeUninit<T>> { pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Arc<T> {…} }
impl<T> Arc<[T]> { pub fn new_uninit_slice(len: usize) -> Arc<[MaybeUninit<T>]> {…} }
impl<T> Arc<[MaybeUninit<T>]> { pub unsafe fn assume_init(self) -> Arc<[T]> {…} }
impl<T: ?Sized> Rc<T> { pub unsafe fn get_mut_unchecked(this: &mut Self) -> &mut T {…} }
impl<T: ?Sized> Arc<T> { pub unsafe fn get_mut_unchecked(this: &mut Self) -> &mut T {…} }
```
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Co-Authored-By: Ralf Jung <post@ralfj.de>
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Co-Authored-By: Ralf Jung <post@ralfj.de>
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Opaque builtin derive macros
* Buiilt-in derives are now opaque macros
* This required limiting the visibility of some previously unexposed functions in `core`.
* This also required the change to `Ident` serialization.
* All gensyms are replaced with hygienic identifiers
* Use hygiene to avoid most other name-resolution issues with buiilt-in derives.
* As far as I know the only remaining case that breaks is an ADT that has the same name as one of its parameters. Fixing this completely seemed to be more effort than it's worth.
* Remove gensym in `Ident::decode`, which lead to linker errors due to `inline` being gensymmed.
* `Ident`now panics if incremental compilation tries to serialize it (it currently doesn't).
* `Ident` no longer uses `gensym` to emulate cross-crate hygiene. It only applied to reexports.
* `SyntaxContext` is no longer serializable.
* The long-term fix for this is to properly implement cross-crate hygiene, but this seemed to be acceptable for now.
* Move type/const parameter shadowing checks to `resolve`
* This was previously split between resolve and type checking. The type checking pass compared `InternedString`s, not Identifiers.
* Removed the `SyntaxContext` from `{ast, hir}::{InlineAsm, GlobalAsm}`
cc #60869
r? @petrochenkov
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Override Cycle::try_fold
It's not very pretty, but I believe this is the simplest way to correctly implement `Cycle::try_fold`. The following may seem correct:
```rust
loop {
acc = self.iter.try_fold(acc, &mut f)?;
self.iter = self.orig.clone();
}
```
...but this loops infinitely in case `self.orig` is empty, as opposed to returning `acc`. So we first have to fully iterate `self.orig` to check whether it is empty or not, and before _that_, we have to iterate the remaining elements of `self.iter`.
This should always call `self.orig.clone()` the same amount of times as repeated `next()` calls would.
r? @scottmcm
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Rename overflowing_{add,sub,mul} intrinsics to wrapping_{add,sub,mul}.
These confused @Gankra, and then, also me, especially since `overflowing_*` *methods* also exist, but they map to `*_with_overflow` intrinsics!
r? @oli-obk / @nikomatsakis cc @Mark-Simulacrum (on the rustbuild workaround)
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Hygienize use of built-in macros in the standard library
Same as https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/61629, but for built-in macros.
Closes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48781
r? @alexcrichton
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Add custom nth_back for Chain
Implementation of nth_back for Chain.
Part of #54054
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Fix typo in DoubleEndedIterator::nth_back doc
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libcore: more cleanups using `#![feature(associated_type_bounds)]`
Turns out this was indeed a bootstrapping issue from a test with `./x.py check` locally after https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/63534 merged.
Closes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/63393
r? @alexreg
cc @iluuu1994
cc https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/52662
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Reduce the genericity of closures in the iterator traits
By default, closures inherit the generic parameters of their scope,
including `Self`. However, in most cases, the closures used to implement
iterators don't need to be generic on the iterator type, only its `Item`
type. We can reduce this genericity by redirecting such closures through
local functions.
This does make the closures more cumbersome to write, but it will
hopefully reduce duplication in their monomorphizations, as well as
their related type lengths.
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Rollup of 11 pull requests
Successful merges:
- #62984 (Add lint for excess trailing semicolons)
- #63075 (Miri: Check that a ptr is aligned and inbounds already when evaluating `*`)
- #63490 (libsyntax: cleanup and refactor `pat.rs`)
- #63507 (When needing type annotations in local bindings, account for impl Trait and closures)
- #63509 (Point at the right enclosing scope when using `await` in non-async fn)
- #63528 (syntax: Remove `DummyResult::expr_only`)
- #63537 (expand: Unimplement `MutVisitor` on `MacroExpander`)
- #63542 (Add NodeId for Arm, Field and FieldPat)
- #63543 (Merge Variant and Variant_)
- #63560 (move test that shouldn't be in test/run-pass/)
- #63570 (Adjust tracking issues for `MaybeUninit<T>` gates)
Failed merges:
r? @ghost
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Bump to 1.39
r? @Centril
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Provide map_ok and map_err method for Poll<Option<Result<T, E>>>
Currently `map_ok` and `map_err` methods are given for `Poll<Result<T, E>>`.
This PR adds these methods for `Poll<Option<Result<T, E>>>` as they are helpful in stream building code.
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sd234678:remove-unneeded-comment-from-src/libcore/hash, r=Centril
Remove unneeded comment in src/libcore/hash/mod.rs
Split out from larger PR #63347 - other sections in there require further discussion.
r? @Centril
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Implement Clone, Display for ascii::EscapeDefault
This will mimic the same behaviour as the `char` version; `Display`ing the iterator will give its string representation without advancing it.
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